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Master of Business Administration
CSS 103
Introduction to Databases
Study Materials
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How People Make Decision
Video 1 Questions
Based on the video presented in class, answer the following questions. Be prepared to discuss in
class.
1. How people make decision?
2. What makes a good decision (right decision)?
3. What is information?
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4. What is BI?
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How FedEx Works: Enterprise Systems
Video 2 Questions
Based on the video presented in class, answer the following questions. Be prepared to discuss in
class.
List the business processes displayed in the video.
2.
List the types of information systems shown in the video. Can you describe how systems
that were not shown might be used at FedEx?
3.
The system displayed in the video is an enterprise system. Why is this true? Explain your
answer.
4.
How important is technology to FedEx's business processes?
5.
How could FedEx's shipping process be made even more efficient?
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1.
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Group Discussion Questions
Question 1
Why are information systems so essential for running and managing a business today? List
and describe six reasons why information systems are so important for business today.
Question 2
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Identify and discuss the 4 major types of information systems that serve the main
management groups within a business. What are the relationships among these systems?
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Relational Database ERD Part
The entity-relationship (E-R) data model is based on a perception of a real world that consists of a set of basic objects
called entities, and of relationships among these objects. It was developed to facilitate database design by allowing the
specification of an enterprise schema, which represents the overall logical structure of a database
Elements of the E-R Model
 Entities: rectangles representing entity sets
 Attributes: ellipses representing attributes.
 Identifiers
 Relationship: diamonds representing relationship sets.
E-R D which is a graphical representation of an E-R model
James Rental –Entity-Relationship Diagram
Name
Cust
_ID
Num
ber
Renta
l
CUSTOM
ER
Conta
ct
Addre
ss
Type
I_ID
ITEM
Descriptio
n
Date
Has
Zip
Stree
t
Period
State
MAINTENANC
E RECORD
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City
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Exercises: Give an example of each of the following:
I. Entities
Strong Entity
An entity type that is not existence – dependent on some other entity type.
Weak Entity
An entity type that is existence-dependent on some other entity type.
EMPLOYEE
Has
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Figure 1.1: E-R diagram with a weak entity
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II. Attributes
A named property or characteristic of an entity
Name some of the attributes of STUDENT Entity
STUDENT:
Simple Attribute.
STUDENT
Composite Attribute
TEACHER
Single –valued Attribute
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STUDENT
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Multi-valued attribute
CUSTOMER
Derived Attributes
WINE
IV. Relationship
The glue that holds together the various components of an E-R model
Attributes on Relationships
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Figure 1.2: E-R diagram with attributes on relationships
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Associative Entity
( gerund)
________
____
________
__
________
___
________
__
________
__
________
__
Figure 1.3: E-R diagram with associative entity
Degree of a Relationship.
The Number of Entity types that participate in a relationship.
1.
Unary Relationship ( degree 1 )
One-to-many
EMPLOYEE
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Figure 1.4: One to many unary relationship
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2. Binary relationships ( binary )
OWNER
One-to-one
Figure 1.6: One to one binary relationship
STUDENT
One-to-many
Figure 1.7: One to many binary relationship
COURSE
Many-to-many
Figure 1.8: Many to many binary relationship
3.
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RENTER
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Case Study
TOURS ARE US
Brothers, Richard and Allan Winston, operate Tours Are Us. The business specializes in unusual tours for
adventurous people who want something different from the general tourist destinations and activities. The
business has been operating very successfully for the past three years. Growth in the second and third years
was about 25%.
Allan and Richard have been identifying current, manual, tour booking procedures. They would expect the
new database management system to allow users to operate in much the same way as they are now. In other
words, they expect the system to support user activities and tasks.
Currently, when a client comes in or phones to book a tour, the attendant first checks the card system to
determine whether this client’s details have been recorded and whether these are still accurate. if this is a
new client, then the following details must be recorded before any tour can be booked:
client’s name, address and contact number, and preferred payment method; ie cash, cheque or credit card.
Once these details have been recorded, a tour booking can be made. The client must put a deposit on the tour
(or pay in full) on the day that the booking is made. Tour prices are given on a per person basis and cover all
travel, accommodation and meal expenses. Thus the client must also indicate how many people are going on
this tour. Payment for tours must be finalised 10 days before the tour’s departure date. Tours can have
different prices depending on what time of year they are being offered. Most of the tours are offered more
than once a year.
For each tour, information is also listed about the city from which the tour departs and departure time. It is
up to the client to make their way to the departure location.
When the booking is completed, the client is given a tour itinerary that lists the various destinations on the
tour. In addition, it also lists:
•
the name and rating (ie 1-5 star) of the accommodation at each destination
•
the duration of stay in days at a particular destination
•
some of the main features at the destination.
The above is the basic information that needs to be stored in the new database management system. Richard
and Allan will hire someone to transfer the information currently stored on their card system to the database
management system once it is operational. They also need to be assured that the new system will have
sufficient flexibility to be extended in the future if the need arises.
Construct an ER model using the information of the case study.
References:
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11
 Fred R. McFadden, Jeffrey A. Hoffer & Marry B. Prescott 1999, Modern Database
Management 5th edn, Addison-Wesley Educational Publisher, New York
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Relationship Database Implementation
You will be implementing the data model shown in the entity relationship diagrams into Microsoft Access.
I.
L_Name
F_Name
Street
Student_Name
Student_ID
_________
________
City
STUDENT
Student_Address
State
P_Cod
e
Qualificati
on
Student(Student_ID,L_name,f_name,street,city,state, p_code
Student qualification(Student_ID, qualifications)
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-
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II.
R_AgID
DOB
RenterID
Date
RENTAL_
AGREEME
NT
signs
RENTER
Age
C_ID
III.
Type
Phone_No
CUSTOMER
Number
Name
Place
s
O_ID
ORDER
Cont
.
PRODUCT
Name
Quantit
y
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Date
P_ID
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IV. James Rental –Entity-Relationship Diagram
Name
CustID_ID
Number
I_ID
Type
Renta
l
CUSTOM
ER
Conta
ct
Addre
ss
ITEM
Descriptio
n
Date
Has
Zip
Stree
t
Period
State
MAINTENANCE
RECORD
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14
City
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V. ENTITY RELATION DIAGRAM
( ERD of Tours are Us )
Payment
method
InvNUmbe
r
PAYME
NT
Booking
No
Ma
kes
for
Client ID
Has
CLIENT
Book
TOUR
ITINERARY
ing
TourNO
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15
Client name
Booki
ng date
Destination
name
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VI.
Enterprise ERD: Cheesy Bus Charter Company
Created by:
Date created:
BOOKING
for
DRIVER
Driver_ID
Booking_
Number
drives
gives
TRIP
Trip
Number
CLIENT
BUS
for
for
for
Client_
Number
Registration_
Number
gets
INVOICE
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16
Invoice
Number
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Tutorial / Laboratory Sheet
1.
Define each of the following terms:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
entity type
entity instance
Attribute
Relationship type
Identifier
Multivalued attribute
Cardinality constraint
Weak entity
Derived attribute
2.
State four criteria for selecting identifiers for entities
3.
Match the following terms and definitions
a. Uniquely identifies entity instances
b. Relates instances of a single entity type
c. Specifies max and min number of instances
d. relationship modelled as an entity type
e. association between entity types
f. collection of similar entities
g. number of participating entity types in relationship
h. property of an entity
i. Can be broken into component parts
j. depends on existence of another entity type
k. relationship of degree three
l. many-to-many unary relationship
m. person, place, object, concept, event
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_______ composite attribute
_______ associative entity
_______ unary relationship
_______ weak entity
_______ attribute
_______ entity
_______ relationship type
_______ cardinality constraint
_______ degree
_______ identifier
_______ entity type
_______ ternary
_______ bill-of-materials
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Study the E-R diagram of Figure 1. Based on this E_R diagram, answer the following questions.
a) How many PROJECTS can an employee work on?
b) Can you think of some attributes that can be attached to the works on relationship? If yes,
write the corresponding assumptions in a descriptive form.
c) How else could the attribute Skill be modeled?
d) Could TASK be modeled as an associative entity?
Project_ID
Project_ID
EMPLOYEE
EMPLOYEE
Works_on
Works_on
PROJECT
PROJECT
Employee_ID
Employee_ID
Includes
Includes
Skill
Skill
TOOL
TOOL
Used_on
Used_on
TASK
TASK
Task_ID
Task_ID
Time
Time
Done_at
Done_at
CITY
CITY
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Figure-1-
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For the entity-relationship diagram provided in Figure-2-, perform the following:
a)
Add the relationship cardinalities for each link and describe them.
b)
Describe any assumption you must make about relevant business rules.
c)
Are there any changes or additions you would make to this diagram to make it better?
Why or why not?
CUSTOMER
CUSTOMER
Place
Place
ORDER
ORDER
Includes
Includes
COMPONENT
COMPONENT
Comprised_of
Comprised_of
PRODUCT
PRODUCT
Generate
Generate
BACKORDER
BACKORDER
Supplied_by
Supplied_by
VENDOR
VENDOR
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Figure-2-
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