Last Class……
• Pre-Clovis Sites
• Introducing the Clovis Culture
• Introduction to the Models of
Migration
Image retrieved from: https://wwwtc.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/assets/img/ancient-cloviscache/image-01-large.jpg
Today’s Class…
• Finish Models of Migration
• The Clovis Culture
• Western Stemmed Tradition
• Alaska and the Northwest
Coasts
Image retrieved from: http://www.unr.edu/Images/liberal-arts/anthropology/people/garyhaynes/geoff/stemmed-points.jpg
REMINDER: Final Paper Topic Meeting Due By February 9th
Writing Zone (BC 232)
Monday & Wednesday 1:00-4:00 pm
Tuesday & Thursday 2:00-5:00 pm
We support students at any stage of the writing process as well as
provide reading, study skills, and ELL support
Regarding Assigned Readings
Paisley Caves, Oregon
• First Studied in 1930s
• University of Oregon returned in 2002
• Dated to 14,500 BP
• Evidence of baskets and rope
• Plant Fibers and wooden artifacts
• Bones of Pleistocene camel, horse, bison,
and waterfowl
• Bone Pit with remains of camel, horse,
mountain sheep, waterfowl, and fish
bones covered by stone slab
Image retrieved from: http://donsmaps.com/images10/paisleycavelookingin.jpg
Image retrieved from: http://www.archaeology.org/issues/150-features/americans/2370-peopling-the-americas-paisely-caves
Image retrieved from: http://www.theallineed.com/paleontology/12072711g.jpg
Image retrieved from: https://uonews.uoregon.edu/sites/uonews2.uoregon.edu/files/uploads/images/WS-bases-UOsite_0.jpg
Haida Gwaii
• Formerly known as the Queen Charlotte
Islands
• Archipelago on the North Coast of British
Columbia.
• Researchers used underwater vehicles to
probe ocean
• Potential fishing weir on the bottom of
Juan Perez Sound under 122 meters (~400
ft) of water
• Depressions may indicate occupation areas
• Oldest artifact in Canada came from the
area, dated to 12,700 BP
Image retrieved from: http://lh5.ggpht.com/-X7Oi_uUW3UE/VGIulbEBLcI/AAAAAAAA82A/2JjkotQUB3g/twin-heart-stone-weir2%25255B2%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800
A Coastal Route
• Coast was free of glacial ice as early as 17,000
BP
• Australia Colonized as early as 50,000 BP
• Maritime foodways practiced by the Jomon in
southern Japan by 15,500 BP
• Sea levels currently much higher than they
were at the Last Glacial Maximum
• Sites along the coastline are inundated by
rising sea levels
SOLUTREAN HYPOTHESIS
Image retrieved from: http://thealternativehypothesis.org/index.php/2016/04/16/the-solutrean-hypothesis/
•
First proposed in 1998
•
Claims earliest settlers may have come
from Europe ~18,500 BP
•
Solutrean Culture dated to between
21,000 and 17,000 BP in Europe
•
Solutrean people migrated along the
pack ice of the north Atlantic
•
Based on similarities between Solutrean
tools and Clovis tools
•
Refer to tools from Cactus Hill and
Meadowcroft as transitional phase
Image retrieved from: http://lithiccastinglab.com/gallerypages/solutrean2volgucachelarge.jpg
Image retrieved from:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutrean_hypothesis#/media/File:Solutrean_tools_22000_17000_Crot_du_Charnier_Solutr
e_Pouilly_Saone_et_Loire_France.jpg
Image retrieved from: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/sWVNqhBbbH8/UERFTxWjsbI/AAAAAAAAFok/-9OXgA3dfI/s1600/2.%2BClovis%2Bpoint.png
Which is Right?
The Clovis Culture
Image retrieved from: http://www.winnipegrealtors.ca/img/editorials/First%20Americans.jpg
Image retrieved from: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/ed/bc/35/edbc350a9c6cbb7e6b6dbb10cdfab157.jpg
Image retrieved from: http://www.arrowheads2013.com/sitebuilder/images/pic_6-453x600.jpg
Clovis Culture:
• Dated to Between 11,500-10,900 BP
• According to Waters and Stafford
2007 date to 11,050-10,800 Cal BP
• Oldest age in Alaska is at Serpentine
Hot Springs, 1,000 years later than
Southwest
• Best documented, most widespread,
and for many years believed to be the
earliest, Paleoindian culture in the
New World.
• Type site Blackwater Locality No. 1
near Clovis, New Mexico
• Often Associated with extinct
Pleistocene Megafauna
• Distinctive Clovis Point
• - Fluted
Image retrieved from: http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/gastudiesimages/Paleo%20Indians%20Hunting%201.jpg
Image retrieved from:
http://forums.arrowheads.com/media/kunena/attachments/1841/
bonesssss.jpg
Image retrieved from: https://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/gault/images/MB23-lg.jpg
Image retrieved from: http://www.lithiccastinglab.com/gallerypages/bostromclovis8x10large.jpg
Image retrieved from: http://lithiccastinglab.com/gallerypages/piercedstaffmurraywrenchlarge.jpg
Image retrieved from: https://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/gault/images/MB25-lg.jpg
Image retrieved from:
http://lithiccastinglab.c
om/castpage/wenatcheeendscra
pdoublarge.jpg
Clovis Continued….
• Associated with the “Clovis First”
hypothesis
• Was primarily based on no
evidence of pre-Clovis human
habitation
• Clovis points often found with
extinct megafauna such as bison,
mastodon, gomphotheres, sloths,
tapir, camelops, and horse.
• Have also been found with
numerous small animal remains
Image retrieved from: http://web.utk.edu/~dander19/clovis_continent_647kb.jpg
• Over 125 species of plants and
animals have been found in Clovis
sites.
Clovis Caches
•
More than 20 across the American West
•
Collections of finished Clovis points,
point preforms, and other Clovis age
tools.
•
Believed to be pristine examples of
Clovis tools.
•
Explanations have included:
• Provisioning for known/unknown
landscapes
• Ritual/Religious purposes
Image Retrieved from: http://lithiccastinglab.com/gallery-pages/fenngroup56artifactslrg.jpg
Anzick Burial
Image retrieved from: http://f.tqn.com/y/archaeology/1/W/F/b/1/Anzicksite.jpg
Image retrieved from:
https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/anzick-on-usmap.png?w=584
Image retrieved from: https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/anzick-clovis-tools.jpg
•
Only known burial site that dates
to the Clovis time period in the
New World
•
Remains of a 1-2 year old child
with 115 red ochre covered stone,
bone, and antler artifacts
•
Dated to about 12,707-12,556 BP
•
Partial skull of a 6-8 year old child
dated 2,400 years later found in
same area.
•
Revealed a close genetic affinity
to modern Native Americans
(evidence of gene flow from
Siberia into America)
Folsom
• Dates later than Clovis
• Dates from 9500-8000
BP
• More on Folsom
Later…
Image retrieved from: http://lithiccastinglab.com/gallery-pages/mccormickwhitefolsomtriplelrg.jpg
Image retrieved from: http://forums.arrowheads.com/media/kunena/attachments/1841/f74.jpg
Image retrieved from: http://lithiccastinglab.com/castpage/folsomleesmanbarrytriplelrg.jpg
Meanwhile, in the West
Image retrieved from: https://icons.wxug.com/data/wximagenew/s/snapperone/59.jpg
Image retrieved from: http://sacredgeometryinternational.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Screen-Shot-2015-08-09-at-1.21.25AM.png
Fig. 1. Distribution of pluvial lakes within the Great Basin
during the late Pleistocene (after Smith and Street-Perrott,
1983). The numbered archeological sites discussed in text
are identified by numbers: 1, Bonneville Estates
Rockshelter; 2, Smith Creek Cave; 3, Danger Cave; 4,
Sunshine Locality; 5, Buhl; 6, Handprint Cave; 7, Pyramid
Lake; 8, Paisley Five Mile Point Caves; 9, Connley Cave
Source: Goebel et al. 2011:
Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/251636663_fig1_Fi
g-1-Distribution-of-pluvial-lakes-within-the-GreatBasin-during-the-late-Pleistocene
Western Stemmed Tradition
•
Consists of numerous types of
unfluted projectile points
•
Thought to represent an early cultural
pattern in western North America
•
Temporally overlaps with, but does
not have a clear evolutionary
relationship with Clovis
•
Earliest date comes from Paisley
Caves site, provides evidence for
contemporaneity with Clovis
•
Often associated with Pleistocene
pluvial lakes (landlocked basins which
filled during glaciation)
• Ecological setting infers
resources such as fish,
waterfowl, plants, and nearby
large and small game were
exploited
Image retrieved from: http://www.arrowheadology.com/forums/attachments/arrowheads-and-indian-artifacts/144074d1377311871-great-basinstemmed-lanceolate-points-img_1654-jpg
Image retrieved from: http://www.unr.edu/Images/liberal-arts/anthropology/people/garyhaynes/geoff/stemmed-points.jpg
Image retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Loren_Davis/publication/276431513/viewer/AS:2671186754928
64@1440697463545/background/12.png
Image retrieved from: http://www.arrowheadology.com/forums/attachments/arrowheads-andindian-artifacts/144074d1377311871-great-basin-stemmed-lanceolate-points-img_1654-jpg
Image retrieved from:
http://www.arrowheadolo
gy.com/forums/attachme
nts/arrowheads-andindianartifacts/170540d140157
6379-concave-basesimg_2804-jpg
Western Stemmed Tradition Continued….
Image retrieved from: http://www.arrowheadology.com/forums/attachments/arrowheads-and-indian-artifacts/144053d1377308938great-basin-stemmed-lanceolate-points-deans-paleo-003-jpg
•
Variability could be result of:
• Temporal Differences
• Stylistic Differences
• Functional Differences
• Stages of Use
•
Dates associated with stemmed points
range from 11,200 -7,000 BP
•
Currently, there are no well dated fluted
point dates in the West
Next Class….Onward into Alaska!
Image retrieved from: https://i.cbc.ca/1.3715437.1470854367!/fileImage/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/16x9_1180/ice-free-corridor.jpg
Participation Quiz 1
Name one “Pre-Clovis” site that we
discussed in class