Abstract
The present investigation tests to distinguish any advantages height plays within the
structure of a college netball team. Eight matches were analysed using a hand notation
system. A complete turn around of players was used so all athletes were analysed in
each of the seven positions. Results were compared between players and overall team
statistics achieved in the match where the investigated netball team assumed regular
position. Passing and shooting were used as the main performance indicators for
successful and unsuccessful play. Analysis found that individual performance was
better when athletes were playing in unfamiliar positions however the team performed
better when players remained in usual formation. The shortest members of the team
played centre court roles, whist the tallest played either a defensive or attacking
position. The results indicate the beneficial attribute of height to shooting. Taller
players on average performed significantly better at shooting; more shots to goal, than
the shortest members of the team. Passing was found to be a transferable skill
between positions with height not affecting the successful execution of the skill (>
5%). Conclusions were based upon other physical, physiological and psychological
differences between player positions. Height is an important prerequisite for netball
performance, however it is important that skill acquisition, biomechanical and
anthropometric data are considered when evaluating the extent to which it is required.
Key words: Netball, Performance Analysis, Normal/ Usual positions,
Estrange/ Other positions
1
1. Introduction
1. 1. Notation Analysis in Sport
In any sporting situation, especially team games, it is difficult, if not impossible, for
coaches to notice and remember all the key events occurring within a training
session or match, equipped only with their knowledge of the specified sport and
their innate powers of observation (Coleman, 1998). However, analysis based on
accurate observation and recall is a key tool for improving future sporting
performance.
That is where the relatively new discipline of performance analysis comes in. Hand
Notations (HA) were the first means and often the simplist form of notational analysis
and are often used to evaluate a number of different aspects within a sport to enhance
tactical awareness and performance in general. The earliest published academic
acounts of notational analysis appeared in the Research Quartely between 1931 and
1944 (Robertson, 2000). In recent times notational analysis has been facilitated by
advances in Information Technology (IT) as well as
digital photography.
Performance Analysis (PA) is now acknowledged as an aid to performance
enhancement for athletes of all levels by the National Netball League.
“Essentially, PA is about creating a valid and reliable record of performance
by means of systematic observations that can be analysed with a view to facilitating
change”
Robertson, 2000.
A number of studies conducted have highlighted memory retention problems, with
coaches only able to recall 30-50% of key performance factors they had witnessed
2
throughout training periods and competition phases, even with special training in
observation (Journal of Sports Science, 1991). This however does not imply that the
coaching process itself is in any means flawed, but it is obvious that the observation
and analysis phases of this process have within them severe limitations. Coaches of a
high standard are generally able to anticipate events and make appropriate changes to
influence performance, although the best are ocassionally prone to human error,
leading to wrong decisions; hence the need for a systematic PA approach within
coaching practice, using valid and reliable performance data to monitor and evaluate
performers over a given period of time. Brown (1978), noted that the coaching of
netball needed to change from a reliance on subjective observations to a much more
objective process (Robertson, 2000).
1. 1. 2. Advantages of Hand Notation analysis in sport
This process can be used to identify and measure a range of ‘performance indicators’
that have a real bearing on the outcome of any given sport, so providing a better
understanding of how success can be achieved at all levels of performance and with
accordance to the specific learning outcomes.
These include:
ƒ
tactical indicators (patterns of play);
ƒ
technical indicators (technique/performance);
ƒ
physiological indicators (intensity profiles);
ƒ
Coach and player education;
ƒ
Data bases and modelling;
Hughes, M. (1998).
3
Performance analysts have tended to focus primarily on tactical and technical
indicators and, in so doing, have contributed to the understanding of the
physiological, psychological and tactical demands of many sports. Indicators provide
simple information that can be used to describe and define a particular sporting
performance. It is imperitive to be careful how the data is presented since, in isolation,
they can give a distorted impression of performance. For example, in netball one
aspect of a team’s performance may be appraised by the ratio of shots taken to goals
scored, while in golf, performance may be assessed by the number of greens hit in
regulation. According to Embrey (1975), match analysis in netball was adopted in
order to make most of each players potential. A study by Potter (1985) developed a
hand notation system which analysed live as well as video recordings of matches. The
study compared the path of the ball towards the shooting circle after each centre pass
(Robertson, 2000). For example, if two netball shooters have each scored a total of 7
goals in 1 quarter, it would be easy to assume that both are performing well. However,
if shooter ‘A’ has had 21 shots on goal to shooter ‘B’s 14 shots, the former’s success
ratio is 3:1 compared with a more impressive ratio of 2:1 for the latter. Building on
this, a study by Steele and Chad (1991), demonstrates an analysis of international
netball players which identified the importance of tailored training schedules
depending on the position being played, as each position has different specific
requirements.
Comparing performances between teams, team members and within individuals is
often easier and more accurate if the performance indicators are expressed in terms of
ratios and percentages, such as possession to turnovers, winners to errors, and passes
taken to passes completed. An individual’s performance profile can become distorted
if the correct comparisons are not made, since profiles may differ according to
4
considerations such as the opposition. For example, presenting an individual netball
center court players’ performance could be misleading without comparison with the
opposing player’s or team’s data. For these reasonings comparisons were made
between own player and other position and opposing team in the present study.
There are two main methods of coding the observations made within a sporting
situation: ‘live coding’ and post-play coding. The former requires a high degree of
competency in coding a sporting situation, with video footage fed directly into a
laptop or a hand notation system sheet and coded via the keyboard as events unfold
within the training session or game situation. With post-play coding, the video footage
is fed into a laptop or written manually, with the advantage that the footage can be
slowed down or reviewed more than once to ensure the observations are as accurate as
possible. O’Donoghue et al (1997) suggests that individuals are observed during a
match either using a video recorder or an audio-cassette recorder, allowing
information to be recorded at the time of the match and analysed later. For the
purpose of this study data was collected on the matches and post play match analysis
was conducted. Anderson and Barrette (1978), Lyson (1988), Darst et al. (1989) and
Dowrick (1991) have all indicated that the role that video footage plays in providing
permanent records of performance analysis is imperitive. Van der Mars sugests video
recordings provide a valuable means of establishing and checking intra – and inter –
observer reliability (Robertson, 2000).
1. 1. 3. Netball Notation Analysis
Netball is a fast, enjoyable skilful game in which people of all levels and abilities can
participate. The aim of the game is to score a goal in the net by completing a chain of
5
successful passes to your teammates. All seven players in the team have a different
yet equal part to play in achieving this aim.
Netball is a sport that has experience of notation analysis, despite the fact that there
are limited broadcasts decreasing the opportunity to analyse performance. Notation
analysis can be used to identify specific trends in performance capable of
differentiating between successful and unsuccessful teams and/or individual players.
A multitude of studies have been conducted with this objective in mind. Steele &
Chad (1991, 1992) compared movement patterns in training to those under match
conditions. Palmer, Hughes and Borrie, 1994; Tuckwell et al., 1996; Borrie et al.,
1994 used post event analysis (video footage) to determine a detailed understanding
of patterns of play and concluded how both the coach and their players could utilise
the information to improve subsequent performance. Miler and Winter (1984) devised
a system which allowed them not only to analyse specific movement patterns unique
to the different positions but combined this with an analysis of the accuracy of passing
when the player(s) were subjected to different amounts of pressure.
1. 2. Statement of the Problem
Netball is a high intensity game that requires the players of the sport to have a sound
fitness base. A participant needs to be aerobically fit as well as agile, well coordinated, show good balance skill and demonstrate good timing. A person’s body
composition also puts certain players in better stead when it comes to selection
purposes. In junior netball, players are often selected primarily on the basis of height
and maturation. Seemingly height is advantageous to attacking and defending
positions in netball. If you have a height advantage over your opponent you are more
6
likely to be successful at rebounds, receiving high balls and intercepting from the
opposition. Height is also useful within the two main attacking positions; a taller
person has a reduced distance for the ball to travel to the net than a shorter person. By
having a height advantage over the opposition you are decreasing the chance of the
ball being blocked by the opposition when shooting. A collection of journals state the
height and weight characteristics of a netball team but not as a means of testing its
significance in play. There is no literature that clearly suggests whether height is an
important attribute in netball and to whether or not it plays a significant role within
selection of players and the suitability of position. The official All England Netball
Association coaching manual offers the main criteria, which is to be acknowledged
when, selecting players (general fitness) and specifying their most appropriate
positions (specificity).
‘In summarising the qualities for which a selector would be looking, the
attacking players should demonstrate fast, accurate footwork and passing, space
awareness, and flairful use of any opportunity to score a goal; while the defence
should show concentrated marking, interception ability, and an acute awareness of
goal protection.’
The official England Netball Association coaching manual (1984)
1. 2. 1. Need for the Study
In many sports height plays a major role in providing an athlete with an advantage or
indeed disadvantage to an in particular game or event. In sports such as rugby union
(Docherty, Wenger and Neary, 1988) and football (Mayhew and Wenger, 1985;
Withers et al., 1982) physiological differences between players positions have been
7
documented which have proven the importance of height and suitability to a set role.
No effective research as been published on this topic to date for netball.
1. 2. 2. General Aims of the Study
With accordance to Steele and Chad (1991) each position on a netball court has a
unique activity pattern. In netball all seven positions require different physiological
capabilities to allow for these unique activity patterns needed for optimal
performance. Statistics in published literature make it apparent that height is an
important attribute to what position an athlete plays in netball (Bale and Hunt 1986).
The majority of smaller players (below mean average height of the team) tend to play
a centre court role where as the taller athletes (above mean average height of the
team) take on a more attacking or defending position (Refer to Appendix A). This is a
generalisation of cases. By recording the successful and unsuccessful plays of the
taller and shorter players in normal and estrange positions it will be possible to
deduce:
ƒ
If one player is more consistently better at passing/ shooting in each of the
seven positions
ƒ
Whether or not height is beneficial with regards to passing and shooting
success
ƒ
If the players perform better in any other position rather than their own
ƒ
If the investigated teams’ structure is the most appropriate, with regards to the
previous bullet point.
With this in mind the outcome of the study will highlight any possible problematic
areas, which may facilitate change.
8
1. 2. 3. Hypotheses being tested
HOA – There will be no differences between the subject’s performance when they are
tested in normal and estrange positions.
HOB – There will be no difference between the shorter and the tallest half of the
subjects in performance of all positional roles.
HAA – There are differences between the subject’s performance when they are tested
in their normal and estrange positions.
HAB – There are differences between the shorter and the tallest half of the subjects in
performance of all positional roles.
1. 2. 4. Scope of the study
The investigation demonstrates a complete turn around of players so all athletes are
analysed in each of the seven positions. Changing the structure of a team is difficult to
do without disrupting training methods. Due to this I am restricted to junior and
college netball as a team of higher status would be unlikely to agree to participation at
the time testing took place (detrimental to their training programme). The study is also
restricted to a certain geographical area (South Yorkshire) the purpose being primarily
for convenience such as travelling, familiarity and contacts with the local netball
clubs which allow the use of their facilities with no charge. The investigated netball
(Barnsley College) team remained constant throughout playing the same opposition
(Dearne Valley) in all eight matches. As the teams will be playing the same
opposition on a regular basis, familiarity of how the team plays will affect the
9
outcome of the matches. In order to combat possible issues substitutes were allowed
throughout for the Dearne Valley squad (different games not during).
1. 2. 5. Limitations of the study
Inferential statistics cannot be used in this study, as there are too few matches to
produce a useful set of data. This investigation requires extensive testing for each
subject and data collection. It would therefore be unfeasible to increase the amount of
matches due to time and hours allocated for this project. Detailed analysis may be
used for both the benefit of the coach and the sports person. However a single
individuals analysis can prove to be a lengthy process leaving the performer without
feedback or knowledge for considerably lengthy periods. Extraneous variables are
hard to control. The results collected may vary due to effort exerted by Barnsley
College team or their opposition or both. The injury status and fitness levels of a team
and their current form may also be seen as a limitation. Fitness levels may vary
throughout the eight-week testing duration. Availability of the subjects on specified
dates due to unforeseen circumstances or illness would also limit the reliability of the
tests. This will disrupt the entire structure of the team especially if the substitute
swapped into play is of different height to that of the injured player. The substitute
needs to be of a relatively similar standard. If the player is of considerably different
ability the structure of the team will be disrupted. Standard of opposition is also
important as inconsistency affects results. Environmental factors were kept as
consistent as possible. The eight matches took place on a tarmac surface outside and
in the sports hall; inconsistency in weather conditions may affect how a team plays
and the analysis between matches when conditions differ somewhat were also taken
into consideration. In a game of netball it is likely that a number of substitutes are
10
used when fatigue occurs, for the purpose of this study it would be detrimental to use
substitutes. For the purpose of the present investigation teams remained the same
throughout the duration and were only substituted in event of injury/illness with
respects to the experimental team (Barnsley College).
The study was carried out in term time for college students, exams and added
pressures of assignments therefore may affect play and should be taken into
consideration. The investigation is based upon the availability of the volunteers and
their informed consent. The matches were officiated on the Barnsley College netball
courts (inside and outside) by two competent umpires and observed by a competent
(registered) first-aider. The risk of injury when playing in an unfamiliar positional
role is increased; this was made clear to all participants before the testing commences
(Refer to Appendix 2).
All matches were recorded using a number of high quality Sony 10 video camcorders,
which the entire court was in focus from different angles throughout. As with any
technical equipment it is possible that faults may occur and data may be lost. To
decrease the possibility of this occurring, a number of camcorders were used to
minimize this risk. By using more than one video camcorder ball coverage was
recorded from a number of angles, therefore when vision was distorted from one
angle the other recording was used to make analysis of play.
Time is ultimately a major limiting factor in determining the number of subjects
involved in the study, leaving the project to focus on success rates of one netball team
in different positions.
11
3. Methods
For the purpose of this study the following positions were referred to as:
Goal Attack – GA
Centre - C
Goal Shooter – GS
Wing Defence - WD
Wing Attack – WA
Goal Defence - GD
Goal Keeper - GK
3. 1. Research design and scope of the study
The main aim of this investigation was to:
1 – Conclude whether height is beneficial to any or all the seven positions in netball
2 – Evaluate if the taller players are more suited to playing defensive and attacking
roles and the shorter members a centre court role.
3 – Deduce if playing players out of normal position is detrimental to performance.
Testing was conducted over a five-month period.
Testing Start date: 26-05-04
Testing Finish date: 25-10-04
In respect to Barnsley College matches 2 to 8, the players were ordered GK, GD, WD,
C, WA, GA, and GS. A was the shortest, B was the second shortest… whilst G was
the tallest.
Structure of Matches:
Match 1. Players under normal conditions
Match 2. A B E F G D C
Match 3. G A D B E C F
Match 4. F G A E C B D
Match 5. B D C A F G E
Match 6. D E B C A F G
Match 7. E C F G D A B
Match 8. C F G D B E A
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3. 2. Subjects
Subjects were all female, between the ages of sixteen and twenty years inclusive
(mean age 17.6 + 1.4). Participants attended Colleges within the same geographical
area (South Yorkshire). Consent forms were distributed to all the participants and
agreement of involvement was concluded (Appendix B). Heights of all the subjects
were recorded before testing commenced to be used in analysis. Mean height of the
squad was recorded at 1.62m (to 2dp).
Table 3.1. Height and preferred position of experimental team (Barnsley College).
Height (m) Usual Position
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
1.52
1.52
1.58
1.62
1.68
1.73
1.75
C/ WA
WA
WD/ GD
GS
GD/ GK
GK
GA/ GS
3. 3. Fitness Testing
Several physical parameters and characteristics of the game require testing to enable
effective assessment of conditioning programs and assist with talent identification
(McGrath and Ozanne-Smith 1998). Fitness testing was assessed, as height is not the
only demand required for certain positions, as identified in the previous chapters.
Results are compared between the best and worst performers in all positional roles.
Fitness testing was incorporated into the study for all participating Barnsley College
netball players.
Fitness testing took place on the Monday before the first (24-05-04) game
commenced. Tests ascertain the most suitable position for each player to gain the best
13
results within the netball structure. The participants were again kept unaware of the
reasoning behind these tests as certain factors may hinder the accumulation of true
results. The results recorded before the 1st match was not used in match 1 where they
are playing their preferred position (not their most suitable with accordance to the test
results).
3. 4. Description of Test Procedures
Fitness tests were kept as simple as possible and were conducted in a gym-based
environment. Fitness tests used included:
ƒ
Co – ordination test (Hexagon Jump) – Tests leg power and lower
body co-ordination
ƒ
Flexibility (Sit and reach test)
ƒ
Agility test (Illinois) – Tests both speed and agility
ƒ
Endurance test (12 minute Cooper run) – Tests cardiovascular
endurance
ƒ
Height and Weight statistics
ƒ
Sprint (30m Test)
ƒ
Leg Strength (Sergeant jump)
The tests were observed throughout to ensure accuracy and reliability.
These tests were conducted in the event that the HOA and HOB are concluded. These
fitness test results will thereby give other possible reasoning for the difference in play
(e.g. may be dependant upon other physiological characteristics).
14
Table. 3.2. Fitness Testing Results of observed Barnsley College netball team (25 – 05 – 04).
Illinois
Illinois
Sit and
Subject
30m
Agility Left Agility Right Reach
Height (m) Sprint (s)
(s)
(s)
(cm)
A – 1.52
4.37
17.17
17.5
29
B – 1.52
16.92
16.66
4.21
10
C - 1.58
17.42
17.4
20
4.86
D - 1.62
4.22
17.1
24
18.49
E – 1.65
4.65
16
16.2
31
F – 1.73
4.69
16.62
16.99
15
G – 1.75
4.7
18.21
18
18.29
Cooper Hexagon
Run (m) Jump (s)
15.47
1870
13
2625
2379
13.92
2841
12.41
1900
14.97
2010
15.48
2575
16.13
Key
Worst Result
Best Result
3.5. Match analysis
3. 5. 1. System Development
The system was devised, piloted, refined and tested for reliability using the structure
referred to in section 3.1. A reliability study was carried out on the first match
(Normal Positions). Both inter and intra reliability studies were used as a means of
evaluating the effectiveness of the methodology. During the intra-reliability study
analyses were carried out three times by the same observer. The inter-reliability study
was carried out once by an independent verifier. Uniform definitions were imperative
and made clear to both observers before analysis commenced as to reduce the risk of
inaccurate results.
Intra-reliability
T1 v T2
Inter-reliability
Observer 1 – T3 v Observer 2 – T1
T2 v T3
15
Sargent
Jump
(cm)
39
59
60
52
30
51
40
To test for reliability percentage of error was used. The percentage of error is
calculated by analysing how many times out of the total the analyst disagrees with the
previous test results. The equation used for this type of analysis is as follows:
% Error = Number of disagreement X 100%
Number
The study was deemed reliable. A 0.9% (to 1dp) agreement between Intra-reliability
T2 and T3 was made and a 2.8% (to 1dp) agreement was evident for the Interreliability study. Match 1 was used as the reliability study. Results of the last intra
reliability study (T3) were used when analysing the relevant data.
3. 5. 2. Description of Match Play
The performance of a netball team (Barnsley College) and the individual players were
analysed in familiar (normal or usual) and unfamiliar (other or estrange) positions.
Analysis was conducted in friendly and training matches against the same opposition
throughout the study (Dearne Valley College). The team and their opponents were
observed on a total of eight occasions in the form of a full-length (60 minutes) match
(4 x 15 minute quarters). The structure allowed the team changes in the event of
injury to one or more participants. The Dearne Valley team remained in usual
positions throughout and were unaware of reasons for the structural changes made.
3. 5. 3. List of Equipment
ƒ
2 x Sony 10 Video Camcorder and Tri-pod
ƒ
8 x Sony 180minute Camcorder Tape
ƒ
Sony Television and Video Combo
ƒ
Attachment leads (Camcorder to Video Cassette Player)
16
ƒ
3 x 180 minute Sony Video Tape
ƒ
8 x Hand Notation Sheet
ƒ
2 x Black and Blue Ink Pens
3. 5. 4. Definition of Key Terms (Operational)
Movement patterns demonstrated by the athletes were all Non-Locomotor and
classified into the following categories:
Centre Pass (CP)
Goal: Successful shot on target resulting in goal without interception or turnover to
opposition from own centre pass.
Shooting Circle Entry (SC Entry): Entry to own shooting semi-circle without
interception or turnover of ball from centre pass. Ball is turned over within the semicircle area.
Unsuccessful: When turnover of ball occurs before the ball enters the shooting circle.
Turnover (TO)
Goal: When a shot on target results in goal from a turnover of ball from the
oppositions centre pass.
Shooting Circle Entry: Entry to own shooting semi-circle is achieved from turnover of
ball from the oppositions centre pass.
Unsuccessful: When shooting circle entry or goal is not achieved from turnover from
the oppositions centre pass.
Passing
Successful: When a reasonably accurate pass reaches the desired location or player.
Unsuccessful: When a reasonably accurate pass does not reach the desired location
resulting in turnover to the opposition or loose ball.
It is at the analysts’ discretion to whether the pass is reported to be reasonably
accurate (attainable for the receiver).
Shots
Goal: When a shot is successful resulting in a goal and increasing in score. Restricted
to Goal Shooter and Goal Attack.
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Shot: A shot that is taken but fails to result in goal due to interception. Restricted to
Goal Shooter and Goal Attack.
Defensive rebound: When a shot is taken but fails to result in goal. Possession is
retained. Restricted to Goal shooters and Goal Attack.
Miss: Shot taken that is completely off target generally leading to back-line throw to
opposition.
3. 6. Analysis of Data
The structure allows for a complete turn around of players, of which all players
played a minimum of one game in each position.
The main performance indicators include: -
ƒ
Shots scored, shots taken, unsuccessful shots and a % of shots
scored
ƒ
Passes made, % successful and unsuccessful passes
ƒ
Interceptions made (Turnover) / defensive rebounds made /
offensive rebounds made
ƒ
Oppositions successful plays
ƒ
Win / Loss scenario
As well as comparing matches under these conditions, performance of different
positional roles within the team are compared between the 4 matches where the role
was played by one of the shorter 4 players and the 4 matches where the role was
played by the taller 3 participants. This allows the impact of height on performance to
be analysed. The analysis takes the same form as the above criteria.
18
Outcome indicators consist of the team/ players with the highest score or percentage
of successful passes made, defensive rebounds made, shots taken and goals scored.
Because of a variance between teams an average of all percentiles was taken.. Tallies
were used as a means of data collection. The results were then compared between
matches (same team) as well as opposing teams. This evaluates the effect height has
upon performance.
19
4. Results
Analyses of results in the present investigation were based upon the height of athletes
in normal (usual) and estrange (other) positions. It is important to note that the usual
position is just one match where the athletes resumed normal position and ‘other’
relates to an average of the seven matches where rotation of the netball team occurred.
For the following results;
ƒ
Goal was when goal was achieved from shot
ƒ
Shooting Circle Entry (SC Entry) was when entry to this area occurs
ƒ
Unsuccessful was deemed when the ball did not achieve SC Entry
Usual Other
30
Frequency
25
20
15
10
5
0
Goal
SC Entry
Unsuccessful
Centre Pass (CP)
Goal
SC Entry
Unsuccessful
Turnover (TO)
Fig. 4.1. Frequency and outcome of plays from centre pass and turnover
The frequency, in which goal, SC entry and unsuccessful shots were achieved,
follows a similar trend for both CP and TO. Results of the investigation show that the
majority of goals were scored from own centre pass and turnover respectively when
the investigated team remained in usual position. More unsuccessful attempts at goal
were made when the team were out of usual playing positions. Shooting Circle entry
on average was found to be relatively similar when normal positions and other
positions were assumed, however shooting circle entry frequency was higher when
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the team ascertain estrange position. The match where normal positions were assumed
SC entry was only ranked 6th best out of the 8 matches from CP and 4th best from TO.
Best match for SC entry was match 2 when no position played in their usual and the
three tallest players played a centre court position feeding the ball into the semi-circle
area.
%Plays
Usual Other
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
CP.succ
CP.goal
TO.succ
TO.goal
Fig. 4.2. Percentage of successful plays from centre pass and turnover in normal and estrange
positions
In the match where the players were in usual positions a higher percentage of
successful play is evident on average in comparison to the other 7 matches. When the
subjects were placed in unfamiliar roles, performance on a whole deteriorated with
respect to the amount of shots taken and goals scored (CP and TO success). On
occasions more goals were scored when a rotation in the team was apparent the
differences were not significant (>5%). Out of the eight matches the normal match
had the 3rd highest percentage of successful SC entry and the 2nd highest goal ranking.
Matches that achieved better results/ rankings than the normal match were evident in
the matches where the scores were the closest between both teams (games 2, 4 and 5).
21
%Opposition plays
Usual Other
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
CP.succ
CP.goal
TO.succ
TO.goal
Fig. 4.3. Oppositions Percentage of successful plays from centre passes when the investigated team
(Barnsley College) were in normal and estrange positions
The opposition achieved more centre pass success when Barnsley College were
playing out of their usual role, with the investigated team performing much better in 6
out of the 8 games. The results imply that the investigated team had a more solid
defensive structure when normal positions were assumed as less successful plays were
made by the opposition. When the opposition achieved turnover the most amount of
goals were scored in the match where Barnsley College remained in normal structure.
The game ended as a draw (39 – 39) where the most amount of goals were achieved
throughout the 8 matches.
22
ABCD - Shortest
EFG - Tallest
Successful pass (%)
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
Fig. 4.4. Comparison of 3 tallest and 4 shortest players, average percentage of successful passes
Results clarify that the shortest members of the team were slightly the more accurate
passers, with a difference of less than 1% separating the two groups. The results
indicate height affects passing success but is not detrimental to performance.
Successful passes (%)
Height (m)
1.75
90
89
1.7
88
87
1.65
85
1.6
(m)
(%)
86
84
1.55
83
82
1.5
81
80
1.45
A
C
D
Player Position
Fig. 4.5. Percentage of average successful passes for: Attacking players (A), Centre court players (C)
and Defenders (D)
On average it is evident that centre court players are the better passers, followed
closely by the attacking players. The Defence performed the least amount of
23
successful passing in comparison to the other positions on the court. Findings are in
agreement to those shown in Fig. 4.4 where the smallest players (C, WA, WD, and
GS) are seen to be the most successful at passing.
Usual
Other
%Successful passes
100
90
80
70
60
GK
GD
WD
C
WA
GA
GS
ALL
Position
Fig 4.6. Percentage of successful passes for each individual position in netball, whilst in normal and
estrange positions
The results indicate that only 2 out of the 7 players, C and GD played the best at their
own positions. All other positions were played more successfully by a player
unfamiliar to that positional role.
Table. 4.1. Rankings out of the 8 matches when players assumed normal position and the player who
performed best at that position
Usual Position
Rank
GK
GD
WD
C
WA
GA
GS
8
2
6
1
8
8
7
Player who Performed
Best at Position
GA
GD
GA
C
C
GD
GD
The results show that three of the players performed the poorest out of all the
positions in netball when playing in their usual, ranked 8th best. GA, GD and C
perform the best in all positions. C performs the most successful passes in the WA
24
and C positions whilst GD plays the best at their own position and in the shooting
positions (GA and GS).
ABCD - Shortest
EFG - Tallest
70
Goal (Ave. %)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Fig. 4.7. Comparisons made between the 3 tallest and 4 shortest players, average percentage of goals
scored when playing GA and GS
Very poor results are evident for shooting for Barnsley College, averaging between 30
– 40% goal successes from a shot at goal. The taller half of the netball team has a
much higher success rate at shooting than that of the 4 shorter players. Results suggest
height influence the performance indicator, shooting.
Analyses of the following results were based upon height of athletes in normal and
estrange positions. The best matches were deemed the 4 where the best scores were
achieved and the worst were the games in which the team performed the poorest with
regards to eventual game score. Best performances were evident in match 1 (normal
positions), match 2, 4 and 5. Results show that in these matches a number of athletes
were playing in their normal position. In match 4, 2 players remained in usual
positions and in match 5, 3 players’ assumed regular position. The worst 4 matches
25
show only one regular playing position was attained, in match 8 where WA assumed
normal position.
Table 4.2. Best and worst 4 games where players remained in normal position.
Players which ascertain normal
position
Best 4 Matches
Worst 4 Matches
ALL
NONE
3
NONE
NONE
6
GK, GS
NONE
7
WD, C, GA
WA
8
1
2
4
5
In each of the best games at least one shooter (GA, GS) played an attacking role in
each of the 4 games compared to just one shooter in just one of the worst 4 matches.
Results clarify the importance of specialist shooting players. The Barnsley College
GA performed best on average at her usual position, however GS performed better in
estrange positions and was the most successful when playing GK (94.7 % of passes
successfully completed).
Usual
Other
80
%Successful shots
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
GS
GA
ALL
Player
Fig. 4.8. Percentage of successful shots (goals) in normal and estrange positions
On average players performed better at shooting when the team were in normal
positions, although it is evident that in some matches, players performed better in
estrange positions (standard deviation bars). GS was the most successful at scoring
26
goals whilst the team remained in usual position (Rank 1st) scoring 22, however
missed an equal amount of attempts at goal (16 defensive rebound and 6 complete
miss (backline)). The athlete therefore only gained a 4th place ranking (37%
successful shots) out of the 7 players. In match 4 GS played normal position again
with a much higher percentage of successful shots (71%) being achieved (Rank 2nd).
GA scored the third highest amount of goals whilst the team remained in usual
position, beaten by a score in match 5 where she also assumed the GA position (Rank
2nd) and by C in Match 8. GA was the most successful at rebounding from a missed
shot (Rank 1st).
Fig. 4.9. Below relates to the percentage of successful passes achieved by each of the
seven positions for the best and worst games. If height affected a performance
indicator (passing), the graph should take a similar structure to that of the height line
in the best 4 matches and be more random for the worst 4 matches
Player height (m)
95
1.8
1.75
1.7
1.65
1.6
1.55
1.5
1.45
1.4
(%)
90
85
80
75
70
(m)
Successful passes (%)
GK GD WD C WA GA GS GK GD WD C WA GA GS
Best four matches
Worst four matches
Player postion
Fig. 4.9. Average percentage of successful passes made in all seven positions by the same player.
Comparisons are made between the best 4 and worst 4 matches
Results clarify that height did not dictate the passing success of the team. These
results identify individual player’s profiles and highlight the players who were more
27
successful at this performance indicator. C was the most consistent player throughout
the matches not always achieving the highest success rate but averaging at a good
constant level. Analysis between best and worst matches surprisingly show on
average the worst 4 matches achieved a better percentage of successful passes (84%)
than the best 4 matches (82%). The results conclude height was not beneficial to any
of the performance indicators investigated in this study for Barnsley College netball
team.
28
6. Conclusions
6.1. Findings of the Study
The main findings of the study suggest that many factors affect performance and that
height is advantageous mainly to the shooting positions in netball, these findings were
in agreement to Cooper, 1991 and Bell et al, 1994. No significant difference (> 5%)
was evident for passing between any of the team members individually and when the
data was analysed with regards to height. The study concludes that passing is a
transferable skill between all positions in netball and height does not influence this
performance indicator. All positional roles were played the most successfully by three
of the seven positions, indicating the role in which skill acquisition plays in sports and
between the different positions. Physical, physiological and psychological elements
all play a part in overall performance and to what level this is achieved by a player.
The importance of other factors related to performance as well as height should be
considered. Bell, Cooper and Phillips (1993), state that regardless of whether the
netball player is prescribed, and is perusing, the correct type and intensity training,
optimal performance will only be achieved when morphology is appropriate to meet
the performance requirements of the individual, and the athletes preferred playing
position.
6.2. Talent Identification
When selecting players for a team physical and physiological well-being is assessed
however selectors are looking for a good all round ability and mature attitude. These
attributes pay dividends in selection purposes for netball. As well as paying attention
to the present ability, selectors also take into account the potential ability, match
29
experience, consistency, temperament, as well as response to other players, the coach
and to the match conditions
All England Netball Association Coaching manual. 2nd Edition. (1992).
The main criteria of selection can be categorised into three main areas:
ƒ
Fitness levels
ƒ
Mechanical ability
ƒ
Decision making
No talent identification process specifies the importance of height for selection
purposes. The study therefore concludes although height affects performance it is not
paramount to success. A person who is shorter and more skilled will have the ability
to out manoeuvre and successfully defeat a taller less skilled athlete. An alternative
explanation for the lack of reference to height importance may be that it is taken for
granted.
6.3. Recommendations for future research
In conclusion, it is acknowledge that the results and subsequent analysis of the present
investigation are made on a small number, and that caution should be considered
when generalising beyond the data collected for Barnsley College netball team.
The events recorded perceive that usual positions assumed may not be the most
beneficial to the team as individual performances were better on average in estrange
positions. By rotating the structure of the team it was possible to evaluate the
effectiveness of the team in roles that would otherwise not have been utilised. The
study requires further research to test for the variables that may affect performance.
The study itself has within it some limitations that need to be addressed in further
investigations. Testing should be repeated on a greater number of teams and athletes
30
so a normal profile can be attained. The study should be conducted on elite athletes
and players of all levels to see if there are any trends between ability levels and the
importance of height on player specific positions. Although it seems from the present
investigation that there is no significance between height/ position and success of a
team, the probability of finding teams, which show the significance of height in
positional roles within a netball team, is high.
It would be interesting to use a quantitative data system categorising the performance
indictor of passing to further research. By sub sectioning passing into categories such
as attacking pass, defensive pass, pass from rebound it would be possible to deduce if
certain players are more successful at the different aspects of a performance indicator.
Other considerations include testing biomechanical and anthropometric data, height,
body mass and body composition to conclude the ratio to which each individual
characteristic is required for performance.
31
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