District of Elkford:
Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Report for: District of Elkford, B.C., Canada
Developed by:
Karen Gorecki BSc, MPP
Megan Walsh, BSc Env, MSc Env Mgmt. (2010)
and Jeff Zukiwsky BTM, MRM Planning (2009)
Executive Summary
For several years, the Columbia Basin Trust (CBT) has been spearheading research on
climate impacts in the Columbia Basin, supported by a team of scientists and planners,
and in partnership with the Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium (PCIC). The CBT
observed that the impacts of climate change, and the vulnerability of communities to
change, varied throughout the Basin. In 2008, the CBT recognized the need to support
communities in identifying localized climate change projections and vulnerabilities, and
in creating adaptation plans that would allow those communities to prepare for a much
different future. The District of Elkford was one of two communities chosen to
participate in Columbia Basin Trust’s Communities Adapting to Climate Change (CACC)
initiative. For the District of Elkford, this initiative was integrated into an Official
Community Plan (OCP) revision, which was to be completed ‘through a climate change
lens.’
With support from PCIC, the Communities Adapting to Climate Change team (comprised
of Karen Gorecki, Megan Walsh and Jeff Zukiwsky) developed a process that
emphasized community and staff engagement, and the pairing of local knowledge with
scientific data and projections to determine areas of priority for further climate impact
research. Initial open houses revealed strong community concern for issues such as
wildfire, road maintenance, stormwater management and water quality. The CACC
research team used the public input and best available science to focus in on three priority
areas: Wildfire, Flooding and Water Supply. These three priority areas were determined
to be most vulnerable to future climatic changes, and in the context of Elkford, were of
most concern to the community in terms of impacts on community safety and wellness.
A workshop with staff, council and the Community Advisory Committee worked through
the vulnerability, probability and risks of climatic impacts on each of the three priority
areas. The vulnerability of Elkford to climatic impacts, such as the risk of flooding to the
sewage lagoon and domestic water supply wellheads, were assessed for the three priority
areas. Input was provided during this process from scientists involved in the Communities
Adapting to Climate Change initiative.
Gorecki, Walsh and Zukiwsky used the valuable input from staff, Council and the
Community Advisory Committee to develop climate change adaptation strategies that
will foster a resilient and prepared community. The recommendations can be integrated
and reflected in existing bylaws and policies, and will be a core theme in the revised
Official Community Plan. Implementation of the recommendations into policy, bylaw
and District operations will certainly place Elkford on the leading edge of climate change
adaptation planning. We are pleased to have been part of the process.
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 1
Acknowledgements
First and foremost we could like to thank the funders of this initiative: The Columbia
Basin Trust’s Communities Adapting to Climate Change initiative and the District of
Elkford.
This project would not have been possible without the dedicated efforts of numerous
individuals:
• We would like to thank the District of Elkford staff, especially the dedicated and
tireless efforts of Corien Speaker. Numerous other staff participated in workshops and
enthusiastically provided information and knowledge including Curtis Helgesen,
Duncan McDonald, Bernie Van Tighem, and Norma Everett.
• Elkford Mayor Dean McKerracher and council have been extremely supportive of this
project and their active engagement has made this project a success.
• Kindy Gosal and Michelle Laurie, from the Columbia Basin Trust, have offered much
valued advice, coordination, and patience.
• Communities Adapting to Climate Change Advisory Committee advice, participation,
and presentations have been great motivators in this project. We’d like to especially
thank Meredith Hamstead, Cindy Pearce, Mel Reasoner, Hans Schreier, and Stewart
Cohen.
• Ingrid Liepa, Local Coordinator for the Kimberley Climate Change Adaptation
project, has been extremely supportive and insightful. The sharing of knowledge
between communities enhanced this process.
• Thanks to Smart Growth Advisory Services and Thinkbright Environmental
Innovations for helping us create a successful team, for sharing knowledge and
expertise, and organizing and facilitating community engagements.
• Thank you to Amy Thede, a Simon Fraser University Masters student, for providing
volunteer time on this project.
• Forest and wildfire specialists who provided insights into the completion of this
document include: Peter Hisch, Matthew Tutsch, Rob Walker, Mark Fercho, and
Lauren Phillips.
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary _____________________________________________________ 1
Acknowledgements _____________________________________________________ 2
List of Acronyms ________________________________________________________ 5
Project Background _____________________________________________________ 6
Introduction ___________________________________________________________ 7
What is Climate Change Adaptation? ____________________________________________ 8
Why is Climate Change Adaptation Important?____________________________________ 8
Unique Communities, Unique Approaches _______________________________________ 9
Why climate change adaptation and an Official Community Plan? ____________________ 9
What is a resilient community? ________________________________________________ 9
About Elkford _________________________________________________________ 10
Population and Census Data __________________________________________________ 10
Economy _________________________________________________________________ 10
Ecosystems in the Elkford Area________________________________________________ 11
Wildlife Species __________________________________________________________________ 12
Endangered Species _______________________________________________________________ 13
History of Wildfires in Elkford _________________________________________________ 13
Planning for Wildfires in Elkford _______________________________________________ 13
Official Community Plan ___________________________________________________________ 13
Wildfire Management Strategy ______________________________________________________ 14
Wildfire Fuel Reduction Program ____________________________________________________ 14
Flooding and Water Supply ___________________________________________________ 16
Elkford’s Climate Change Adaptation Planning Process________________________ 16
Step 1 - Examine Potential Precipitation and Temperature Changes __________________ 19
Summary of Historic Changes, 1900-2004 _____________________________________________ 19
Step 2 - Investigate Climate Change Impacts _____________________________________ 21
Potential Wildfire Impacts __________________________________________________________ 21
Water Availability and Flooding______________________________________________________ 22
Ecosystem and Species ____________________________________________________________ 23
Step 3 - Develop Risk Scenarios (impact pathways)________________________________ 24
Step 4 - Identify community adaptation priorities_________________________________ 27
Outreach ________________________________________________________________________
Survey Results ___________________________________________________________________
Open House _____________________________________________________________________
Meeting with Staff ________________________________________________________________
27
27
31
32
Step 5 - Vulnerability and Risk Assessment ______________________________________ 32
What is a Vulnerability and Risk Assessment? __________________________________________ 32
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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How to conduct a vulnerability and risk assessment _____________________________________ 33
The Elkford Process _______________________________________________________________ 34
Step 6 - Action Planning _____________________________________________________ 44
Goal 1: Elkford is a resilient FireSmart community _______________________________________
Objective: Reduce the likelihood of wildfires penetrating the WUI _________________________
Objective: Increase resiliency of new developments to wildfires ___________________________
Objective: Fire resiliency for existing homes and buildings ________________________________
Objective: Elkford is prepared for wildfire emergencies and evacuations ____________________
Objective: Enhance regional forest management and wildfire planning ______________________
Goal 2: Elkford prepares for and mitigates flood risk _____________________________________
Objective: Reduce the vulnerability of infrastructure to flooding ___________________________
Objective: Manage the land to enhance water retention _________________________________
Goal 3: Understand and effectively manage the water supply _____________________________
Objective: Encourage water conservation and demand reduction __________________________
Objective: Understand the nature and characteristics of Elkford’s water supply _______________
Goal 4: Climate change adaptation is considered in future planning and development _________
44
45
45
47
48
49
50
50
51
52
52
53
54
Step 7 – Implementation, Monitoring and Adjusting ______________________________ 54
Summary Action Plan ___________________________________________________ 57
Moving Forward: A Resilient Elkford _______________________________________ 59
Appendix A- Description of PCIC Modeling Methodology ______________________ 60
Appendix B- Maps of Past and Projected Changes in Temperature, Precipitation,
Growing Degree Days, Frost-free Days, and Winter Mean Temperature __________ 61
Appendix C- Elkford’s Impact Opportunity Pathways__________________________ 64
Appendix D- Climate Change: Overview and Potential Topics for Kitchen Table
Meetings _____________________________________________________________ 71
Appendix E- Summary of Recommendations from Elkford’s Wildfire Management
Strategy _____________________________________________________________ 73
Appendix F- Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity Wall Charts_____________________ 75
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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List of Acronyms
AC
BC
BGC
CACC
CAC
CBT
CCA
CWPP
ESSF
ESSFdk
GHG
ICH
IPCC
MS
MSdk
MPB
NDT
OCP
PCIC
SGAS
WMS
WUI
Advisory Committee
British Columbia
Biogeoclimatic
Communities Adapting to Climate Change
Community Advisory Committee
Columbia Basin Trust
Climate Change Adaptation
Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Engelmann Spruce Subalpine Fir
Dry Cool Engelmann Spruce Subalpine Fir
Greenhouse gas emissions
Interior Cedar Hemlock
International Panel on Climate Change
Montane Spruce
Dry Cool Montane Spruce biogeoclimatic subzone
Mountain Pine Beetle
Natural Disturbance Type
Official Community Plan
Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium
Smart Growth Advisory Services
Wildfire Management Strategy
Wildland Urban Interface
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Project Background
In the spring of 2008, Elkford was chosen as one of two communities to partner with the
Columbia Basin Trust (CBT) in a yearlong community learning, engagement and
planning process on adapting to local climatic changes. Elkford’s interest in the initiative
was a result of the District of Elkford’s desire to see implications of future climatic
changes incorporated into their Official Community Plan (OCP). At the time, no other
community in British Columbia had attempted to integrate climate change adaptation in
their OCP.
Communities Adapting to Climate Change is a planning and action initiative for local
governments in the Columbia Basin. The initiative’s aim is to help Basin communities
increase their resiliency to climate change at the local level. The CACC initiative
provides funding for communities to identify the range of potential impacts, assess local
risks, vulnerabilities and sensitivities, and develop adaptation strategies for addressing
climate change impacts. As a pilot community Elkford was supported by an advisory
committee comprised of scientists, planners, community-based experts, and government
representatives, coordinated by the CBT. As one of two communities in the Basin
selected to participate in the initiative, the District of Elkford initiated the Climate
Change Adaption planning process. As part of the CACC process, the District was to
engage their community throughout the project, and to share their learning over the year
with the CBT’s CCA Learning Network.
Local Elk Valley consultants Jeff Zukiwsky, Megan Walsh, and Karen Gorecki (herein
referred to as the climate change adaptation team) responded to the District of Elkford’s
request for developing a climate change adaptation (CCA) strategy and OCP in
partnership with Thinkbright Environmental Innovations and Smart Growth Advisory
Services (SGAS). This diverse team had the appropriate skill-set to successfully address
all of the objectives of the project. With expertise in climate change adaptation and
mitigation, community engagement, and resource management, Zukiwsky, Walsh, and
Gorecki led the climate change adaptation strategy development and planning process.
Thinkbright Environmental Innovations acted as facilitator and local coordinator for the
OCP process. SGAS was program manager for the OCP revision.
There have been other key players in the development of this plan. District of Elkford
staff has been integrally involved in this project through workshops and acting as
reviewers. In addition, a council-approved Elkford OCP Community Advisory
Committee has been involved in the development of and final approval of this CCA
strategy.
This paper was written for two audiences:
1) The District of Elkford staff, mayor, council, and community members – The
contents of this report is intended to be integrated into their policies and
operations.
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 6
2) Other communities interested in developing a climate change adaptation
strategy – We have tried to include as much information on our process and
‘lessons learned’ to help guide future climate change adaptation plans.
Introduction
The need for communities to adapt to climate change is apparent through the science at
an international level, and in order to create resilient communities at the local level.
Climate change is often quoted as the 21st century’s greatest environmental challenge.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)1 and the Academies of Science2
for the G8+5 countries have both made strong statements around the certainty of climate
change, the need to act, and, most relevant for this project, the need to adapt (see text box
below). Through these highly esteemed scientific bodies, and a consensus of the vast
majority of scientists, experts and many political decision-makers are acknowledging that
climate change is a grave reality for many years to come. There is an immediate need for
action to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but given that climate
change is a long-term process that impacts all facets of natural and built systems, there is
also a need to adapt to, and prepare for the changes that are inevitable.
Adaptation must occur at all levels of government, and it is through the Columbia Basin
Trust’s project that
municipalities have
The Need to Act – IPCC and the G8 +5 Academies of Science
the opportunity to
In 2007, IPCC concluded that:
take the lead on
• Warming of the climate system is unequivocal;
action. Although
• Most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures
climate change is a
since the mid-20th century is very likely (at least 90%
global phenomenon,
likelihood) due to the observed increase in anthropogenic
effects will be felt
(human) greenhouse gas concentrations; and
most prominently at
• The likely amount of temperature and sea level rise varies
the local level. Local
greatly depending on the fossil intensity of human activity
governments have the
during the next century.
ability to tailor
climate change
The Academies of Science for the G8+5 countries in 2005 came
out with a joint statement declaring:
preparedness
• The scientific understanding of climate change is now
strategies to their
sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action.
specific context, and
•
A lack of full scientific certainty about some aspects of climate
to the unique set of
change
is not a reason for delaying an immediate response that
climate change
will, at a reasonable cost, prevent dangerous anthropogenic
impacts that they
interference with the climate system.
expect to face. And
the impacts may not
1
Academies of Science of co-ordinates scholarly scientific research activities playing an important
organizational role in academic exchanges and collaborations between countries.
2
The IPCC is a scientific intergovernmental body set up by the World Meteorological Organization
(WMO) and by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) tasked with acting as an objective
source of information on climate change for decision-makers and others.
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 7
be entirely negative. There may be new opportunities for communities as the climate
shifts, such as the ability to plant new food crops or to save on snow removal costs.
Although opportunities do exist, the impacts of climate change will generally require an
adjustment in planning, development and capital spending. Investing in proactive
planning for climate change may, in the long run, actually create costs savings as
compared to a reactive approach.
Planning for climate change now will benefit the health, safety, and welfare of present
and future generations. Part of this planning involves anticipating future trends and
changes that will impact the environment, the economy and community well-being. It is
also important for communities to be proactive their climate change adaptation planning.
Being proactive and strategic can create opportunities to modify existing policies and
practices and capitalize on some of the benefits of climate change. Climate change
preparation planning can help protect community assets and government services and is a
form of good governance.
What is Climate Change Adaptation?
Climate Change Adaptation involves making adjustments in our decisions, activities and
thinking in response to observed and predicted changes in climate. The goal is limiting
harm or reducing costs in the long-term while taking advantage of new opportunities and
maximizing benefits. Successful adaptation does not mean that impacts will not occur,
only that they will be less severe than would be experienced had no adaptation occurred.3
Why is Climate Change Adaptation Important?
Mitigation (reducing GHG concentrations) and adaptation are both necessary responses
required to meet the challenges posed by climate change. This is evident by the fact that
even after introducing significant measures to reduce GHG emissions; some degree of
climate change is inevitable. For example, even if GHG emissions had been stabilized in
2000, scientists predict that we would see increased warming to the end of the 21st
century due to the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere, and the “lag time” it takes
for the Earth’s oceans and atmosphere to warm.4 Additionally, the reduction of GHG
emissions that is needed to slow climate change is unlikely to happen in the immediate
future, due to the dependence of the global economy on fossil fuels and the lack of
effective policy implementation. Some changes in climate are inevitable and will have
economic, social and environmental impacts on Canadian communities.
Given these realities, managing climate change impacts is not simply a matter of
proceeding “business as usual.” It is becoming increasingly necessary to take steps to
prepare for the regional effects of climate change even as communities work together to
stabilize global GHG emissions. Taking steps now can save money, resources, and even
3
Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN) (2007) - From Impacts to Adaptation: Canada in a Changing
Climate. http://adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/assess/2007/index_e.php
4
(IPCC) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Basis:
Summary for Policy Makers, Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom,
and New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www.ipcc.ch/WG1_SPM_17Apr07.pdf
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 8
lives in the future. Action now can also take advantage of potential benefits for a
community.
While all levels of government should act, community level adaptation is a natural fit.
Local governments are erecting or significantly influencing the vast majority of
infrastructure, building or zoning decisions – key areas that should take climatic changes
into account. Communities can also, to some degree, influence local economies, and
have a big stake in their changes. Adapting at the local level means the actions that are
taken can be tailored to the regional context, including regional temperature and
precipitation changes.
Unique Communities, Unique Approaches
The City of Kimberley was the other 2008 pilot community chosen by the CBT. Each of
these communities has very distinctive economic, infrastructure, and cultural challenges
when attempt at becoming more resilient to climate change adaptation. Even with the
diversity of challenges, each community found themselves struggling through the same
questions and challenges in the process of developing climate vulnerability assessments
and adaptation strategies.
Why climate change adaptation and an Official Community Plan?
This plan was completed simultaneously with an update of Elkford’s Official Community
Plan (OCP). Significant time and cost efficiencies were gained through the coupling of
these two processes, particularly with the organization and facilitation of community
outreach.
Integrating planning for current and future climatic impacts into an OCP can ensure an
adaptation strategy is practical and consistent with what the District is already doing.
Planning for climate change has a
natural fit with official community
What is an official community plan?
planning as another layer of mid to
An Official Community Plan (OCP) is a provincially
mandated, legal document that provides the long-term
long term planning. The OCP
vision for the community. The OCP contains
guides future land use planning and
objectives and policies to guide decisions on planning
management decisions, which are
and land use management within the community. It
imperative for a community to
includes areas such as the environment, economic
adapt to climate change. Rewriting
development and transportation, and detailed policies
or revising an OCP is a good time
on residential, commercial and industrial
to examine and integrate other
development designed to support the plan’s larger
relevant policies such as climate
objectives.
change adaptation.
What is a resilient community?
Resiliency refers to the amount of change a system can undergo without changing state,
or the degree to which the system is able to rebound or recover from a stressor or driver.
The Ontario Healthy Communities Coalition identifies the following characteristics and
outcomes of a resilient community:
• When disaster strikes, losses, both financial and human, are reduced;
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 9
• Resilient communities exhibit a sense of pride and openness to new ideas and
alternatives;
• A local economy, aware of its social capital, is more likely to weather economic
recession and remain intact afterwards, keeping money in the community.5
In the context of Elkford and the CCA initiative, creating a resilient community is the
ability to react to, and recover from impacts of climate change without significant loss or
damage. The community is creative and effective at implementing new ideas and remains
aware of the long-term implications of
Communities adapting to Climate Change
planning and decision-making.
Many communities across Canada and the United States
Resilient communities are the result of
are recognizing the need to be proactive and plan for the
an engaged and community-centered
potential future impacts of climate change. Some
examples of municipalities taking action on climate
process, with the support and leadership
change adaptation are: Keene, New Hampshire; Dawson
necessary from the local government.
Creek, BC; Kimberley, BC; and Hall Beach, Nunavut.
About Elkford
Located in the Southern Rocky Mountains, Elkford is the “Wilderness Capital of BC”
and is surrounded by stunning mountains, lakes, rivers, and
year-round recreation opportunities. Established as a mining
town in 1971, Elkford is experiencing growth in the tourism
industry and in recreational property investment. These
changes will bring new investment and economic
opportunities to the District; however challenges related to
climate change, affordability, and community character need
to be considered. Strategic planning will ensure that
development is managed in a way that is compatible with:
community values, global trends, and the wilderness that is the
‘core’ of Elkford.
Population and Census Data
According to the 2006 Census, the population of the District of Elkford is 2,463. The
population decreased by 4.9 % from 2001 to 2006. However, historically the population
of Elkford has fluctuated between changes of +/- 4%, to as much as +74% from 1976 –
1981. Much of this fluctuation is based on the activity of the Elk Valley Coal Mine, the
single main employer for residents in Elkford.
Economy
The economy of Elkford is strongly tied to the resource extraction industry, primarily
coal mining. In 2006 1,390 people made up the labour force in Elkford. The resourcebased industry, with 705 people, is overwhelmingly the largest employment sector in the
community. This dominance is due to Elkford’s proximity to the following 4 mining
facilities:
5
Ontario Healthy Communities Coalition. www.ohcc-ccso.en/relient-communities
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 10
• Greenhill’s Mine (located within the District boundaries 6km northeast of the
Elkford town site);
• Fording River (located by satellite within the District boundaries 29 km north of
the Elkford town site);
• Line Creek Mine (located between Elkford and Sparwood);
• Elkview Mine (located in Sparwood).
Retail trade, Business and other services are the next most prevalent industries in Elkford.
Construction, Manufacturing, Finance and Real Estate, Health Care and Social Services
and Education Services only employ a handful of people in each category.6
Despite Elkford’s reliance on the mining industry and thus its ties to the world economy
and global prices of coal, the community has attempted to diversify its economic base.
Elkford has branded itself as “Wild at Heart” in a bid to attract recreation-oriented
visitors.
To visitors and residents, Elkford is defined in part by its Rocky Mountain location and
by extension, its wealth of outdoor recreational opportunities. Activities include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Snowmobiling on more than 400 km of trails in the area;
ATV trail riding in the summer months;
Skiing at the Wapiti Ski Hill;
Cross-country skiing;
Fishing (Elk and Fording rivers provide outstanding Fly fishing opportunities;
Golfing at Mountain Meadows Golf Course;
Hiking and Camping. 7
Elkford’s pristine natural wilderness is highlighted by its close proximity to Elk Lakes
Provincial Park. The park is located approximately 70 km north of Elkford and offers a
wilderness experience characterized by outstanding sub-alpine landscapes, remnant
glaciers, rugged peaks and productive lakes. The park supplies visitors with a variety of
hiking experiences ranging from some maintained trails appropriate for families to backcountry hiking terrain.
Ecosystems in the Elkford Area
The District of Elkford is nestled in the Upper Elk Valley, within the Rocky Mountain
range at the Junction of the Elk River and Boivin Creek. The two primary biogeoclimatic
(BGC) zones found within the District of Elkford are Montane Spruce (MS) and
Engelmann Spruce Subalpine Fir (ESSF). Portions of the valley south of Elkford are in
the Interior Cedar Hemlock (ICH) zone. Dominant BGC subzones within the District are:
•
Dry Cool Montane Spruce biogeoclimatic subzone (MSdk);
6
2006 Census, Community Profiles, District of Elkford, British Columbia, Industry for both sexes,
http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92
591/details/page_Figure.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5901003&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Coun
t&SearchText=Elkford&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Labour&Custom=&Profile=23000&Sex
=Total
7
Ibid.
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 11
•
Dry Cool Engelmann Spruce Subalpine Fir (ESSFdk).
Figure 1 illustrates the BGC subzones within and around the District of Elkford.8 The
MSdk subzone occurs in valley bottoms and lower valley slopes of the eastern Purcell
and Rocky Mountains. The average temperature is below 0°C for 5 months of the year
and above 10°C for 2 to 4 months. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 380 to 660
mm. The growing season is sufficiently warm and dry and moisture deficits can occur,
particularly in the drier subzones.
ESSFdk is a higher elevation subzone
and is a forested subzone that is
widespread across south eastern BC.
The ESSF has a relatively cold, moist,
and snowy climate. Mean monthly
temperatures are below 0°C for 5 to 7
months and only above 10°C for 0 to 2
months. Mean annual precipitation is
highly variable ranging from 500 –
2,200 mm annually. Most (50 to 70%)
of the precipitation falls as snow and
maximum snow pack ranges from
about 1 to 4 m.
Figure 1: BGC Subzones
Dominant vegetation in the MSdk
subzone includes sasakatoon, snowberry, false azalea, soopolallie, twinflower, pinegrass
and heart-leaved arnica. In the ESSFdk, dominant vegetation includes false azalea, black
huckleberry, black gooseberry, grouseberry and arnica.
Wildlife Species
Animal species thrive in specific niche ecosystems. Wildlife in the Elkford area has
adapted to either survive or avoid the deep snows of winter. The extensive stands of
lodgepole pine provide summer and fall range for Mule Deer, which prefer the lower
elevation mature coniferous forests.
Steep south-facing grassland slopes, though not extensive in this area, are locally
significant as foraging areas for California and Rocky Mountain Bighorn Sheep.
Avalanche tracks, with their lush forage production are feeding habitats for Grizzly Bear,
Black Bear, and Rocky Mountain Elk. Riparian areas and water bodies are very important
summer habitats for a variety of mammals, birds and amphibians. Mule Deer often select
these habitats in the summer to drop and rear their calves and fawns because of the
abundant forage and dense security cover.
A variety of resident and migratory bird species are found in these forests including
woodpeckers, flycatchers, jays, crows, chickadees, nuthatch’s, thrushes, sparrows,
8
From: District of Elkford (2006) Wildland/ Urban Interface: Wildfire Management Strategy
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 12
hummingbirds and finches. With the combination of forests, fish bearing streams and
open agricultural farmland, this area provides good hunting habitat for a number of raptor
species including eagles, hawks, vultures, kestrels and owls. 9
Endangered Species
The BGC zones in the Elkford area contain species listed as threatened or endangered
(red listed) and sensitive or vulnerable species (blue listed). Some of the red listed species
generally found in the MS and ESSF BGC zones include: Peregrine Falcon (subspecies
anatum), Red-tailed Chipmunk (Subspecies simulans & ruficaudus), Northern pocket
gopher (subspecies segragatus), Bay-breasted Warbler and the Western Grebe. Blue listed
species include: Great blue heron, Bald eagle, Swainson’s hawk, Sandhill crane, Rednecked phalarope, Southern red-backed vole (subspecies galei), Wolverine (subspecies
luscus), Fisher, Badger, Grizzly bear, Big horn sheep (subspecies canadensis) and
Caribou (south-eastern population). 10
History of Wildfires in Elkford
Most ecosystems are influenced by periodic disturbances that vary in size, severity and
occurrence depending on ecosystem characteristics. Wildfires are one of the most
prominent natural disturbance patterns in BC. The forest in and around the District of
Elkford are classified as natural disturbance type (NDT) 3, meaning that fires are
relatively frequent11. The average fire return interval for large-scale crown fires in this
NDT is 125 years. Smaller spot fires occur more frequently and are influenced by annual
temperature and precipitation, with warmer and drier years being more susceptible to fire.
Large wildfires in the greater Elk Valley region occurred in 1904 and 1908, the years
when the town of Fernie was destroyed by wildfires. Wildfires may have also occurred in
the Fording Valley in the 1960’s12. In 2003, the Lamb Creek and Plumbob fires burned
significant areas in the East Kootenay.
Planning for Wildfires in Elkford
The District of Elkford has recognized the growing threat of WUI fires in the valley. To
respond to these risks and reduce the risk to residents and infrastructure, the District has
integrated wildfire planning (to a limited degree) into the Official Community Plan
(OCP), and a Community Wildfire Protection Plan has been completed which includes a
Wildfire Management Strategy (WMS) and Fuel Reduction Program. This section
outlines the Districts efforts to plan for wildfires.
Official Community Plan
Elkford’s OCP (1999) identifies ‘forest fires’ as a development constraint which should
be managed to ensure a safe environment and preserve environmentally sensitive areas.
Three wildfire policy objectives exist in the OCP:
9
Information from: District of Elkford (2006) Wildland/ Urban Interface: Wildfire Management Strategy.
Stevens, V. (1995) Wildlife Diversity in British Columbia: Distribution and Habitat Use of Amphibians,
Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals in Biogeoclimatic Zones. BC Ministry of Forests, Research Program.
11
District of Elkford, 2008: Wildland/ urban interface wildfire management strategy
12
Information from Community Advisory Committee meeting: May 6, 2009
10
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 13
1.
2.
3.
Consider fire prevention and layout of any buildings in high risk areas;
All roadways and turnabouts will be capable of accommodating emergency
vehicles;
Provide rights-of-way where road access is incomplete or indirect for
emergency vehicle access.
Wildfire Management Strategy
In 2006, a Wildfire Management Strategy was developed by the District to Elkford to
address the threat of wildfires in the WUI in the District. The strategy includes a Fuel
hazard ranking and wildfire risk analysis of the WUI in Elkford. The risk analysis is
based on an assessment of the forest fuel types and historical weather patterns in the
region13. Both urban (site specific) and landscape level fire risks were assessed, and
recommendations for wildfire mitigation are presented.
At the landscape level, three areas were identified as high or extreme fire risk areas that
pose a threat to the District:
• Northwest of North Elkford,
• Northeast of North Elkford, and
• East of South Elkford
Site specific wildfire assessments were conducted in urban areas of the District. High-risk
fire areas in the District include:
• North of Boivin Creek
• Alpine Way and Alpine Drive
• North of Balmer Drive
• Cariboo Drive and Cassiar Drive14
Numerous wildfire mitigation recommendations were presented in the Wildfire
management strategy. Appendix E includes a summary of these recommendations15.
Wildfire Fuel Reduction Program
As a result of the wildfire risk analysis in the wildfire management strategy, fuel
modifications were proposed for the District. The primary goal of the fuel reduction
program is to undertake fuel modification work thereby reducing the likelihood and
intensity of wildfires in and around the District of Elkford. 41 treatment polygons were
identified, with 21 identified as high (12) and very high (9) priority. Fuel management
treatments focus on protection of public infrastructure and property, and private homes
within the community. Treatment of the polygons follows five objectives:
1. Protection of public safety both within and adjacent to the District of Elkford.
13
The strategy does not account for potential changes to fuel types and weather patterns from climate
change
14
Refer to the District of Elkford Wildland/ Urban Interface Wildfire Management Strategy for more
information
15
Recommendations specific to the fuel hazard reductions, including treatment prescriptions and options
are not summarized here.
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 14
2.
3.
4.
5.
Improvement of the ability of District of Elkford Fire and Emergency Services
to protect both life and property values at risk within the boundaries of the
District of Elkford.
Removal of dead, dying and or susceptible lodgepole pine impacted by the
current Mountain Pine Beetle outbreak.
Enhancement of natural barriers that reduce the continuity of fuel loads and
wildfire risk.
Improvement in biodiversity of wildlife habitat through improved understory
vegetation development and or the establishment of early seral forests.
Figure 2 shows the areas of Elkford prescribed for understory tree removal (green) and
complete pine removal (orange). Fuel modifications are set to begin in the summer of
2009.
Figure 2- Wildfire Fuel Treatment Polygons in the Elkford WUI
Source: B.A. Blackwell & Associates Ltd.: Elkford Presentation- Feb.2, 2009
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 15
Flooding and Water Supply
Elkford is located along the Elk River, which flows from the Upper Elk Lake and Lower
Elk Lake. Peak flows in the Elk River occur during the spring thaw (freshet) and are
maintained through the summer, providing habitat for fish and other aquatic species. In
1989, floodplain mapping was completed for the 200-year floodline. Within this floodline
lies the District sewage operations and it is on the boundary of two of the three water
wells. One of the most significant floods in recent years occurred in 1995.
The District of Elkford draws water from 3 wells. Throughout the Province, only onethird of aquifers are mapped; Elkford is drawing from an aquifer about which little is
known. Water is chlorinated at the source and quality samples are taken from the three
wells bi-weekly. A Class II Water Distribution System is currently used for drinking
water. Residents are charged a flat rate for water use at an annual rate of $175, as
identified in Bylaw No. 689 Schedule A.16
There is very little known about the nature of the aquifer and the recharge locations and
sources. Efforts have been taken by the District to ensure the integrity of the Boivin
Creek Watershed, the watershed believed to feed the aquifer. Existing Policy No. 200105 states that: “Without prior authorization from the Public Works Superintendent,
vehicle access to the upper Boivin Creek watershed shall be closed to the general public.”
Due to the cost of purifying the District’s water system, it is in the financial interest of the
community to decrease water consumption. The District promotes water conservation by
implementing outdoor watering restrictions between April and October each year, where
outdoor water use is to occur between the hours of 6 am and 9 am or from 6 pm and 10
pm.17
Elkford’s Climate Change Adaptation Planning Process
There is no single approach to developing a community adaptation plan. There are a
number of frameworks that have been developed to guide the process of adaptation plan
development. Ultimately the needs of the community, the priorities identified through
community engagement and best available science will determine the most appropriate
approach for a community.
The Elkford CCA team took six basic steps to developing a climate change adaptation
plan for the District of Elkford. Our process was based on input from two key documents:
• Preparing for Climate Change – A Guidebook for Local, Regional, and State
Governments18 and,
• Adapting to Climate Change – A Risk-based Guide for Ontario Municipalities. 19
16
District of Elkford, Waterworks Bylaw No. 689 Schedule A
District of Elkford, Water Conservation Policy, Policy No. 2004-05).
18
Climate Impacts Group (CIG), Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean University of
Washington, & ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability (2007) Preparing for Climate Change: A
Guidebook for Local, Regional, and State Governments. URL:
http://cses.washington.edu/cig/fpt/guidebook.shtml
19
Bruce, J.P., Egener, I.D.M., & Noble, D. Adapting to Climate Change: A Risk-based Guide for Ontario
Municipalities
17
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 16
We adapted their processes based on what we thought would work best for Elkford and
the CBT’s project and the following objectives:
• Ensure staff and community “buy-in” to increase the likelihood for
recommendations;
• Focus on relevance to and integration into the OCP;
• Consult with the CBT Advisory Committee (AC) to sufficiently benefit from
their experience and knowledge.
Our process consists of the following steps all of which were completed by our team,
except the final step of implementation; this step is led by the District.
1. Examine potential precipitation and temperature changes - The Pacific
Climate Impacts Consortium (PCIC) provided historical (last 100 years) and
regional modeling projections (next ~70 years) for temperature and precipitation
changes.
2. Investigate climate change impacts – Based on the data provided by PCIC, we
researched the scientific literature, and gathered information from experts to
explore what other biophysical and anthropogenic impacts may affect Elkford and
the surrounding region from projected changes in temperature and precipitation.
3. Develop risk scenarios (impact pathways) – Potential climate change impacts
were translated into impact pathways (see Appendix C- Elkford’s Impact
Opportunity Pathways). These visual pathways draw connections between the
chain of impacts that may result from changes in temperature and precipitation to
how it may impact the environment and the citizens of Elkford.
4. Identify community adaptation priorities – Based on steps 1-3, we identified
six priority areas for the CCA strategy to address – wildfire, flooding/land slides,
snow, water availability, ecosystem change, and disease/pests (i.e. mountain pine
beetle). We then presented these priorities to the community to determine whether
they reflected their key areas of concern. This was achieved through booths in the
mall, a paper and web-based survey, and an open house event. The following
question was posed, to determine community priorities: “From the six potential
climate change impact areas, what do you [community members] see as priorities
for the District to address?” Based on the results we narrowed to three key
planning areas – wildfire, flooding/stormwater management, and water supply.
5. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment – This step was used to find gaps in the
identified planning areas and to help determine what to pay attention to first. Our
vulnerability assessment evaluated: a) the degree our planning areas are impacted
by climate change; b) to what degree they are exposed; and c) Elkford’s adaptive
capacity in each of these areas (based on potential adaptive actions and their
related barriers). The risk was then assessed by identifying the probability of a
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 17
climate change related event occurring within a 20-year period and the
vulnerability of the community. This process was undertaken collaboratively with
Elkford staff, elected officials, and members of the community advisory
committee (CAC). Members of the CBT staff and Learning Network also
participated.
6. Action Planning – At this point, the intent was to identify what adaptation
measures should be taken, and who would lead each task. This was accomplished
by formulating goals and objectives for each of Elkford’s priority planning areas,
and then developing actions to meet these goals and objectives. The final CCA
strategies address Elkford’s highest sensitivity’s, and most feasible adaptive
capacities identified during the vulnerability assessment.
7. Implementation, Monitoring and Adjusting – At this point, staff and
community members will take responsibility for ensuring that actions in the CCA
strategy are implemented over time. As the staff has been involved at each step in
the CCA process, they have the knowledge and skill set to monitor and adjust this
plan over time.
Table 1 below delineates the purpose of the vulnerability assessment, risk assessment and
action planning stages in the development of a climate change adaptation strategy to help
clarify the role of each step.
Table 1: Purpose of Vulnerability, Risk and Action Planning
Process Step
Shorthand
name
Find weak spots
Purpose
Risk assessment
What to pay
attention to first
Figure out how sensitive and exposed a community is
to certain risks and whether or not they can adapt to
these risks with available capacity, and which require
actions outside available capacity to reduce
Figure out the which risks are priorities based on
probability of occurrence and vulnerability
Strategic action
planning
Who to do what
first
Decide on priority actions and responsibilities to
reduce the priority risks
Vulnerability
assessment
Source: Based on a table by Cindy Pearce
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 18
The following sections elaborate on each of the seven steps above, including specific data
collected, results and outcomes of each step.
Step 1 - Examine Potential Precipitation and Temperature Changes
CBT's partner, The Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium (PCIC) has created a regional
overview of the Columbia Basin’s historical and predicted future climate trends.20 Details
on the methodology used for PCIC modeling can be found in Appendix A. The data
below is an initial analysis of historical changes in hydro-climatology and projections for
the future with yearly and seasonal differences provided. The information provides a
foundation for discussing potential impacts.
Summary of Historic Changes, 1900-2004
As evident from Table 2 below, based on historic data, Elkford’s temperature has
increased over the last century. The mean temperature increase has been 1.0°C to 1.5°C.
Similar trends exist for the East Kootenay in general (constant and gradual), while the
Provincial rate of increase has accelerated faster. Through the 1950 to 2006 period, there
were significant increases in spring stream flow, and decreases in summer stream flow.
This likely indicates greater runoff in the spring due to a larger snowpack from increased
winter precipitation and increased spring precipitation. PCIC found that increases in
winter streamflow for the 1970 to 2006 period could be reflective of increases in
precipitation falling as rain versus snow.
Table 2: Summary of Temperature and Precipitation Changes in Elkford, 1900-2004
Season
Overall
Winter
Summer
Fall
Spring
Mean
temperature
change
+1.0°C to +1.5°C
+1.5°C to +2.0°C
+1.0°C to +1.5°C
Minimum
average
temperature
+1.0°C to +1.5°C +0.5°C to +1.0°C
+1.5°C to +2.0°C
n/s
+1.5°C to +2.0°C +0.5°C to +1.0°C
n/s
n/s
+1.0°C to +2.0°C
Maximum
average
temperature
o
n/s
o
+1.5 C to +2.0 C
+1.0°C to +1.5°C
Precipitation
+20% to +40%
n/s
n/s
n/s
10% to 20%
n/s= not significant
Elkford is projected to have a 2°C to 3°C warmer climate with more precipitation in the
winter and spring, and less precipitation in the summer (see Table 3 below) by midcentury. Elkford will have a 0% to 5% increase in precipitation overall but up to 20% to
+25 more precipitation in the winter by mid-century. As temperatures increase, winter
precipitation is more likely to fall as rain, rather than snow.
PCIC models found that future precipitation is projected to increase by 1% to 13% in
winter and to decrease by -4% to -10% in summer for the Canadian Columbia Basin as a
whole, with local variations as significant as 15% over distances as small as Kimberley to
Elkford. Future temperatures are projected to increase more rapidly than was observed in
20
Werner, A.T., Paterson, B.M., & Harpreet, J.K., 2008. Analytical Summary - Past Trends and Future
Projections for the Kimberley and Elkford Region, Pacific Climate Impact Consortium, October 1, 2008,
Version 3.
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 19
historic trends. Annual average temperature is projected to be 1.9°C to 3.0°C warmer by
the 2050s for the Canadian Columbia Basin as a whole, with similar local changes.
Table 3 Historical and Future Projections for Climatology in the Elkford Region
Variable
Temperature –
annual mean
Precipitation –
annual total
Precipitation –
winter
Precipitation –
summer
Snow/Snowpack
Streamflow
Historical
climatology
(1961-1990)21
4.1°C
Historical
climatology
(1980-2002)
4.5°C
Past trend
582 mm
596 mm
n/a
n/a
+1.0°C to +1.5°C per
century
+10% to +20% per
century
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
251 cm
n/a
n/a
Shift of peak from
May/June to
April/May (19501995)
Future projection
(2050s) 22
(+2°C to +3°C
warming)
+0% to +5%
increase
+20% to +25%
increase
-5% to -10%
decrease
-15% to 0%23
Examples of projected changes in temperature and precipitation to mid-century are
below, in Figure 3. Further projections related to past and projected changes in
temperature, precipitation, growing degree degree days, frost-free days, and winter mean
temperature can be found in Appendix B.
With all future climate change projections, it is important to remember that predicting the
future is never completely accurate. Future climatic changes and the impacts associated
with those changes will vary drastically between different ecosystems across BC. It is
important for Elkford to plan for alternative future scenarios, capitalizing on
opportunities while increasing the adaptive capacity and reducing the vulnerability of
infrastructure and livelihoods to climatic impacts.
21
Based on Cranbrook 1961-1990 and difference between Cranbrook and Elkford 1980-2002
climatology’s.
22
Ranges based on 25th and 75th percentiles of projections from 30 GCM results unless otherwise noted.
23
Range for surrounding area based on single regional model projection.
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 20
Figure 3: Projected Changes in Temperature and Precipitation by Mid-Century
Source: Werner, A.T., Paterson, B.M., & Harpreet, J.K., 2008. Analytical Summary - Past Trends and
Future Projections for the Kimberley and Elkford Region, Pacific Climate Impact Consortium, October 1,
2008, Version 3.
Step 2 - Investigate Climate Change Impacts
Precipitation and temperature changes must be analyzed further to understand how these
changes will impact other forces of disturbance (wildfire, flooding), the soils, flora and
fauna, and the eventual impacts on our community infrastructure, economy, recreation,
and general well being. The climatology data provided by PCIC is a good start to
understanding potential climate change impacts in Elkford, but, this data must be taken a
step further to better understand human and ecosystem impacts. In an ideal world, there
would be further data on how these changes in temperature and precipitation impact local
hydrology, fire regimes, flora and fauna, etc.
This section outlines the results of our research on how the projected climate changes
from PCIC are likely to affect Elkford. After a literature search and interviewing
community members, staff and scientific experts, we narrowed our potential priority
areas to wildfire, flooding/land slides, snow, water availability, ecosystem change, and
pests (mountain pine beetle). To share resources and save time, we worked in close
collaboration with the Kimberley CCA coordinator. We established a list of ‘data needs’
that was sought by both CCA teams.
Potential Wildfire Impacts
Wildfires are considered a natural part of many ecosystems across BC. The long-term
health of BC’s forests relies on large-scale stand-replacing wildfires to rejuvenate and
regenerate the ecosystem. Wildfires entering urbanized areas [i.e. the wildland urban
interface (WUI)] however, pose significant risks to our communities and livelihoods.
This was apparent in 2003 when hot and dry conditions resulted in over 2,500 wildfires
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 21
across the Province, destroying 334 homes, forcing the evacuation of over 45,000 people,
killing 3 people and resulting in economic losses estimated at $700 million24. It’s unclear
whether the 2003 wildfires were a direct result of climate change; however the Firestorm
2003: Provincial Review concluded that:
“Whether the reason is global climate change, or normal weather
cycles, it would be prudent for British Columbians to prepare for the
probability of more hot, dry summer weather.”
Future climatic changes will likely result in an increase in the frequency and severity of
wildfires across BC.25 Drier forests, warming temperatures and shifting precipitation
regimes resulting from climate change have also increased the climatically suitable range
of the mountain pine beetle (MPB) in BC.26 North America is currently experiencing the
largest known outbreak of MPB, with an estimated 80% of lodgepole pine being killed by
2013.27 In general, MPB infested forests are more susceptible to fire risk.28 The PCIC’s
climate projections for the Elkford area do not specifically look at fire risk, however
studies from across Canada have shown that future climatic changes will likely increase:
• The total area burned by wildfires29,
• The total length of the fire season30, and
• The proportion of critical fire weather days.31
Changes in wildfire regimes may increase risks to the District of Elkford, but also
provide some opportunities. Potential opportunities of increased fires, and burned
landscapes include:
• Economic benefits from wood salvage and harvesting of burned and pine beetle
impacted forests
• Harvesting of non-timber forest products (e.g. berries, mushrooms)
• Increased hunting opportunities
Water Availability and Flooding
Warming temperatures in the mountains of Western North America are very likely to
result in increased glacial melt, earlier spring snow melt, more winter rain events and
increased peak winter flows and spring flooding events by the mid-21st century32. Timing
24
Filmon, 2004: Firestorm 2003- Provincial Review
NRCAN, 2007: From Impacts to Adaptation: Canada in a Changing Climate.
26
Gayton, 2008: Impacts of Climate Change on British Columbia’s Biodiversity: A Literature Review.
27
District of Elkford, 2008: Wildland/ urban interface wildfire management strategy.
28
BC Ministry of Forests and Range, 2006: Preparing for climate change: Adapting to impacts on British
Columbia’s forest and range resources.
29
Flannigan et al., 2005: Future area burned in Canada
30
Benton, 2003: Potential changes in forest cover and fire danger in the Columbia Basin
31
Williamson et al., 2008: Assessing potential biophysical and socioeconomic impacts of climate change
on forest-based communities
32
Werner, A.T., Paterson, B.M., & Harpreet, J.K., 2008. Analytical Summary - Past Trends and Future
Projections for the Kimberley and Elkford Region, Pacific Climate Impact Consortium, October 1, 2008,
Version 3.
25
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 22
of the spring runoff will likely shift earlier in the spring, as historical streamflow data for
the Elk River indicates a trend towards earlier peak flow. Watershed changes as a result
of mountain pine beetle kill, wildfires, and increased winter rain events are likely to
increase the frequency and severity of flooding events due to decreased capacity for
water retention within the ecosystem.
In the short term, peak-melting events may cause late summer/early fall flooding until the
glaciers contributing to this runoff diminish, at which point a significant reduction in
glacial-fed stream flow will occur33. These impacts have already started to play out in the
Columbia Basin region. Between 1986 and 2000, there was an 8.6% loss of glacial cover
in the Elk River drainage, and 16% loss in the Columbia Basin as a whole. Smaller
glaciers, declining snowpack, shifts in timing and amount of precipitation and prolonged
drought will increasingly limit water supply during periods of peak demand.34
Climate changes will affect not only surface water, but also groundwater aquifers. It is
expected that future reductions in streamflow will have negative effects on both
groundwater recharge and discharge rates.35 The implications of these climatic changes
on water availability and flooding could place a stress on water use in Elkford. Although
there will be impacts on water supply, some water-related opportunities may be observed
with projected climatic changes in Elkford. These include:
• Reduced winter snow removal costs;
• Prolonged summer tourism and recreation; and
• Reduced snow shoveling for residents.
Ecosystem and Species
Scientists project that there will be significant ecosystem and species shifts
(predominately northwards and to higher elevations) as climate change shifts temperature
and precipitation regimes. While adjustments, adaptations and impacts from climate
change will likely happen on a species-specific level, 36 the rate of warming expected
during this century will likely exceed the ability of many species to migrate and adapt.
Extensive species loss is expected, particularly for lower mobility species.37
Ecosystems in mountainous regions appear to be particularly vulnerable and in many
cases will have limited migration options (i.e. these ecosystems will decline and/or
disappear).38 Human impacts on the landscape are likely to affect the migration abilities
of many species. Climatic migrations will be impacted by habitat degradation and loss,
33
Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium (PCIC) (2006)- Preliminary Analysis of Climate Variability and
Change in the Canadian Columbia River Basin: Focus on Water Resources.
http://www.cbt.org/uploads/pdf/Preliminary_Analysis_of_Climate_Variability.pdf
34
Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN) (2007) - From Impacts to Adaptation: Canada in a Changing
Climate. http://adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/assess/2007/index_e.php
35
Ibíd.
36
Gayton (2008) - Impacts of Climate Change on British Columbia’s Biodiversity: A Literature Review.
URL: http://www.forrex.org/JEM/ISS48/vol9_no2_art4.pdf
37
Compass Resources Management. (2007). Major Impacts: Climate Change. Prepared for: The
biodiversity BC technical subcommittee for the report on the status of biodiversity in BC.
38
Ibid.
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 23
natural disturbances (fires), and human impacts.39 It is expected that with the shift of
biogeoclimatic zones, genetic diversity may be affected, as climate change will select
those individuals with greater genetic ability to adapt.40 Table 4 outlines potential
changes in the ecological zones in the Elkford region.
Table 4: Potential Ecosystem Shifts resulting from Climate Change
Source: Adapted from: Hamman, A. & Wang, T. (2006). Potential effects of climate change on ecosystem
and tree species distribution in British Columbia.
Step 3 - Develop Risk Scenarios (impact pathways)
The next step was to take the information we’d gathered on potential climate change
impacts for Elkford and put them into a visual form to help people better understand
climate change. Impact pathways are designed as a web of connected impacts,
opportunities, and consequences that stem from temperature and precipitation changes as
a result of climate change. These figures build understanding not only of how climate
change impacts our communities and ecosystems, but also of the many connections
between communities, ecosystems and
climatic connections. Impact pathways
can also illustrate the linkages between
different planning priorities such as the
connection between mountain pine
beetle and wildfires.
Each impact pathway begins with a
climate change projection. Figure 4
begins with the climate projection of
Warmer Annual Average
Temperatures. The ecological changes
expected from this climate projection
are then identified. In this Figure, these changes include drier forests, increased suitable
mountain pine beetle range, etc. The impact of the ecological changes is summarized
39
Gayton (2008) - Impacts of Climate Change on British Columbia’s Biodiversity: A Literature Review.
URL: http://www.forrex.org/JEM/ISS48/vol9_no2_art4.pdf
40
Compass Resources Management. (2007). Major Impacts: Climate Change. Prepared for: The
biodiversity BC technical subcommittee for the report on the status of biodiversity in BC.
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 24
(Increased Frequency and Severity of Wildfires), and the associated impacts and
opportunities for the community are identified. An impact pathway was developed for
each of the initial priority areas, and displayed at an open house in Elkford. The
remaining impact pathways can be found in Appendix C.
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 25
Figure 4 Wildfire Potential Impact Pathways for Elkford
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 26
Step 4 - Identify community adaptation priorities
This step of the process provides significant opportunity for community engagement.
Initial community outreach had been initiated at the start of the project to inform
residents of the OCP and the climate change adaptation planning initiative. An initial
search for a Community Advisory Committee (CAC) had begun through outreach at a
community registration evening, door to door discussions, newsletters, and ‘fire starter’
contact cards. Now, the CCA team used further OCP related outreach to help narrow
down the number of Elkford’s CCA planning priorities and gauge support for adapting
and mitigating to climate change in Elkford.
Outreach
Some of the outreach tactics used
included: displays at the mall, a paper and
web-based survey, and kitchen table
meetings to gauge community sentiment.
A climate change adaptation fact sheet
was used at kitchen table meetings to
provide the facilitator with some quick
facts and questions to gather community
observations, perspectives, and knowledge
(summarized in Appendix D). The mall
display consisted of three easels each with
a different survey question. The approach
Dot Survey at the Mall
for this survey was intended to be nonconfrontational and participatory of nature. The ‘Dot Survey’ invites participants to
simply place a ‘dot’ under the answer to a simple question that best suits their opinion.
Sixty people participated in the survey over two days.
Survey Results
Based on the survey and the mall display, a majority of responding Elkford residents
believe anthropogenic climate change is happening and that Elkford should take
leadership in acting on climate change. A majority of Elkford residents (58%) feel human
activity is contributing to climate change, but a significant number (34% of total) do not
see humans having a significant contribution (see Figure 5 below). At the same time, the
majority (63%) feels that climate change affects everything we do, and that it is better to
adapt to scenarios now than to wait (Figure 6 below). Participants were split almost 50/50
on whether climate change has become more of an issue for them over the past year
(Figure 7) and whether or not the District of Elkford should take the lead on climate
change (Figure 8).
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 27
Figure 5 Do you think human activity is contributing to climate change.41
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
No, not at all
Possibly, but I need
more information
Yes, but not
significantly
Yes, and I am quite
concerned
Figure 6: Climate Change will affect everything we do in the future. It is best to
adapt to potential scenarios now than to wait and try to do it later.
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Strongly Agree
41
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Neither agree or
disagree
One of the mall and survey questions.
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 28
Figure 7: Climate change has become more of an issue for me in this last year
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Neither agree or
disagree
Figure 8: The District of Elkford should take the lead in tackling climate change
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree Neither agree or
disagree
The mail-out survey and the dot survey provided the list of CCA planning priorities.
Water supply (18%) and availability (18%), wildfire management (22%), and road
maintenance and snow removal (19%) were considered the top four priorities based on
survey responses (see Figure 9 and 10 below). There is only one access road in and out of
Elkford, and so the residents concerns regarding snow removal and road maintenance
may relate to concerns around emergency response. Wildfire is also a natural concern
given Elkford is surrounded by forest, much of which has been impacted by the mountain
pine beetle, and fire could restrict an evacuation of Elkford residents.
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 29
Figure 9: Climate change impacts the environment in many ways. Please rank the
importance of the following issues in the District of Elkford
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Low
Medium
Annual Snowfall
Water supply
Road maintenance and snow
removal
Wildfire Management
Water Quality
Stormwater Management
Flooding
High
Figure 10: Elkford High Concern Climate Change Hazards from Survey
Annual Snowfall
11%
Water supply
18%
Road
maintenance
and snow
removal
19%
Flooding
6%
Stormwater
Management
6%
Water Quality
18%
Wildfire
Management
22%
Finally, Elkford residents were asked about their concern for current and future climatic
impacts. This question was only asked at the mall booths and not in the paper survey.
Sixty one percent of respondents stated they were concerned – 24% have changed their
lifestyle because of their concern and 26% were only somewhat concerned but wanted to
know more (see Figure 11 below). Of the 39% who were not concerned 43% were
concerned for future generations.
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 30
Figure 11: Are you concerned about the current and/or future impacts of climate
change on our communities?
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
No, not at all
Not concerned for Yes, I am somewhat
Yes, I am very
Yes, I am very
my future, but for concerned but need concerned and am concerned and have
the future of younger
to know more
noticing changes changed my lifestyle
generations
because of it
Open House
The survey results were presented at an open house where we also gathered more detailed
information from Elkford residents on climate change adaptation. Almost 50 people
attended, perhaps enticed by the meal of barbecue ribs. Given the open house was close
to municipal election time, many current and potential councillor and mayoral candidates
attended. General information on climate change, the PCIC climatic impact data,
information on further impacts based on temperature and precipitation changes, and the
six planning area impact pathways were presented. Stewart Cohen, a CBT advisory
committee member, gave a presentation on climate change impacts and the need for
adaptation in long-term community planning. The community was asked for feedback on
their local observations on potential climatic changes, input on what the climate change
adaptation priority areas should be, and potential solutions for climate change adaptation
and mitigation. Input on the CCA priorities were taken into consideration when
determining the planning priorities. The adaptation solutions were incorporated into our
vulnerability assessment process (see page 32).
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 31
Meeting with Staff
Local Climate Observations from Elkford42
The final step in
• Winter is warmer
determining Elkford’s
• Established snowfall arrival seems delayed
climate change
•
Noticed an increased intensity to snowfalls, later in the year
adaptation planning
•
More spring precipitation
priorities was to meet
• Warmer summers
the District staff to
•
Longer gardening season – can grow vegetation couldn’t grow
affirm whether our
before
draft planning areas
• Change in prevailing wind direction
were appropriate and
• More warm autumn days
reflective of the
• The water level at horse pasture south of town has dramatically
District’s priorities.42
decreased in 29 years
At this meeting we also
• Pests are more frequent (mountain pine beetle) and survive
discussed findings to
longer (grasshoppers)
date including: PCIC
• Chinook seem to come into the valley (as opposed to over the
modeling results and
valley) more often
additional information
• Birds and bugs have changed
on potential CCA
o Clark’s nutcrackers in large groups and at different times of
impacts for Elkford.
year than before
o
Pine Gros Beak and Pine Siskin are more common and at
Staff affirmed that
lower elevations
climatic changes on
o Magpies were not in the valley before the last ten years
wildfire, water
availability/quality, and
flooding were chief concerns for the District. Snowpack was also deemed to be of interest
if there was time in the contract for us to address the issue.43 Staff also outlined further
Elkford relevant information on each of these areas such as District buildings potentially
at risk in the floodplain, any information they had on their aquifer, and background to the
development of their wildfire strategy.
Step 5 - Vulnerability and Risk Assessment 44
What is a Vulnerability and Risk Assessment?
A vulnerability and risk assessment can be the most challenging and rewarding part of the
climate change adaptation planning process. The vulnerability and risk assessment
process used in Elkford was adapted from the Climate Impacts Group’s Preparing for
Climate Change document. Vulnerability assessment involves estimating how sensitive
or susceptible a system (e.g. a community) is to climatic changes, and how easily the
changes can be adapted to. A risk assessment adds a probability to each risk in order to
determine priority planning strategies (see Figure 12 below).
42
These are anecdotal observations and may not be scientific evidence for climate change
Time and resources did not allow a focus on investigating specific snowpack impacts.
44
Cindy Pearce acted as a guide throughout the vulnerability and risk assessment process, as such many of
her ideas are incorporated into this section.
43
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 32
Definitions
Exposure – exposure to a climate related hazard
Sensitivity - the degree a planning area is affected by changes in climate conditions or impacts
Sensitivity - the degree a planning area is affected by changes in climate conditions (e.g.,
temperature and precipitation) or impacts (e.g., wildfires, floods, storms, etc.):
– Low- Affects from climate change unlikely
– Medium- Affects from climate change possible
– High- Affects from climate change very likely
Adaptive Capacity - the ability to accommodate changes in climate with minimum disruption or
minimum additional cost ($, technology, information):
– Low- Adjustments difficult and costly
– Medium- Adjustments possible with some disruptions and/or costs
– High – Adjustments possible with minimal disruptions and cost
Vulnerability – the degree to which a planning area is susceptible to, and unable to cope with,
adverse effects of climate change based on exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity
Vulnerability Assessment- estimate the vulnerability of certain planning areas to climate change
considering the potential of feasible adaptations to reduce adverse impacts
Risk Assessment – process to rank climate change risks to identify high and low priority
adaptation strategies
Probability – The likelihood that an impact will occur (20 year time frame)
Figure 12: Risk and Vulnerability ‘Equations’
Vulnerability = Exposure x sensitivity x adaptive capacity
Risk = Vulnerability x Probability
How to conduct a vulnerability and risk assessment
Vulnerability and risk assessment is a complex process which we have attempted to
simplify for Elkford’s adaptation process. The first step is to determine the potential
impact of climate changes. Impacts are determined by exposure (whether an impact is
possible) and sensitivity (the degree to which the impact will be felt). The next step is to
couple the impact with the adaptive capacity of the system to determine vulnerability.
Tables 8.1 and 8.2 in the CIG Guide were used internally to consider how climate
changes relate to sensitivities and adaptive capacities in Elkford45.
45
Climate Impacts Group (CIG), Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean University of
Washington, & ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability (2007) Preparing for Climate Change: A
Guidebook for Local, Regional, and State Governments. URL:
http://cses.washington.edu/cig/fpt/guidebook.shtml
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 33
To determine the total climate-related risk of a potential impact, the next step is to
determine the probability of occurrence for each impact occurring over a certain time
period (e.g. 20 years)46. Once a risk level has been established the community also must
determine what level of risk they are willing to accept (risk tolerance). The outcome is
priority risk areas for which to focus climate change adaptation actions and strategies.
Figure 13 graphically depicts the vulnerability and risk assessment process.
Figure 13: Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Process
The Elkford Process
In determining the vulnerability of each priority area, Elkford staff, council members,
community advisory committee members, the Mayor, and members of the CBT Learning
Network were engaged in a full-day workshop. Participants first addressed the following
questions:
• What are Elkford’s weak spots (vulnerabilities) in each priority planning area?
• What should we pay attention to in order of priority?
• What further information do we need?
The process of the vulnerability and risk assessment aims to answer these questions:
• What are the potential impacts of wildfire, flooding and water availability
‘incidents’ in Elkford?
• What is the likelihood that some of these impacts will be seen in Elkford?
• Where has Elkford already acted to mitigate these impacts?
• What are potential responses for mitigating risks with minimal disruption and cost
(now and in the future)?
46
We chose 20 years as it is the long term vision period in the OCP
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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•
What actions might be expensive or difficult, but crucial to avoid major impacts
to the District?
Essentially the vulnerability and risk
assessment processes try to identify high
frequency and high consequence climate
related impacts and the actions that could
be pursued to adapt to them.
The aim of the full-day workshop was to
make climate change adaptation
vulnerability and risk assessments
practical and useful for the District of
Elkford. The objectives were:
• To get feedback from staff,
mayor and council, community
members, CBT, and the
Learning Network;
• To help the District staff,
council, and community to learn
about vulnerability and risk
assessment process so they can
be used in future planning; and
• To build understanding on why
vulnerability assessments are
important for planning.
Elkford Vulnerability Assessment
In order to fit a vulnerability assessment
on three planning areas into a one-day
Elkford Vulnerability Assessment
(6.5 hour) workshop, significant
preparation was required. Sensitivity and adaptive capacity charts had been filled out
(Tables 8.1 and 8.2 in the CIG Guide) with information based on our research and
preliminary ratings.
For water and flooding risk topics, we walked the participants through the research in our
sensitivity and adaptive capacity tables to ensure we had sufficient understanding and
loose consensus on their contents. Tables 5 and 6 below provide examples of sensitivity
and adaptive capacity tables used in Elkford’s vulnerability assessment process.
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 35
Table 5- Determining Sensitivity- Sample Evacuation Risk Table
Determining Sensitivity
Wildfire
Risk Topic
Current and
expected Risk
Expected Climatic and
Non-climatic changes
Degree of
Sensitivity
(L,M,H)
Evacuations limited Warmer climate, more precipitation in
by single access road the winter and spring, less precipitation
into Elkford (Hwy.
in the summer
Evacuation 43)
Warmer temperatures will lead to drier
of whole or
No firesafe staging
forests and an increased frequency and
part of
severity of wildfires
community area or evacuation
plan
The length of the fire season in the
Columbia Basin is projected to increase
Are there other
by 38 to 52 days by 2080
current and expected
risks associated with Are there other climatic and non-climatic
this topic?
changes that should be considered?
Is Elkford’s
sensitivity- low,
medium, or
high?
Table 6- Determining Adaptive Capacity- Sample Flooding Risk Table
Determining Adaptive Capacity
Flood Risk
Potential Adaptation Actions
• Maintain existing areas of marshland, forests
and parks along the river.
• Implement a flood warning protocol to alert
residents of projected flood events
• Identify ‘no-development’ zones in floodplain
• Update 200-yr flood line.
Flooding of
buildings or • Direct road runoff into ‘swales’ built with sand
filters
lands in
• Allow infiltration to retention ponds or
Elkford
wetlands
• Require new developments to use pervious
materials in construction of driveways, parking
lots, etc.
Barriers
Adaptive
Capacity
(L, M, H)
Is Elkford’s
What are the
adaptive
barriers to
capacity low,
implementing
medium, or
these actions?
high?
What other potential adaptive actions are there?
We then used the sensitivity and adaptive capacity ratings to come up with the
vulnerability assessment rating. It flowed well to subsequently have Hans Schreier, a
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 36
University of British Columbia Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability
professor, who also gave a presentation on potential impacts of flooding and stormwater
and related low impact management techniques. For wildfire, the participants broke into
smaller groups of four or five workshop participants to come up with sensitivity and
adaptive capacity ratings.
Once vulnerabilities were determined, the next step was to estimate a probability for each
risk. Due to time constraints we did not finish the probability assessment, however we did
verify (based on one example) that estimating the probability of a risk (e.g. a wildfire
entering the District boundary) is a subjective process with initial estimates ranging from
very low (unlikely to occur) to high (likely to occur several times). The risk assessment
was completed through online collaboration software - Google Docs.
Probabilities used in the risk assessment would ideally be based on information such as
historical records, climate trends, more detailed modelling data, insurance company
records (fire/ flood), input from scientific and engineering experts, staff, council and
community perceptions. It was beyond the scope of our project to expand beyond a
qualitative assessment based on input from CBT and advisory committee experts, staff,
council, and community members due to time, data availability and budget.
Tables 8-13 summarize the vulnerability assessment findings for Elkford. Table 7
summarizes the risk assessment planning guide. The colours correspond to appropriate
actions in the risk assessment table (Tables 9, 11, and 13) 47.
Table 7- Risk Assessment Planning Guide
Negligible- No action required
Low- Some actions (public education) may be desirable
Moderate- Some controls required to reduce risk to lower levels
High - high priority control measures required
Extreme - immediate controls required
47
From: Bruce, J.P., Egener, I.D.M., & Noble, D. Adapting to Climate Change: A Risk-based Guide for
Ontario Municipalities
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 37
Table 8: Wildfire Vulnerability Summary
Wildfire Risks
Wildfire enters District boundary
Smoke alert from nearby wildfires
Evacuation of whole or part of community
Road and highway closure (Hwy 43)
Backcountry/ forest closures due to high
fire risk
Damage to Infrastructure and Homes
Loss of life from wildfires
Closure of Mine due to fire risk (for at least
one day)
Sensitivity
(L, M, H)
Adaptive Capacity
(L, M, H)
Vulnerability
(VL,L,M,H,VH)
High
Low
Very High
Moderate
Low
High
Moderate-high
Moderate
Moderate- High
Moderate-high
Moderate
Moderate-High
Moderate
Low
High
High
Moderate
High
High
High
Moderate
Moderate
Low
High
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Lawsuit against District for fire damage
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Table 9: Wildfire Risk Assessment Summary
Very high
(High sensitivity, low
adaptive capacity AC)
Wildfire
Enters
• Wildfire enters
district
Evacuation
• Smoke alert
• Evacuation Road and
highway closures
(High sensitivity,
• Damage to
moderate AC or Moderate
infrastructure and
sensitivity low AC)
homes
• Mine closure
Vulnerability
High
Moderate
Damage to
Infrastructure
Mine closure
Road highway Smoke alert
closure
Lawsuit
• Lawsuit
• Loss of life
Loss of life
(Moderate sensitivity and
adaptive capacity)
Backcountry
forest
closure
Low
(low sensitivity moderate • Backcountry/ forest
AC) or ( moderate
closure
sensitivity high AC)
Very Low
(Low sensitivity, high
adaptive capacity)
Unlikely to
occur
May occur
once
Likely to
occur at
least once
Probability in 20 year planning period
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Likely to
occur
several
times
Occurs
frequently
Table 10: Flooding Vulnerability Summary
Sensitivity
Flooding Risks
(L, M, H)
Flooding of buildings or lands
High
Damage to bridge integrity
Storm water management stress
Death/ injury to river recreation
users
Pumphouse floods and
compromises water supply
Adaptive Capacity
(L, M, H)
Vulnerability
(VL,L,M,H,VH)
Low
Very High
High
Low
Very High
Moderate
High
Low
Low
Moderate
Low
High
Moderate
High
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Table 11: Flooding Risk Assessment Summary
Vulnerability
Very high
(High sensitivity,
low adaptive
capacity AC)
• Flooding of
Damage to
bridge
buildings and land
• Damage to bridge
High
• Pumphouse floods
(High sensitivity,
and compromises
moderate AC or
Moderate sensitivity water supply
low AC)
Flooding of
buildings and
land
Pumphouse
flooding
Moderate
(Moderate
sensitivity and
adaptive capacity)
Low
(low sensitivity
moderate AC or
moderate
sensitivity high AC)
• Stormwater
management
stress
• Death/ injury to
river users
Stormwater
Death/injury
management
to river users
stress
Very Low
(Low sensitivity,
high adaptive
capacity)
Unlikely to
occur
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
May occur
once
Page 41
Likely to
occur at
least once
Likely to
occur
several
times
Occurs
frequently
Probability in 20 year planning period
Table 12: Water Quality & Availability Vulnerability Summary
Water Quality
Sensitivity
Adaptive Capacity
& Availability
(L, M, H)
(L, M, H)
Decreased water quality
Low
Low
Vulnerability
(VL,L,M,H,VH)
Moderate
Decreased water Availability
Moderate
Low
Moderate-High
Decreased aquifer recharge rate
Moderate
Low
Moderate-High
Decreased watershed health and
integrity
Increased turbidity of river water
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
High
Low
Very High
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Increased cost of water treatment
due to health regulation
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Table 13: Water Quality and Availability Risk Assessment Summary
Vulnerability
Very high
(High sensitivity, low
adaptive capacity AC)
Turbidity in
river
(impacting
fish)
• Turbidity
• Water Availability
High
(Unknown probability)
(High sensitivity,
•
moderate AC or Moderate Aquifer recharge –
(Unknown probability)
sensitivity low AC)
• Water quality
• Watershed health and
Moderate
integrity
(Moderate sensitivity and • Increased cost of water
adaptive capacity)
treatment due to health
regulation
Water
quality
• Watershed
health and
integrity
• Increased
cost of H2O
treatment
Low
(low sensitivity moderate
AC) or ( moderate
sensitivity high AC)
Very Low
(Low sensitivity, high
adaptive capacity)
Unlikely to
occur
Likely to
May occur
once
occur at least
once
Probability in 20 year planning period
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Likely to
occur
several
times
Occurs
frequently
Step 6 - Action Planning
This step involves coming up with viable climate change adaptation actions for the
District of Elkford. Climate change adaptation goals, objectives, and strategies were
developed by the consulting team based on the results of the risk and vulnerability
assessment, background science, and community and staff engagements. Draft CCA
strategies, including the objective of each strategy, and overall climate change
preparedness goals were presented to District of Elkford staff and CAC on May 6, 2009.
Initially, seven climate change adaptation preparedness goals were presented to District
staff and the CAC. These goals were later
Goals, Objectives and Strategies:
downsized (some goals were more appropriate
• Most communities generate
as objectives) resulting in four climate change
Goals that are broadly stated
adaptation preparedness goals for the District of
and represent the community
Elkford:
vision
1. Elkford is a resilient FireSmart
• Objectives are more specific
community
guiding statements that detail
2. Elkford prepares for and mitigates flood
what will be done to meet the
risk
Goals
3. Elkford understands the status of water
• Good strategies detail how,
supply and manages the resource
who, and when each objective
effectively
will be accomplished
4. Climate change adaptation is considered
in future planning decisions
The goals are meant to help direct the implementation of Elkford’s CCA strategies. Each
CCA strategy is linked to an objective which identifies the overarching purpose of the
strategy. Elkford's CCA strategies fall both within the OCP and outside the OCP. For
strategies that fall within the OCP, the consultants worked simultaneously with Smart
Growth Advisory Services in the creation of an OCP background report. The Background
report included a Climate Change Adaptation Issues Paper which was a primer for the
types of strategies to be included within the finalized OCP.
Climate change adaptation strategy recommendations and actions have been developed
for the District of Elkford in the three priority areas: wildfires, flooding, and water
supply. Each strategy falls under one of the four goals.
Goal 1: Elkford is a resilient FireSmart community
To date, the District of Elkford has taken significant steps to ensure the community is
prepared for the risk of wildfires penetrating the District boundaries. The
recommendations below are implementation recommendations which reflect the risks and
vulnerabilities identified in Elkford, and suggest strategies for integrating many of the
Wildfire Management Strategy recommendations into Elkford’s plans and policies.
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 44
Objective: Reduce the likelihood of wildfires penetrating the WUI
1. Implementation of Wildfire Fuel Reduction Program
To protect livelihoods and infrastructure in Elkford, it is recommended that the District
continue to implement the fuel hazard reduction and remediation recommendations laid
out in the Wildfire Management Strategy. Fuel reductions are likely the most effective
means of reducing fire hazard and
Note: It is important that high and extreme
creating defensible spaces around the
fire risk maps are updated once the wildfire
District.
fuel reductions have been completed.
Throughout the fuel reduction process, the District should ensure:
• The maintenance of Elkford’s natural landscape, wilderness character and
community values;
• That information about the forest modifications (including location, and the
necessity for the modifications) and remediation plan are effectively
communicated to community members;
• The forest remediation plan accounts for potential species and biogeoclimatic
changes to the forest with expected future climatic conditions. Tree species for replanting should be chosen based on their resistance to pests and fires given
expected ecosystem conditions.
2. Park and trail development for firebreaks and access
The District should strategically site parks, trails and road developments to create fire
breaks and provide access for firefighting. Road, trail and park developments should
focus first on high and extreme risk fire areas. This strategy should be implemented
through a Parks and Trails Master Plan for the District of Elkford.
Objective: Increase resiliency of new developments to wildfires
3. Fire Hazard Development Permit Area
Local governments can designate a development permit area (DPA) for the purpose of
reducing wildfire risks. The DPA can include requirements relating to: landscaping; the
siting, form, exterior design and finish of buildings and other structures; and the
placement of trees and other vegetation48. To ensure new developments are firesafe, a fire
hazard development permit area should be created
in high and extreme fire risk areas within Elkford’s
Official Community Plan. The permit should
include developer requirements, including:
• A pre-development fire hazard and fire risk
assessment;
• FireSmart building materials and
construction standards;
48
Local Government Act: s.920
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 45
• Vegetation management according to FireSmart Guidelines;
• Requirements for
underground power lines
and utilities;
• The supply of water for
firefighting;
• The development of roads
and trails to act fire breaks;
• A restrictive covenant
attached to high fire risk
properties to ensure
FireSmart guidelines are
maintained in perpetuity;
• Verification of low/reduced
fire hazard by a qualified
individual.
4. Update Subdivision and Servicing Bylaw
Subdivision and/or servicing bylaws can
contain specific requirements to address
The District of Langford’s Interface Fire
wildfire risk. Sidewalks, boulevards and
Hazard Planning Model includes numerous
highways can be located to act as
examples of local governments across BC
firebreaks and evacuation routes.
using legal tools to mitigate interface fires
including: Development permits,
Requirements can also include
subdivision and servicing bylaws, zoning
underground wiring and the provision of
49
bylaws, building bylaws and land title
fire hydrants . Elkford’s subdivision and
covenants.
servicing bylaw should be updated to
http://www.cityoflangford.ca/documents/br
reflect the FireSmart development
ochures/FireInterface_Doc.pdf
guidelines. Specifically, the provision of
fire breaks, evacuation routes, underground wiring and adequate fire suppression in all
new developments.
5. Update Zoning Bylaw
Local government’s can use zoning bylaws to regulate: the use of lands, buildings and
structures, density, and locations of uses within its boundaries50. Based on the fire hazard
assessments from Elkford’s Wildfire Management Strategy, Elkford’s zoning bylaw
should be updated to reflect fire hazard objectives, including:
• Strategic siting of parks and open spaces to act as fire breaks;
• Limited or no development in high and extreme fire risk zones; and
• Clustering of residential, commercial, and industrial development in low risk fire
zones,
49
50
Local Government Act: s.938
Local Government Act: s.903
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 46
Objective: Fire resiliency for existing homes and buildings
6. Update Building Bylaw
Elkford’s building bylaw, through the provision
of building permits, can require FireSmart
Bill 10 includes new provisions for
development standards for renovations and
municipalities to enhance their
additions to existing homes and buildings51. To
building codes. The code remains
reduce the probability of wildfires destroying
an area of concurrent influence,
meaning that any municipal
homes and buildings in Elkford, it is
regulations that exceed the code
recommended that the building bylaw be
would need to be approved by the
updated to require either fire resistant building
Province.
materials or adequate sprinkler systems for
renovations and additions to existing homes and
buildings in high and extreme fire risk areas. To enhance the political feasibility of this
strategy for council, and the economic feasibility of it for Elkford residents, this strategy
should be implemented with an effective rebate program (see strategy 8)52.
7. FireSmart Education Program
The District should enhance its FireSmart education program to ensure Elkford residents
are aware of basic FireSmart information,
The City of Prince George has
including:
an informative website where
• The hazards associated with wildfires;
residents can get information on
fire hazard management, fuel
• How to reduce the chance of human
treatments, tree planting, and
ignitions;
many other resources.
• How to FireSmart a property;
http://www.city.pg.bc.ca/rec_cu
• How to convert and/or retrofit homes and
lture/parks/urbanforestry/
structures with FireSmart materials;
• The benefits of FireSmarting (reduced insurance rates, increased quality of life,
reduced worries about wildfire risk, etc.); and
• How to obtain financial support for FireSmarting properties, homes and
structures.
BC Ministry of Forest and
Range: Wildfire
Management BrachProtecting your Property
http://bcwildfire.ca/Preventi
on/property/
To implement the education program, the District
should implement the education recommendations laid
out in the Wildfire management strategy. This
includes:
• An educational brochure distributed to local
residents with the above information;
• Having FireSmart manuals readily available for residents, or distributed with the
annual property tax assessments;
51
See District of Langford: An Interface Fire Hazard Planning Model
Provisions for FireSmart development standards for renovations and additions is also included in the Fire
Hazard Development Permit Area
52
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 47
An easily navigable web page on the District’s website with a Wildfire link with
pertinent wildfire information;
• Annual FireSmart public presentations and/or workshops;
• FireSmart education programs and field trips at local schools;
• Fire awareness signs indicating the current
Ministry of Forest fire hazard rating and the
The Homeowners
number to call when a fire is detected;
Firesmart Manual:
• FireSmart education and awareness coupled
http://www.pssg.gov.bc.ca
with large events in the District.
/firecom/pdf/homeownerfiresmart.pdf
To enhance the effectiveness of the FireSmart
education program, the District could create an ‘ideal’ FireSmart building as an example
for the community. The Fire Hall may be the best site for this.
•
8. FireSmart Rebate program
To encourage FireSmart development and
conversions on existing homes, the District
should establish a FireSmart rebate program. The
program may include rebates as an incentive for
FireSmart:
• Roof constructions and building
materials;
• Deck construction;
• Tree removals; and
• Vegetation management.
The amount of the rebate would need to be high enough to encourage home retrofits and
conversions, and included as part of the FireSmart education program (Strategy 7).
Objective: Elkford is prepared for wildfire emergencies and evacuations
9. Elkford Community Evacuation Plan
The District of Elkford should have a community evacuation plan. The plan should
primarily address fire risk, but would also be applicable to flood risks, and other large
hazards. The evacuation plan should follow the BC Operational Guidelines for
Evacuations and should:
1. Designate an emergency public warning
The BC Provincial Emergency
system which alerts the entire community
Program (PEP) has a
when wildfires or flooding threaten
Community Emergency
homes and/or lives. A siren exists on the
Program Review which allows
roof of City Hall, however in the event of
communities to assess the
an emergency the siren should be
preparedness of your
augmented with an emergency radio
community for emergencies.
broadcast and/or phone diallers.
http://www.pep.gov.bc.ca/cepr/r
eview.html
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 48
2. Identify pre-designated primary and secondary evacuation routes which lead
community residents away from an advancing wildfire to safety zones, including
an alternative access road to the North of Elkford in the case that the highway is
not accessible as an egress route
3. Designate a marshalling point where evacuated community members can
assemble. The marshalling point should be: safely away from any hazards of fire
or smoke, large enough to accommodate the entire community, accessible by
primary and secondary evacuation routes, equipped with emergency supplies, and
known to all members of the community
4. Create an evacuation process and procedures including roles and responsibilities
of emergency and volunteer personnel
The evacuation plan should be tested regularly, and be accessible to all community
members. The plan should be integrated with the community FireSmart education
program (strategy 7). The Evacuation plan should also incorporated into Elkford’s
Emergency Management Plan.
10. Improve Local Firefighting Capacity
It was noted at the vulnerability assessment workshop that Elkford’s firefighting capacity
is about 1-2 homes. After this point, resources would be exhausted. Where possible, and
at the discretion of Elkford Fire Rescue Services, the District should take steps to
enhance their capacity to fight wildfires entering the wildland urban interface in Elkford.
Options to enhance local capacity include:
• Additional fire fighters,
• Additional trucks equipped with sprinkler equipment,
• Water storage tanks in unprotected areas,
• Backup power supply (generator) in the event that electricity pumps are
unavailable (power off) during a fire,
• Identify and designate easily accessible water sources (such as lakes) in the
District that could be used for fire fighting from the air.
Objective: Enhance regional forest management and wildfire planning
11. Strengthen Partnerships outside the District
Elkford’s wildfire Management Strategy identifies various high risk fire areas outside the
District of Elkford boundaries. One of the biggest risks facing the District is the risk of
wildfires penetrating the WUI from outside the District boundaries. Collaboration with
adjacent landowners is a priority for reducing Elkford’s vulnerability to wildfires. The
District should engage and work with adjacent land owners to share in the management
of forested areas in the valley. Adjacent land owners include:
• First Nations
• Elk Valley Coal
• BC Transmission Corporation (BCTC)
• Provincial forest license holders
• Regional District of East Kootenay
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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• BC Provincial Government
• Alberta Provincial Government
• Private landowners
Collaboration should include sharing of information regarding intended future land uses,
road and trail development (to serve as fire breaks and evacuation routes), and timber
harvesting plans. Opportunities should be sought to create and modify fire breaks in the
region.
12. Elkford Community Forest
Many communities in BC are obtaining community forest licenses to manage the crown
land near their boundaries. The BC Community Forest Association (BCCFA) has 44
member communities who have created or are in the process of creating a community
forest. A community forest, administered by the District of Elkford would help achieve
numerous climate change adaptation objectives, including:
• Diversification of the local economy
• Creating firebreaks that protect Elkford from wildfires
• Maintaining the health and integrity of Elkford’s watershed and drinking water
supply
With the assistance of an experienced community forest manager, the District should
seriously consider the establishment of a community forest to achieve regional forest
management and wildfire planning objectives.
Goal 2: Elkford prepares for and mitigates flood risk
Objective: Reduce the vulnerability of infrastructure to flooding
13. Protect key infrastructure located within or
near the floodplain from flooding
It is recommended that the floodplain designation
be updated, after which the District of Elkford
should take steps to increase the resiliency of
buildings and infrastructure located within the
newly designated floodplain. Of current concern
are the pumphouse, sewage treatment facility and
lagoon, located within the floodplain as it is
Elkford’s Sewage Lagoons
designated. Of particular risk is the potential for
the flooding of sewage lagoons, leading to the contamination of the Elk River
downstream to Sparwood and Fernie. An assessment of the infrastructure, and potential
upgrade to the flood protection and mitigation may be appropriate.
14. Update the Elk River and Boivin Creek Development Permit Area bylaws
The current Elk River and Boivin Creek Development Permit Area bylaw was written
due to ‘the potential for flooding and to protect their [the rivers] qualities as a natural
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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water course.’ The guidelines require a development permit for the DPA, except where
lands have been zoned for single or two
family use. Furthermore, development is
discouraged where natural vegetation
would be removed. It is recommended that
the DPA apply to all developments
(including single or two family use), due
to the potentially increased risk of more
frequent or greater intensity spring runoff.
A requirement that natural vegetation is
absolutely maintained (if not enhanced)
may be an addition to the DPA, so as to
enhance the capabilities of the riparian
area to mitigate floods.
Flood protection at Elkford’s sewage lagoons
15. Re-designate floodplain
The most recent update of the floodplain occurred in the 1980’s. It is highly
recommended that the floodplain be re-designated to incorporate new climate science and
projections and potential geomorphological changes that have occurred since the 1980’s.
16. Update Road Design Standards: Require water retention or on-site stormwater
management techniques
District of Ucluelet, BC
Adapting roads to facilitate infiltration will decrease
The OCP promotes “Alternative
runoff, and allow for water to be dealt with on-site.
Development Standards,” which
Swales and/or French drains can be used instead of
includes the use of French Drains
standard curb and gutter construction. The swales
as an alternative to traditional curb
would be located along each side of the road, and
and gutter road design.
would be connected to a constructed wetland or pond
www.ucluelet.ca/UserFiles/File/By
laws/OCP/OCP%20Jan%2011%20
for further filtering. This recommendation will ensure
2007.pdf
that the subsurface drainage is not connected to the
aquifer to which drinking water is drawn. Revisions to
Subdivision Servicing Bylaws can be made to require on-site water retention and
minimized runoff design.
Objective: Manage the land to enhance water retention
17. Maximize buffer zones, and allocate flood areas along streams and rivers
The following actions can be taken to reduce the impacts of a major flood event, and to
maintain the health and integrity of riparian areas.
• Identify zones along the Elk River or
significant tributaries that can be designated
for flooding during an extreme flood event or
major storm event (natural depressions,
wetlands, fields, etc.)
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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•
•
Maintain a significant buffer zone along streams and rivers, ensuring natural
vegetation is present for maximum absorption.
Designate stormwater storage areas in the
Diking along the Elk River in Elkford
headwaters of the watershed, and determine
where wetland and floodplain storage expansion are possible upstream of town.
18. Adapt Development Cost Charges for development of greenspace in flood prone
zones
Development Costs Charges can be assigned to the improved development of parks, trails
and greenspace where flooding is likely to occur, or where it is deemed appropriate to
allow flooding so as to prevent flooding of infrastructure. A well-designed and
maintained riparian zone will help retain water during high levels, and can be an
opportunity to create parks, trails and other recreational zones.
19. Work with regional stakeholders to identify watershed-level management
opportunities
Maintaining the health and integrity of the headwaters of the Elk River and the tributaries
which flow into it is an inexpensive yet very valuable method of ensuring water quality.
The District of Elkford should collaborate with adjacent landowners and jurisdictions to:
• Develop guidelines for development in the headwaters of the tributaries and rivers
in the region.
• To ensure generous buffer zones and limited development in proximity to streams
and rivers, particularly those which may feed into the aquifer.
Goal 3: Understand and effectively manage the water supply
Objective: Encourage water conservation and demand reduction
20. Implement water conservation education and awareness programs.
In British Columbia, we consume almost three times
Town of Gibson’s, BC
the amount of water used in an average European
Implementing a water-metering
home. It is important that we recognize the value of
program, as well as water efficient
water, and take actions to ensure we are managing
fixtures and hot water tank
the resource effectively. Water education programs
replacements. They have a very
can be very successful in encouraging individuals to
comprehensive and information
consider their personal water use. Implementing
website dedicated to water issues:
water conservation and education measures
http://www.gibsonswater.ca
incrementally will increase the acceptance of the
initiatives by the public, and will allow individuals to become educated and aware of the
water challenges the region is likely to face in the future. The Province of British
Columbia has developed a homeowners water conservation program. As part of a District
education program, homeowners may be encouraged to participate in the Province’s
“Water Smart Home Assessment.” Consider providing incentive for homeowners that
participate, such as provision of a low-flow fixture.
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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21. Implement water metering for all residential homes.
Water metering has been implemented in
several British Columbia communities as a
Many communities in the
means of education, as well as to encourage
Okanagan have installed endself-monitoring of water-use. It is recommended use water meters, which have
that the implementation be incremental, and that reduced water use by up to
it be established initially as a means of
20%. Okanagan Sustainable
conservation awareness. Assigning rates may be
Water Strategy, Action Plan:
an option in the future, once all residential
http://www.obwb.ca/water_strat
homes have been outfitted. Some communities
egy/
establish a policy that water meters must be
installed before a home is sold. In others, the local government provides or subsidizes the
installation.
22. Adapt municipal building bylaw to require low-flow plumbing fixtures for all new
buildings
The Province of British Columbia recently amended the Building Code to require the
installation of low flow fixtures in all new homes (maximum 9 litres per minute). It is
recommended that the local government adopt these amendments, and implement a
fixture incentive program to encourage existing homes to replace inefficient fixtures.
23. Update Subdivision Servicing Bylaws: Implement low impact development
standards for new developments
Consider the integration of Low Impact Development standards for new developments.
Potential low impact developments should incorporate one or more of the following
water retention methods to their properties:
• Reduce paved areas or construct permeable driveways.
• Maintain natural features on the landscape particularly if the landscape contains
wetlands, floodplain or natural depressions.
• Design greenspace (yards, etc.) using absorbent landscaping techniques (i.e. at
least 300mm of BC Landscape Standard soils, with thick, matted vegetation
planted on top).
Low Impact Development standards can be incorporated into the Official Community
Plan, as well as being written into the relevant Bylaws and Policies.
Objective: Understand the nature and characteristics of Elkford’s water supply
24. Map aquifer to understand characteristics
Given the importance of groundwater as the sole drinking water supply for the District, it
is recommended that aquifer mapping be completed to determine the nature and
characteristics of Elkford’s aquifer. The Ministry of Environment is currently
undertaking an initiative to map and delineate aquifers throughout the Province; however
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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this has not taken place in this region. Ground water and aquifer mapping will allow the
District to make long term water management strategies and provide a better indication as
to the storage capacity of the aquifer.
Goal 4: Climate change adaptation is considered in future planning and
development
25. Future land use planning, and development decisions consider climate change
adaptation
Where possible, planning and development (including: bids, tenders, and contracts)
undertaken within the District of Elkford should consider and make reference to:
• The climate change adaptation goals, objectives, and strategies outlined in this
plan, and
• The implications of the PCIC’s climate change projections for the Elkford area.
26. The goals and objectives of this climate change adaptation plan should be
adapted and integrated throughout Elkford’s OCP
• The goals are:
1. A resilient FireSmart community
2. Prepare for and mitigates flood risk
3. Understand and effectively manage water supply
4. Consider climate change in future planning and development
• The Objectives are:
1. Reduce the likelihood of wildfires penetrating the WUI
2. Increase resiliency of new development to wildfires
3. Fire resiliency for existing home and buildings
4. Prepare for wildfire emergencies and evacuations
5. Enhance regional forest management and wildfire planning
6. Reduce the vulnerability of existing infrastructure to flooding
7. Manage the land to enhance water retention
8. Encourage water conservation and demand reduction
9. Understand the nature and characteristics of Elkford’s water supply
Step 7 – Implementation, Monitoring and Adjusting
The ultimate success of a climate adaptation plan is dependent on the willingness of the
community to implement and act upon the recommendations. The District of Elkford has
demonstrated significant dedication to ensure the community moves towards increased
resiliency. The District has taken the appropriate first steps of integrating long-term
planning processes with climate projections to ensure decisions are being made with the
future in mind.
Table 13 outlines the results of a final workshop that was held with District staff and the
community advisory committee to determine the priorities for implementation. The staff
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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were asked to rank each recommendation, and determine whether the recommendation
was to be implemented immediately (High, 0-2 years), in the near future (Medium, 3-10)
or in the more distant future (Low, more than 10 years). Additionally, the staff identified
the individuals within the District whom are responsible for the implementation of
recommendations. Success can be measured by the implementation of the strategies
within the allocated timeframe.
It is recommended that the individuals responsible for each action review the strategies
on a regular basis to gauge progress on implementation. Our team acknowledges the
challenges of funding and capital expenditure that exists at the local government level.
The District of Elkford should adjust the timeframes if necessary based on unexpected
events and/or changing community priorities.
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Table 13: Elkford Climate Change Adaptation Prioritization Table
CCA Strategy Prioritization Table
Climate Change
Adaptation
Goal
1. Elkford is a
Resilient
FireSmart
Community
2. Elkford
prepares for
and mitigates
flood risk
3. Elkford
Understands
and effectively
manages water
supply
4. Consider
climate change
adaptation in
future planning
decisions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
High urgency
Initiate in 0-2 years
Moderate urgency
Initiate in 3-10 years
Fire Hazard development permit area in OCP
Update subdivision and servicing bylaw
Update building bylaw
Update zoning Bylaw
Elkford Community evacuation plan
Implement Fuel reduction program
Road, trail and park development to maximize fire
breaks
Update Subdivision and Servicing Bylaw to reflect
floodplain development permits
Update Development Cost Charges for trail, park
development along river
Extend diking north and south of the District
New developments to have flood-protection design
Integrate Low Impact Development (LID) objectives
into bylaws and policies
Integrate LID objectives into OCP
• FireSmart Education Program:
• FireSmart rebate program
• Strengthen partnerships outside the
District
• Improve local
firefighting capacity
• Elkford community
forest
• Determine watershed-level water
storage capacity
• Identify appropriate ‘flood zones’
along Elk River
• Identify wetland for floodland
expansion upstream of town
• Reduce demand, increase efficiency
of domestic water use
• Develop water-use education
programs
• Consider water metering
• Water-use bylaw update
• Redesignate the
floodplain
• Update Development
Permit Areas
• Climate change adaptation objectives and strategies
are integrated into Elkford’s Official Community Plan
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Low urgency
Initiate in 10+ years
• Map the District’s
aquifer and
groundwater networks
Summary Action Plan
The following table summarizes the goals, objectives and strategies of Elkford’s climate
change adaptation plan.
Goal
Objective
Reduce the likelihood of
wildfires penetrating the WUI
Reduce the vulnerability of new
developments to wildfire
Elkford is a
Resilient
FireSmart
Community
Fire resilient homes and
buildings
Prepared for wildfire
emergencies and evacuations
Enhance regional forest
management and wildfire
planning
Reduce the vulnerability of
infrastructure to flooding
Elkford
prepares for
and
mitigates
flood risk
Manage the land to enhance
water retention
Understand
and manage
water supply
Encourage water conservation
and demand reduction
Strategy
Recommendation
1. Implement Wildfire fuel reduction program
2. Park and trail development
3. Fire hazard development permit area
4. Update subdivision and servicing bylaw
5. Update zoning bylaw
6. Update building bylaw
7. FireSmart education program
8. FireSmart rebate program
9. Community evacuation plan
10. Improve firefighting capacity
11. Strengthen partnerships outside the District
12. Community forest
13. Protect key infrastructure located within or
near the floodplain from flooding
14. Update the Elk River and Boivin Creek
Development Permit Area bylaws
15. Re-designate floodplain
16. Update Road Design Standards: Require
water retention or on-site stormwater
management techniques
17. Maximize buffer zones, and allocate flood
areas along streams and rivers
18. Adapt Development Cost Charges for
development of greenspace in flood prone
zones
19. Work with regional stakeholders to identify
watershed-level management opportunities
20. Implement water conservation education and
awareness programs.
21. Implement water metering for all residential
homes.
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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22. Adapt municipal building bylaw to require
low-flow plumbing fixtures for all new
buildings
23. Update Subdivision Servicing Bylaws:
Implement low impact development
standards for new developments
Understand the nature and
characteristics of Elkford’s water 24. Map aquifer to understand characteristics
supply
Climate
change
Future land use planning, and
adaptation is
25. Integrate strategies throughout the Official
development decisions consider
considered in
Community Plan
climate change adaptation
future
planning
decisions
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Moving Forward: A Resilient Elkford
The process of developing a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for Elkford has resulted
in a document that is locally relevant, scientifically supported and reflective of the
priorities identified by the community. The process of CCA strategy development is
driven only partially by frameworks and protocols: the dedication of the community and
local government for a sustainable and resilient future determines the ultimate success of
the project.
The approach taken by the CCA team was rooted in the integration of sound science,
community input and realistic policy options. The result is a Plan that addresses: the key
priority areas identified by community, staff and Council; the vulnerabilities and risks
associated with climate change; the opportunities for adaptation and increased resiliency;
and the tools and knowledge necessary to move forward and implement effective
adaptation strategies. The recommendations in this document address future
vulnerabilities, but are written to improve the sustainability and resiliency of the
community today. Many of our recommendations have co-benefits of facilitating reduced
energy consumption (i.e. water use-reduction), increased safety and well-being (i.e.
emergency preparedness), and overall awareness of climatic pressures on the surrounding
ecosystem. The concept of planning for a future much different from the past is
increasingly recognized as a wise and proactive approach. As we see the impacts of
climate change play out in our communities and wild areas, it becomes increasingly
important to consider a future with many different and unexpected challenges and
opportunities.
In participating in the Columbia Basin Trust Communities Adapting to Climate Change
initiative, the District of Elkford has demonstrated great leadership in integrating climate
adaptation strategies into the core planning documents for the community. As a new
leader in climate change adaptation planning, the District of Elkford has an opportunity to
inspire communities across the Columbia Basin, the Province, and the Globe into action.
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Appendix A- Description of PCIC Modeling Methodology
These sections are taken from Pacific Climate Impact Consortium’s report: Analytical
Summary - Past Trends and Future Projections for the Kimberley and Elkford Region,
October 1, 2008, Version 3.
Regional Climatology
Annual mean temperature and precipitation (1961-1990) climatology is provided with data from
the Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM). PRISM interpolates
station-based measurements of monthly and annual temperature and precipitation to regularly
spaced grid cells (Daly et al., 1994). Orographic effects are modeled by employing a digital
elevation model (DEM) and regression techniques (Daly et al., 1994). Stations are weighted to
account for local spatial variation in the climate resulting from elevation, orientation of terrain
(and whether the terrain is interrupting flow), proximity to the coast, moisture availability, a twolayer atmosphere (to handle inversions), and topography (valley, mid-slope, ridge) (Daly, 2006).
Complex climatic extremes, such as rain shadows, coastal effects, and temperature inversions,
were modeled with the assistance of expert knowledge53. Station data used to create PRISM in
BC and the Yukon was provided by Environment Canada and the global historic climatology
network (GHCN).
Climate Projections
Projections of future climate are provided from the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM4)
at a resolution of 45 km. Results are presented as a difference from the 1961-1990 baseline for the
2050s (2041-2070). Projections are from the latest version of the CRCM4, which is forced
(through boundary conditions at the edges of its domain – North America) by the ~350km
resolution projection form the Canadian Global Climate Model (CGCM3) following the A2
emissions scenario (run 4). The A2 and B1 emission scenarios are commonly explored. A2 is
considered to be a “business as usual” scenario and B1 reflects green house gas levels that result
when we use more “alternative” energy sources.
Both the regional and global models are numerical representations of the climate system based on
the physical, chemical, and biological properties of its components, their interactions and
feedback processes. Currently, atmosphere, ocean, and sea ice interactions are coupled with those
occurring on land in GCMs, which provides a comprehensive representation of the climate
system.
Because the CRCM is at a higher resolution it represents elevation, physical and dynamical
processes as well as land surface characteristics in more detail than the GCM. However, RCMs
are less economical to run than GCM. Thus, there are less runs of RCMs than there are of GCMs
and the projections shown here are from only one model, run with only one emission scenario A2.
From studies of GCM results, we know that for the 2050s more uncertainty is contributed by the
various models than by different emission scenarios. By the 2080s, or the 2071-2090 period,
emission scenarios have a stronger influence on the strength of the change in temperature and
precipitation.
53
http://www.prism.oregonstate.edu/
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Appendix B- Maps of Past and Projected Changes in
Temperature, Precipitation, Growing Degree Days, Frost-free
Days, and Winter Mean Temperature
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Source: 54
54
All maps from Werner, A.T., Paterson, B.M., & Harpreet, J.K., 2008. Analytical Summary - Past Trends
and Future Projections for the Kimberley and Elkford Region, Pacific Climate Impact Consortium,
October 1, 2008, Version 3.
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Appendix C- Elkford’s Impact Opportunity Pathways
Flooding: Potential Impact Pathway for Elkford
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Water Availability: Potential Impact Pathway for Elkford
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Snowpack: Potential Impact Pathway for Elkford
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Mountain Pine Beetle: Potential Impact Pathway for Elkford
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Ecosystem Shift: Potential Impact Pathway for Elkford
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Species Change: Potential Impact Pathway for Elkford
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Summary: Benefit and Opportunity Pathways
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Appendix D- Climate Change: Overview and Potential Topics for
Kitchen Table Meetings
Issue: Fire and Pest Management
*Warmer climate will likely result in more favorable conditions for insect and disease
outbreaks.
*Climate and change in forest composition will also likely increase length of fire season
in the Columbia Basin from between 38-52 days. The magnitude of fires is predicted to
be larger.
*Invasive species are expected to establish themselves as ecosystems shift, before the
next Ecological Zone populates the area.
Have you noticed in increase in invasive plant species?
Have pine beetle infestations been of major concern to people in Elkford? Do
you feel your forests are threatened by a potential pine beetle outbreak or other
climate sensitive pests?
Has there been effective forest fire management? Do you have concerns for
future forest fire events?
Issue: Water Availability and Management
*Initial research demonstrates that streamflow in the winter has been higher since
1970, potentially due to increased precipitation falling as rain as opposed to snow in the
winter.
*Potential for earlier peak spring run-off, and lower streamflow during the summer.
Summer precipitation expected to decrease by 5-10% by mid-century. Increase
precipitation expected in winter, however increased temperatures (2-3 degrees C by
mid-century during the winter) may cause precipitation to fall as rain.
Has Elkford experienced water shortages, decreased water quality (i.e. high
turbidity earlier in the spring), or other related water issues in the past?
Have you noticed changes in spring run-off? Has this impacted your life in any
way? (i.e. land/building flooding, strain on the storm water management system,
limited access to backcountry locations, etc.)
How might you deal with challenges with water availability in the future – are
you willing to implement conservation measures (i.e. low-flow toilets,
showerheads, etc.)?
Issue: Land Use and Development
*Certain areas of land around Elkford may be identified as sensitive or inappropriate for
development due to future land changes as a result of climate change
Are there areas around Elkford that you feel are particularly sensitive and should
be protected from development or significant disturbance?
Issue: Ecosystem Shift
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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*The Ecological Zones that make up Elkford’s surrounding ecosystem are Montane
Spruce and Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir. Projections estimate that by mid-century,
these ecosystems will shift north by 302 km and 224 km, respectively.
*By 2085, the Ecological Zone will be dominantly Interior Douglas Fir and Sub-Boreal
Spruce.
Have you noticed changes over the past decades of what species of plants and
animals exist around Elkford – has there been a change in the populations?
Would a change in forest composition and species impact your lifestyle (i.e.
backcountry recreation, hunting, etc.)?
Issue: Biodiversity
*Migration is the dominant response to ecosystem changes (proven historically with
previous climatic change).
*Ability to migrate and disperse depends on the ability of species to move through
natural ecosystems that are connected and relatively undisturbed.
*Rate of warming over this century will exceed the dispersal capacity of many species.
Do you see value in maintaining large corridors for the movement of species?
What importance would you place on conserving land for the purpose of
maintaining corridors and facilitating species migration?
How might a shift in the species that exist in the region impact your lifestyle?
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Appendix E- Summary of Recommendations from Elkford’s
Wildfire Management Strategy
Landscape level strategies:
• Fuel mitigation should be addressed in co-operation with adjacent landowners and
stakeholders;
• Fire fighting access, fire breaks and fire control lines should be improved through
the development of road and recreation trails;
• Where hydrant coverage is limited, potential sites for helicopter bucketing or
pumping should be located, assessed and mapped;
• Ongoing public education should be used to prevent human caused ignitions;
• The District should consider partnering with First Nations to acquire a forest
license for harvesting crown timber.
Wildfire Suppression Planning
• All District staff who work in the WUI should receive basic level fire suppression
training;
• Increased cooperation between the municipal fire department and the Ministry of
Forest for interagency training and better fire protection;
• The District should be aware of all special populations living in the town that may
require assistance in the event of an evacuation;
• At least one firesafe staging area should be designated in the event that Highway
43 is inaccessible;
• The District should have FireSmart manuals readily available for residents, or
distributed with the annual property tax assessments;
• The web page of the District should be updated to include a Wildfire link with
pertinent wildfire information;
• Annual FireSmart public presentations or workshops should occur prior to each
fire season;
• FireSmart education programs and field trips should be used for education at local
schools;
• Fire awareness signs should indicate the current MOF fire hazard rating and the
number to call when a fire is detected;
• An educational brochure should be prepared and distributed to local residents that
outlines the hazards associated with wildfire, how to reduce the chances of
ignition and how to protect their homes;
• FireSmart education and awareness should be coupled with large events;
• The District should have restrictions during high/ extreme fire conditions (e.g. no
smoking, open stoves or campfires in forested areas)
FireSmart community planning:
• All new areas that are proposed for development should comply with FireSmart
guidelines and fuel management recommendations of this report;
• A pre-development ‘Fuels Hazard and Fire Risk Assessment’ report should be
completed for all new developments;
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
All homes and buildings in Elkford should meet FireSmart vegetation
management guidelines in priority zones 1,2, and 3;
The District should enhance existing or build new fireguards around high-density
residential neighbourhoods.
New road and trail development should be located and designed to provide
adequate access for suppression resources;
When planning new developments, the supply of water for firefighting should be
considered (e.g. man-made water storage tanks, underground cisterns or
sprinklers);
Underground power lines should be considered for all new developments;
Propane tanks around the District should have surrounding vegetation cleared for
at least 3 m in all directions and be located at least 10 m from any building;
Underground sprinkler systems should be considered in all new developments.
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Appendix F- Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity Wall Charts
Water Availability and Quality - Sensitivity
Water Availability
and Quality Risk
Topic
Water
Quality
Water
Availability
Current and Expected Risks
Groundwater quality has not been as big of a concern as surface water. Concerns heard
from community on quality of water from mine sites.
Expected Climate and Non-Climatic Changes
Degree of
Sensitivity
(L,M,H)
The glaciers in Glacier National Park, Montana, area likely to be gone by 2030 55
Currently snowpack and glacial melt feed the watershed throughout the summer. Lower
snow pack and glacial retreat will impact flow and recharge rates.
Smaller glaciers, declining snowpack, shifts in timing and amount of precipitation,
and prolonged drought will increasingly limit water supply during periods of peak
demand56
2003 was an example of a low-water availability year: snowpack was 75-80% of normal
April 1st records. A hot, dry summer led to low water availability across the region.
Decreasing snowpack and glacial melt will limit the quantity and alter the timing of
water availability57
Changes in temperature and precipitation may alter water table depths58
Aquifer
Recharge
Watershed Health
and Integrity
Subsurface aquifers, channels and recharge points are not mapped, and very poorly
understood.
Changes in snowpack and glacial capacity will have an impact on aquifer recharge, but the
extent is highly unknown.
Reduced tree coverage due to fire and mountain pine beetle impacting the ability of the land
to absorb water.
Lower water flows throughout summer change water temperatures, threatening cold-water
fish species.
Peak flood conditions result in increased turbidity of the water, posing risk to certain fish
species if exposed to turbid water for long periods of time.
Increased turbidity of
river water
Water quality for consumption compromised, however dependence of the community on
the aquifer reduces this risk to residents.
Reductions in stream flow will have negative effects on both groundwater recharge
and discharge rates59
Lower summer flows will affect the viability of salmon populations. Potential for
hydroelectric generation will also be affected60
Increased temperatures will cause increased glacial melt. In the Elk River Basin,
between 1986 and 2000, there was an 8.6% loss of glacial cover. In the short term,
peak-melting events may cause late summer/early fall flooding until the glacier
diminishes, at which point a significant reduction in glacial-fed stream flow will
occur61
Non-climatic considerations: Population stressors on water use; increased industrial
activity (i.e. coal mining and coal-bed methane), changing development patterns,
backcountry recreation.
Things to think about:
•
How often do water quality advisories occur?
•
Mapping of subsurface groundwater: where are there deep aquifers; where are the recharge channels from the Elk and other creeks?
•
Glaciers in Elk River watershed have not been mapped or monitored.
•
Streamflow gauge at Weary Creek has been out of commission for years. Closest monitoring with full data is Elk River at Fernie.
•
How much reliance is on the fishing industry for summer tourism?
55
Hall and Fagre (2003) Modeled Climate-Induced Glacier Change in Glacier National Park, 1850–2100. Bioscience. 53(2).
Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN) (2007) - From Impacts to Adaptation: Canada in a Changing Climate.http://adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/assess/2007/index_e.php
57
Ibíd.
58
Ibid.
59
Ibid.
60
Ibid.
61
Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium (2006) - Preliminary Analysis of Climate Variability and Change in the Canadian Columbia River Basin: Focus on Water Resources.
56
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Water Availability and Quality – Adaptive Capacity
Risk
Topic
Potential Adaptation Actions
Barriers
Implement water conservation education program to reduce water use, particularly during later
summer/early fall seasons.
Water Quality
Encourage home retrofits for water conserving showerheads, toilets, and other appliances. Require
these as a minimum standard in new home constructions.
Implement residential water-metering to monitor and charge for excessive water usage.
Water
Availability
Aquifer
Recharge
Watershed
Health and
Integrity
Develop a protocol for emergency water conservation measures.
Work in partnership with Ministry of Environment to monitor snowpack and precipitation in order to
forecast potential drought conditions.
Implement a streamflow monitoring program to track daily and monthly streamflows. Record peak
flows annually and monitor for long term changes. Include records of temperature and turbidity.
Conduct groundwater mapping to fully understand aquifer size and recharge from main channels.
Maintain and monitor wells.
Maintain wide buffer zones along rivers and creek to reduce turbidity, and to maintain fish and
wildlife habitat.
Things to Think about:
•
Responsibility of residents, District and industry to balance water needs.
•
Requirements for change in policy and bylaws for implementation of several adaptation strategies.
•
What’s missing from the adaptive capacity list above?
•
Is it in the correct order? (easy to difficult to implement)
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Adaptive
Capacity
(L, M, H)
Flooding – Sensitivity
Flooding
Risk Topic
Current and Expected Risks
Increased frequency of rain events during the winter, and earlier snow/glacial melt may result in flooding of
greater intensity than historically.
Flood
Frequency
and Severity Reduction of tree cover due to wildfires or pine beetle kill may result in greater runoff, contributing to more
severe flooding.
Current 200-year floodplain designation has not been updated since 1989. Development exists within the
flood line. Currently, permits are required to develop within the floodplain as originally determined.
Several District operational facilities exist within the 200-yr floodline, and are at risk to flooding in an
Flooding of extreme event.
buildings or
land
Designated flooding zones are not identified in floodline mapping. Buffer areas should be established to
allow for overflow, reducing cost of building structures or flood protection mechanisms.
Expected Climate and Non-Climatic Changes
Projected warming in the western mountains by the mid-21st century is very likely
to cause glacial melt, earlier spring snow melt, more winter rain events, and
increased peak winter flows which could lead to increases in spring flooding
events62
Overall temperatures by mid-century are expected to be 2-3 degrees above average.
Precipitation in the winter is expected to increase 20-25%, but decrease slightly in
the summer. Higher temperatures in winter will likely result in precipitation falling
as rain, which will be immediately conducted through the watershed63
Frequency and severity of flooding could be affected by: an increase in winter
precipitation, a reduction in the extent and duration of snow cover, an earlier spring
melt, and increased runoff from watersheds killed by MPB64
Winter runoff will increase due to: increasing winter temperatures and precipitation
changes (snow to rain)65
Damage to
bridge
integrity
Alternative access routes should be determined in the case of bridge damage during a flood event
There will be an increase in rain events during the winter as temperatures warm. No policy exists to
encourage reduction of runoff at residential and District properties.
Historical streamflow data for the Elk River indicates a trend towards earlier peak
flow66
Non-climatic Considerations: increasing development in flood-vulnerable areas;
increased impermeable surfaces; changes to permitting agent from MOE to District.
Storm water
management Current OCP requires the developer of new development areas to determine methods for handling storm
water management. The District should establish standards.
Safety of
river users
Potential for more frequent high river levels with increased rain events, and earlier spring run-off
Things to think about:
•
The 200-year floodplain has not been reviewed since late 1980’s. New information about climate impacts should be considered in the future mapping of the floodplain.
•
Development and land management adjacent to river must be planned according to revised floodplain designation
•
Construction of additional roads/bridges over the Elk River must be built in a manner that prevents channelization of the river.
•
Standards for storm water management at new developments should be developed to encourage basic runoff minimization techniques.
•
Are there areas of land designated for flood overflow?
•
Is there a method of warning citizens of potential flood conditions during spring melt, etc? Are there signs or posting warning of potentially dangerous river conditions?
62
Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium (PCIC) - (2008) Analytical Summary- Past Trends and Future Projections for the Kimberley and Elkford Region
Ibid.
64
David Suzuki Foundation, 2007: Hot Properties: How global warming could transform BC’s real estate sector.
65
Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN) (2007) - From Impacts to Adaptation: Canada in a Changing Climate. http://adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/assess/2007/index_e.php
66
Environment Canada, Water Survey of Canada
63
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Degree of
Sensitivity
(L, M, H)
Flooding- Adaptive Capacity
Risk Topic
Barriers
Potential Adaptation Actions
Maintain existing areas of marshland, forests and parks along the river.
Flood Frequency
and Severity
Encourage use of rain barrels and maintain trees and vegetation on properties.
Implement a flood warning protocol to alert residents of projected flood events (working
Flooding of
with Ministry of Environment weather forecasting and snowpack analysis)
buildings or lands
Identify ‘no-development’ zones where temporary water storage may be possible during a
flood event (i.e. depressions in land adjacent to the river, large marsh or grassland areas).
Damage to bridge
integrity
Work with Ministry of Environment to update 200-yr flood line. Regulate land use,
including: development; designated buffer zones and flood areas; recreational areas and
parks based on the new floodplain line.
Storm water
management
In development of future infrastructure over the Elk River, ensure that all designs maintain
the natural flow of the river so as to prevent channelization of the river.
Increased
turbidity of river Build roads without curbs and gutters; direct road runoff into ‘swales’ built with sand
filters. Allow infiltration to retention ponds or wetlands
water
Safety of River
users
Require new developments, or retrofits to use pervious materials or porous asphalt in
construction of driveways, parking lots, etc.
Things to Think about:
•
Can any of these things happen before a new floodplain is determined?
•
Are the resources available to implement residential-scoped storm water management techniques?
•
What’s missing from the adaptive capacity list above?
•
Is it in the correct order? (easy to difficult to implement)
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Adaptive
Capacity
(L, M, H)
Wildfires - Sensitivity
Wildfire Risk
Topic
Current and Expected Risks
Pine beetle infested trees in and around Elkford are creating a high risk of
interface fires
Wildfire
enters District
Elkford OCP- Wildfire risk will be ‘considered’ in town planning and
boundary
design. No specific policies or requirements.
Smoke from Smoke from nearby fires limits visibility and causes health hazards
Increased frequency of fires may lead to increased smoke alerts
wildfires
Evacuation of Evacuations limited by single access road into Elkford (Hwy. 43)
whole or part
of community No firesafe staging area or evacuation plan
Evacuation limited by single access road into Elkford (Hwy. 43)
Road and
highway
Potential tourism and economic impacts
closures
Some homes in Elkford are developed in the urban/forest interface near
high risk fire areas.
Damage to
Infrastructure
Elkford OCP- Wildfire risk will be ‘considered’ in town planning and
and homes
design. No policies to limit/ restrict development.
Backcountry/ Tourism and economic impacts when forest is closed
forest closure
Expected Climatic and
Non-climatic changes
Degree of
Sensitivity
(L, M, H)
Warmer climate, more precipitation in the winter and
spring, less precipitation in the summer67 (PCIC, 2008)
Warmer temperatures will lead to drier forests and an
increased frequency and severity of wildfires68
The length of the fire season in the Columbia Basin is
projected to increase by 38 to 52 days by 208069
Warmer temperatures will increase the climatically suitable
range of the MPB70
Forests damaged by MPB are more susceptible to fire. Full
effects of MPB expected to hit Elkford region in 201171
Non-climatic Considerations: increasing development in
high risk fire areas, community resistance to fuel reduction
program, population growth, tourism and migration, etc.
Things to think about:
•
Are there other current and expected risks associated with these risk topics?
•
How often do smoke alerts occur in Elkford? (ask and add to flip chart)
•
Have wildfires occurred in the Elkford District in the past?
•
Has there ever been an evacuation notice due to wildfires near Elkford?
•
Have homes in Elkford been damaged by wildfires in the past?
•
How often are forested areas near Elkford closed due to high fire risk?
67
Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium (PCIC) - (2008) Analytical Summary- Past Trends and Future Projections for the Kimberley and Elkford Region
Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN) (2007) - From Impacts to Adaptation: Canada in a Changing Climate. http://adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/assess/2007/index_e.php
69
Benton (2003)- Climate change in the Columbia Basin. Potential Changes in Forest Cover and Fire Danger in the Columbia Basin. Pages 35-41.
http://www.cmiae.org/pdf/ClimateChange2003.pdf
70
Gayton (2008) - Impacts of Climate Change on British Columbia’s Biodiversity: A Literature Review. http://www.forrex.org/JEM/ISS48/vol9_no2_art4.pdf
71
BC Ministry of Forests and Range (2006) Preparing for climate change: Adapting to impacts on British Columbia’s forest and range resources. Victoria, BC. Available at:
www.for.gov.bc.ca/mof/Climate_Change/Preparing_for_Climate_Change.pdf.
68
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
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Wildfires –Adaptive Capacity
Wildfire
Risk Topic
Potential Adaptation Actions
Continue with public education program outlining the benefits and objectives of fuel treatment and remediation
program
Complete fuel treatments in high risk fire areas near the Wildland/ urban interface
Wildfire enters District
boundary
Assist in removal of MPB infested trees on private land
Collaborate with adjacent landowners on wildfire protection planning (Ministry of Forests, BCTC, forest
tenure holders, Sparwood, Teck, Ktunaxa)
Smoke from wildfires
Obtain a community forest license to manage crown land adjacent the District of Elkford.
Collaborate with adjacent landowners to reduce risk of smoke from wildfires outside District
Designate a community staging area (mine site) in the event that highway 43 is not a possible evacuation
option
Develop emergency response and evacuation planning for the event that wildfires penetrate the Elkford
Evacuation of whole or part
interface. Firesmart emergency measure guidelines recommend: an emergency warning system (bells,
of community
whistlers, car horns, etc.), planned evacuation routes, marshalling point(s), and evacuation process and
procedures.
Integrate emergency response and evacuation planning into Bylaw 687, OCP, or other policy.
Designate a community staging area (mine site?) in the event that highway 43 is not a possible evacuation
option
Road and highway closures
Construct alternative egress route out of Elkford in the event that highway 43 is not a possible evacuation
option
Integrate high risk fire areas from WMS into hazardous and environmentally sensitive areas of OCP
Damage to Infrastructure
and homes
Backcountry/ forest closure
Implement permit requirements and policies for development in high risk fire areas according to Firesmart
guidelines (Materials, building techniques and maintenance).
Create alternative tourism and recreation options in non-forested areas
Things to think about:
•
Some Elkford residents are very resistant to tree removal near their properties
•
What are the barriers (legal, regulatory, jurisdiction, funding, time, resources, etc)?
•
Are there other potential adaptation actions?
•
Likely not politically feasible to mandate fireproofing of all homes in Elkford.
• Some Elkford residents are very resistant to tree removal near their homes
District of Elkford: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Page 80
Barriers
Adaptive
Capacity
(L, M, H)