A Linear Space Algorithm for Computing the Hermite

A Linear Space Algorithm for Computing the Hermite
Normal Form
Daniele Micciancio
Bogdan Warinschi
University of California, San Diego
9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0114
La Jolla, California 92093
University of California, San Diego
9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0114
La Jolla, California 92093
[email protected]
[email protected]
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Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for
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ISSAC 2001, UWO, Canada
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