Specific Proposal for
Synergies Network
To maximize the visibility and impact of Canadian SS/H Research:
• Support the creation and start-up of a network of University OAI
Archives for all University research output (pre-refereeing preprints
and refereed postprints)
• This will not only maximize Canadian SS/H research impact (the
primary goal) but it will also allow Canadian Refereed Journals to (1)
go inline, (2) cut their costs, (3) ensure their future, and (4) increase
their own visibility and impact, by (5) offloading all of their online
archiving, distribution and access onto the Synergies Network.
(If/when they wish to (6) convert to becoming open-access journals,
(7) providing peer-review only, they are perfectly positioned to do so)
• In doing this Canada will also set a model for and lead the world
in the movement toward open access to refereed research.
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
The Research-Impact Cycle
Self-archiving research output
maximizes research access
maximizing (and accelerating)
research impact
(hence also research productivity and
research progress and their rewards)
Tim Brody - Eprints.org Southampton University
Limited Access: Limited Research Impact
Impact cycle
begins:
Research is done
Researchers write
pre-refereeing
“Pre-Print”
12-18 Months
Submitted to Journal
Pre-Print reviewed by Peer
Experts – “Peer-Review”
Pre-Print revised by
article’s Authors
Refereed “Post-Print” Accepted,
Certified, Published by Journal
Researchers can access the
Post-Print if their university
has a subscription to the
Journal
New impact cycles:
New research builds on
existing research
Institutional OAI
Archive Growth
How OAI Archives for institutional
research output have been growing
– and how to accelerate their
growth
(Data collected and analysed by Tim Brody, doctoral
candidate, Electronics and Computer Science,
Southampton University)
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
Growth in number of papers openly
accessible in OAI Archives
(nearly 1,400,000 records,
but not all are full-text)
400000
1400000
350000
1200000
300000
1000000
250000
800000
200000
600000
150000
400000
100000
200000
50000
0
0
Cumulative Record Count
Total New Records per Month
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
Records
1600000
ja
nv
-9
av 9
r-9
ju 9
il9
oc 9
tja 99
nv
-0
av 0
r-0
ju 0
il0
oc 0
tja 00
nv
-0
av 1
r-0
ju 1
il0
oc 1
t- 0
ja 1
nv
-0
av 2
r-0
ju 2
il0
oc 2
t- 0
ja 2
nv
-0
3
Cumulative Records
Cumulative and Monthly Papers
in all OAI Archives
Growth in number of OAI Archives
(now 140+ Archives, but the average number of
papers per Archive (9000) needs to grow faster!)
Cumulative Mean Records per Archive
Cumulative Archives to Date
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
Archives
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
ja
nv
-9
av 9
r-9
ju 9
il9
oc 9
tja 99
nv
-0
av 0
r-0
ju 0
il0
oc 0
tja 00
nv
-0
av 1
r-0
ju 1
il0
oc 1
tja 01
nv
-0
av 2
r-0
ju 2
il0
oc 2
t- 0
ja 2
nv
-0
3
Mean Records per Archive
Number of Archives and Mean Number of
Papers Per Archive (all OAI Archives)
The Eprints.org subset of OAI Archives
(about 1/2 of all current OAI Archives, 70/140)
illustrating the growth in institutions’ self-archived
research output: drop in average size when new
institutional archives began to be created
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
New Eprints.org Archives per month
(minus 3 pre-OAI legacy
Eprints.org Archives)
12
10
8
6
4
2
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
janv-03
nov-02
sept-02
juil-02
mai-02
mars-02
janv-02
nov-01
sept-01
juil-01
mai-01
mars-01
0
janv-01
New EPrints Archives in Period
New EPrints Archives per Month
Growth of papers in Eprints.org
Archives (excluding the 3 biggest
Archives)
8000+
papers
date
Cumulative
and Monthlyto
Papers
in
9000
1600
8000
1400
7000
1000
5000
800
4000
600
3000
400
2000
200
1000
Cumulative Record Count
no
v02
ju
il02
se
pt
-0
2
no
v01
ja
nv
-0
2
m
ar
s02
m
ai
-0
2
0
ju
il01
se
pt
-0
1
ar
s01
m
ai
-0
1
0
Total New Records per Month
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
Records
1200
6000
m
Cumulative Records
EPrints.org Archives (minus top 3)
Growth in number of Eprints.org Archives
(c. 70)
(again, average number of papers per Archive [c.
120] needs to grow faster!)
80
40
60
30
40
20
20
10
0
0
Mean Records per Archive
Cumulative Archives to Date
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
Archives
50
no
v02
100
ju
il02
se
pt
-0
2
60
no
v01
ja
nv
-0
2
m
ar
s02
m
ai
-0
2
120
ju
il01
se
pt
-0
1
70
ar
s01
m
ai
-0
1
140
m
Mean Records per Archive
Cumulative Number of Eprints.org Archives and
Mean Number of Papers Per Archive (- top 3)
Universities (and their research funders)
need to adopt a systematic policy to selfarchive all their refereed research output
Size of EPrints Archives
18
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
Size of Archive
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
>501
431-440
351-360
261-270
231-240
111-120
91-100
61-70
41-50
21-30
0
1-10
Number of Archives
16
Where the work needs to be done to accelerate
growth per Archive:
These curves must become convex upward:
Institutional self-archiving policies are needed
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
3000
New Records
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Latency (30 Day Periods)
New Records in Latency Period
Mean New Records per Archive
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
Mean
Latency of Record Additions to New EPrints Archives
Even the fastest-growing archive, the Physics ArXiv,
is still only growing linearly (since 1991):
At that rate, it would still take a
decade before we reach the
first year that all physics papers
for that year are openly
accesible
Years (starting 1991)
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
29
22
15
Sigmoid Growth
8
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
Number
5000
of
4000
Self-Archivings 3000
Per Month
2000
1000
Linear Growth 0
1
Physics ArXiv Growth
1991-2030
The Golden Road to Open
Access: Reciprocity
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
MAXIMIZE ACCESS
(1) Draft university policy
for the self-archiving of all
university research output
(preprint and postprint):
TO
MAXIMIZE IMPACT
http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~lac/archpol.ht
(2) Proposal for a UK national policy of
university self-archiving for all
refereed research output for research
assessment
http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/AriadneRAE.doc
as a model for the rest of the world
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
(3) Template and demo for a
standardized university online-CV with
harvestable performance indicators
and links to the institutional Eprint
Archive
http://paracite.eprints.org/cgi-bin/rae_front.cgi
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
(4) ____: A scientometric and
webmetric search engine that can
calculate traditional and new measures
of research impact, _____ a tool for
finding and linking citations on the
web
http://citebase.eprints.org/help/
http://opcit.eprints.org/evaluation/Citebaseevaluation/evaluation-report.html
http://paracite.eprints.org/
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
(5) The crucial role of reciprocity in
open access: “Self-archive unto others
as ye would have them self-archive
unto you.”
http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/untoothers.doc
Tim Brody - Eprints http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/self-archiving.ppt
Southampton U.
(6) RoMEO Project (Loughborough)
(Rights MEtadata for Open archiving)
Proportion of journals formally supporting selfarchiving (already 50%) continues to grow
Journals
%
Publishers
%
Totals so far:
7,169
(100%)
83
(100%)
Formally supporting self-archiving of
EITHER preprint,
post- print
or both:
3,501
49.3%
33
39.7%
-- both:
1,209
16.8%
20
24%
-- pre:
2,195
30.6%
7
8.4%
-- post:
136
1.9%
7
8.4%
3,629
50.6%
49
59%
Not yet formally supporting
self-archiving:
http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ls/disresearch/romeo
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
ŹBudapest Open Access Initiative
(7) The BOAI Self-Archiving FAQ
http://www.eprints.org/self-faq/
http://www.soros.org/openaccess/
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
Maximized Research Access and Impact Through Self-Archiving
“Skywriting”: All research, accessible to all potential users, anywhere, anytime
Impact cycle
begins:
Research is done
Researchers write
pre-refereeing
“Pre-Print”
Pre-Print selfarchived to
University’s Eprint
Website
12-18 Months
Submitted to Journal
Pre-Print reviewed by Peer
Experts – “Peer-Review”
Pre-Print revised by
article’s Authors
Refereed “Post-Print” Accepted,
Certified, Published by Journal
Researchers can access the
Post-Print if their university
has a subscription to the
Journal
Post-Print selfarchived to
University’s Eprint
Website
New impact cycles:
Self-archived research
impact is greater (and
faster) because access
is maximized (and
accelerated)
New impact cycles:
New research builds on
existing research
“Online or Invisible?” (Lawrence 2001)
“average of 336% more citations to online articles compared to
offline articles published in the same venue”
Lawrence, S. (2001) Free online availability substantially increases a
paper's impact Nature 411 (6837): 521.
http://www.neci.nec.com/~lawrence/papers/online-nature01/
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
Research Assessment, Research
Funding, and Citation Impact
“Correlation between RAE ratings and
mean departmental citations +0.91
(1996) +0.86 (2001) (Psychology)”
“RAE and citation counting measure
broadly the same thing”
“Citation counting is both more costeffective and more transparent”
(Eysenck & Smith 2002)
http://psyserver.pc.rhbnc.ac.uk/citations.pdf
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
The objective of open-access is:
• not to quarrel with or to replace journals (at all).
_______________________________________________
1. not to resolve the budgetary problems of libraries (and
yet…)
2. not to provide access to teachers - students - the
general public - (and yet…)
3. not to provide access to the Developing World (and
yet…)
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
The objective of open-access is:
to maximize
research impact
by maximizing
research access
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
Research Impact
I.
measures the size of a research
contribution to further research
II. generates further research funding
III. contributes to the research productivity
and financial support of the researcher’s
institution
IV. advances the researcher’s career
V. promotes research progress
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
Some old and new scientometric
(“publish or perish”) indices of
research impact
• quality-level and citation-counts of the journal in
which the article appears
• citation-counts for the article
• citation-counts for the researcher
• co-citations, co-text (cited with whom/what else?)
• citation-counts for the preprint
• usage-measures (“hits,” webmetrics)
• time-course analyses, early predictors, etc. etc.
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
Time-Course of Citations (red)
and Usage (hits, green)
Witten, Edward (1998) Anti De Sitter Space And Holography ADV.THEOR.MATH.PHYS 2 : 253
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
The Usage/Citation Correlation
(hep, astro, cond, quantum; math, comp)
All
r=.27, n=219328
Q1 (lo) r=.26, n=54832
Q2
r=.18, n=54832
Q3
r=.28, n=54832
Q4 (hi) r=.34, n=54832
hep
r=.33, n=74020
Q1 (lo)
Q2
Q3
Q4 (hi)
r=.23, n=18505
r=.23, n=18505
r=.30, n=18505
r=.50, n=18505
(correlation is highest for high-citation
papers/authors)
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
LIMITED ACCESS
LIMITED IMPACT
OPEN ACCESS
MAXIMAL IMPACT
LIMITED ACCESS
LIMITED IMPACT
http://www.eprints.org/self-faq/
Harnad, S. (1990) Scholarly Skywriting and the Prepublication
Continuum of Scientific Inquiry. Psychological Science 1: 342 - 343
(reprinted in Current Contents 45: 9-13, November 11 1991).
http://cogprints.soton.ac.uk/documents/disk0/00/00/15/81/
Harnad, S. (1994) A Subversive Proposal. In: Ann Okerson & James
O'Donnell (Eds.) Scholarly Journals at the Crossroads: A Subversive
Proposal for Electronic Publishing. Washington, DC., Association of
Research Libraries, June 1995.
http://www.arl.org/scomm/subversive/toc.html
Harnad, S. (2001) For Whom the Gate Tolls? How and Why to Free the
Refereed Research Literature Online Through Author/Institution
Self-Archiving, Now.
http://cogprints.soton.ac.uk/documents/disk0/00/00/16/39/
Harnad, S. (2001) Research access, impact and assessment.Times
Higher Education Supplement 1487: p. 16.
http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Tp/thes1.html
http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/intpub.html
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.
Specific Proposal for
Synergies Network
To maximize the visibility and impact of Canadian SS/H Research:
• Support the creation and start-up of a network of University OAI
Archives for all University research output (pre-refereeing preprints
and refereed postprints)
• This will not only maximize Canadian SS/H research impact (the
primary goal) but it will also allow Canadian Refereed Journals to (1)
go inline, (2) cut their costs, (3) ensure their future, and (4) increase
their own visibility and impact, by (5) offloading all of their online
archiving, distribution and access onto the Synergies Network.
(If/when they wish to (6) convert to becoming open-access journals,
(7) providing peer-review only, they are perfectly positioned to do so)
• In doing this Canada will also set a model for and lead the world
in the movement toward open access to refereed research.
Tim Brody - Eprints Southampton U.