47
Annex 5.4
Fishing Vessel Monitoring: The What, Why and How
Slide 4
Slide 1
Shipboard
Shipboard equipment
equipment
Fishing
Fishing vessel
vessel monitoring
monitoring
The
The what,
what, why
why and
and how
how
Robert
RobertGallaher,
Gallaher,
FAO
FAOConsultant
Consultant
•• Typically
Typically aa standard,
standard, satellite
satellite transmitter
transmitter
or
or transceiver
transceiver
•• Almost
Almost always
always integrates
integrates global
global
positioning
positioning system
system (GPS)
(GPS) receiver
receiver
•• Can
Can be
be part
part of
of vessel’s
vessel’s communications
communications
system
system or
or completely
completely independent
independent
Slide 5
Slide 2
What
What is
is VMS?
VMS?
•• The
The use
use of
of communications
communications and
and
navigation
navigation systems
systems to
to track
track the
the
movements
movements of
of vessels
vessels
•• AA tool
tool for
for improving
improving the
the efficiency
efficiency of
of MCS
MCS
•• AA tool
tool for
for improving
improving the
the effectiveness
effectiveness of
of
resource
resource management
management
Transmission
Transmission medium
medium
•• Two
Two essential
essential elements:
elements:
––From
From ship
ship to
to shore
shore
––From
From shore
shore to
to fisheries
fisheries monitoring
monitoring
centre
centre (FMC)
(FMC)
•• Until
Until present,
present, satellites
satellites have
have exclusivity
exclusivity
for
for ship
ship to
to shore,
shore, but
but others
others possible
possible
•• Shore
Shore to
to FMC
FMC can
can be
be data
data connection
connection
(X.25,
(X.25, internet),
internet), telephone
telephone (fixed
(fixed or
or
cellular)
cellular) or
or satellite
satellite relay.
relay.
Slide 6
Slide 3
What
What does
does VMS
VMS require?
require?
•• Transmission
Transmission equipment
equipment aboard
aboard
vessels
vessels
•• AA transmission
transmission medium/system
medium/system
•• AA means
of
receiving,
means of receiving, storing,
storing,
displaying
displaying and
and manipulating
manipulating data
data
FMC:
FMC: data
data storage
storage &
& processing
processing
•• Typically
Typically standard,
standard, PC
PC hardware
hardware
•• Communications
Communications module
module assures
assures interface
interface
with
with transmission
transmission medium
medium
•• Data
Data base
base manager
manager stores
stores and
and
manipulates
manipulates data
data
•• Graphics
Graphics program
program permits
permits display
display of
of data
data
on
on maps
maps
48
Slide 7
VHF/Cellular
VHF/Cellular
PSTN
FMC
Protection
Protection
And
And
Control
Control
Slide 8
Resource
Resource
management
management
industry
industry
Slide 10
Basic
Basic operational
operational scenario
scenario
•• Equipment
Equipment aboard
aboard vessel
vessel creates
creates data
data file
file at
at
pre-determined
pre-determined intervals
intervals
–– File
Filecontains
containsposition
positionof
ofvessel
vesselin
inlatitude
latitudeand
and
longitude
longitude
–– Perhaps
Perhapsspeed
speedand
andcourse
course
•• File
File isis transmitted
transmitted via
via transmission
transmission media
media to
to
FMC
FMC
•• FMC
FMC puts
puts data
data at
at disposal
disposal of
of authorities
authorities for
for use
use
and
and possible
possible distribution
distribution
Slide 9
A
A word
word about
about security
security
•• This
This data
data is
is highly
highly confidential
confidential for
for good
good
reason
reason
•• Sufficient
Sufficient measures
measures must
must be
be taken
taken to
to
guard
guard that
that confidentiality
confidentiality
•• Failure
Failure to
to do
do this
this could
could well
well lead
lead to
to
compromise,
compromise, or
or even
even failure,
failure, of
of project
project
•• More
More later
later
Slide 11
What
What does
does data
data provide?
provide?
•• At
At very
very minimum,
minimum, an
an historical
historical record
record of
of
vessel’s
movements
vessel’s movements
•• Depending
Depending upon
upon configuration
configuration used,
used, aa
quasi-real-time
quasi-real-time view
view of
of vessel
vessel behavior
behavior
•• The
The basis
basis for
for deductions
deductions as
as to
to fishing
fishing and
and
commercial
commercial activity
activity
Analyzing
Analyzing VMS
VMS data
data --- 11
•• The
The most
most basic
basic case:
case: latitude,
latitude, longitude
longitude
plus
time
stamp
plus time stamp
––Estimation
Estimation of
of fishing
fishing effort
effort measured
measured in
in days
days
at
at sea
sea
––Determination
Determination of
of ports
ports for
for landing
landing
––Control
Control of
of passage
passage or
or fishing
fishing activity
activity in
in
restricted
restricted areas
areas
49
Slide 12
Analysing
Analysing VMS
VMS data
data --- 22
Slide 15
Putting
Putting VMS
VMS data
data to
to use
use --- 33
•• Addition
Addition of
of speed
speed and
and course
course
––Determination
Determination of
of “probable”
“probable” fishing
fishing activity
activity
using
using speed
speed
––Certain
Certain determination
determination of
of fishing
fishing activity
activity using
using
“fishing
“fishing fingerprint”
fingerprint”
––Prediction
Prediction of
of future
future activity
activity of
of vessel
vessel
•• Resource
Resource management
management
––Calculation
Calculation of
of fishing
fishing effort
effort
•• In
Inzone
zoneas
asaawhole
whole
•• In
Inspecific
specificareas
areas
•• In
Inspecific
specificfisheries
fisheries
––Follow
Follow evolution
evolution of
of fishing
fishing grounds
grounds
Slide 13
Putting
Putting VMS
VMS data
data to
to use
use --- 11
•• Fisheries
Fisheries protection
protection && control
control
––Control
Control of
of fishing
fishing effort
effort
––Control
Control of
of protected/forbidden
protected/forbidden zones
zones
––Control
Control of
of illegal
illegal landings
landings
––Control
Control of
of illegal
illegal trans-shipments
trans-shipments
Slide 14
Putting
Putting VMS
VMS data
data to
to use
use --- 22
•• Fisheries
Fisheries protection
protection && control
control ---- 22
––Increasing
Increasing the
the efficiency
efficiency of
of patrol
patrol vessels
vessels and
and
aircraft
aircraft
––Providing
Providing aa credible
credible deterrent
deterrent to
to illegal
illegal fishing
fishing
––Providing
supporting
evidence
in
Providing supporting evidence in prosecutions
prosecutions
––AA powerful
powerful tool
tool against
against illegal
illegal fishing
fishing
Slide 16
Putting
Putting VMS
VMS data
data to
to use
use --- 44
––Cross-referenced
Cross-referenced with
with landing
landing and
and
research
research data
data
•• Analysis
Analysisof
offisheries
fisheriesunder
underpressure
pressureof
ofoveroverexploitation
exploitation
•• Analysis
Analysisof
ofseasonal
seasonaltrends
trendsininfisheries
fisheries
•• Preventive
Preventivemeasures
measuresininallocation
allocationof
offishing
fishing
effort
effortand
andquotas
quotas
Slide 17
Putting
Putting VMS
VMS data
data to
to use
use --- 55
•• At
At the
the service
service of
of industry
industry
––Opportunity
Opportunity to
toshare
share data
data to
to make
make resource
resource
management
management aa communal
communal effort
effort
––Distribute
Distribute data
data in
in real-time
real-time to
to assist
assist
operations
operations
•• AAserious
seriousdeterrent
deterrentto
toillegal
illegalfishing
fishing
––Significantly
Significantly improved
improved safety
safety at
at sea
sea
50
Slide 18
Future
Future developments
developments --- 11
•• Predicted
Predicted plethora
plethora of
of new
new satellite
satellite systems
systems
unlikely
unlikely to
to develop
develop
•• Nonetheless,
Nonetheless, equipment
equipment and
and services
services of
of
existing
existing providers
providers tending
tending lower
lower
•• The
The range
range of
of companies
companies providing
providing FMC
FMC
software
software and
and related
related services
services is
is growing
growing
quickly
quickly
Slide 19
Future
Future developments
developments --- 22
•• Electronic
Electronic log
log book
book
––Missing
Missing link
link in
in data
data necessary
necessary for
for most
most
effective
effective control
control and
and management
management
––Most
Most important
important impediment
impediment isis lack
lack of
of standard
standard
data
data format
format
•• Earth
Earth observation
observation satellites
satellites to
to provide
provide
independent
independent verification
verification of
of VMS
VMS data
data
––Definitive
Definitive tool
tool against
against illegal
illegal fishing
fishing
51
Annex 5.5
Institutional Options for VMS
Slide 1
Slide 4
Uses of VMS - 2
Institutional
options
for VMS
• Vessel location
– clearer definition of closed areas
– planning/ targetting of patrols
– reduction in patrol cost & time, increased
efficiency
– comparison with radar overlays/ images
• Measurement of fishing activity
–
–
–
–
Kieran Kelleher
Sub-Regional VMS Workshop
Saly, Sénégal 14-17 October, 2002
effort limitations
effort ‘quotas’ as an alternative to fish quotas
protecting endangered species
examples: USA, CFP
• Catch control
– at sea registration of catch (e-logs), X-checks
1
Slide 2
4
Slide 5
Criteria for selection of
fisheries
Presentation
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Uses of VMS in fisheries control
Criteria for selection of fisheries
National VMS schemes
International VMS schemes
Health of the fishery, or habitat
Low compliance levels
High enforcement costs
Number/ size of vessels involved
Geographical distribution of fishery
Need for ‘immediate’ information
Need more accurate management data
Views of the fishing industry
Safety of vessels
2
Slide 3
5
Slide 6
A range of uses of VMS
Examples of VMS schemes
• Use and system design dependent
on fisheries management measures
ƒ National
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– Position / location of vessels
– Measurement of fishing activity
– Catch control
• Vessel safety / communications
• National security
3
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52
Slide 7
Slide 8
Ireland
France -1
• Fisheries Monitoring Centre (FMC) and
VMS
• VMS responsibility CROSS (Etel)
– CROSS is part of Regional Directorate of
Maritime Affairs
– which is part of the Ministry of Transport
– CROSS functions include SAR, maritime radio
watch, patrol vessel operations
– miltary + civilian personnel
– operated by Navy
– nightly downloads to vessels + updates as
required
– aerial surveillance info faxed and emailed to
FMC
• Networked to fisheries administration
• State of the art ‘intelligence’, or ‘expert’
system
–
–
–
–
vessel histories including all sightings
targeting more frequent offenders
software link to ‘intelligent legal checklist’ and
decision framework for on-board inspector
• Prefet maritime
– = “provincial governor” for sea areas
– holds executive authority over all maritime areas
– delegates this authority to CROSS > unified
maritime response capability
• Ministry of Fisheries provides policy
orientation
7
Slide 9
VMS in the French fleet (2002)
France - 2
Inm arsat
26%
Em sat
53%
CROSS (Etel)
• FMC investment €366,000
• Recurrent costs €90,000 per year for
transmissions
Argos
20%
EutelTracs
1%
– | 900 vessels (| 500 French)
• + 7-8 operations personnel (24 hr)
• + maintenance personnel (in house)
• 5% of vessel VMS ‘down’ – fax, radio
9
Slide 10
Norway
• Importance
– 13,000 vessels , 1200 between 13-27m, 365 >
27m
– Catch | 3 million tonnes/ year
– World’s 10th largest fish producer, No. 1
exporter (value)
• Complex fisheries and fishing zones
– Norwegian zone, Jan Mayen, Svalbard, Loop
hole, Banana hole
• Objectives of VMS
– Consolidate an efficient and economic
administration of fisheries
– Simplify existing reporting system
10
8
53
Slide 11
Foreign and
Norwegian vessels
today
Norwegian zones
11
Slide 12
Norway
• Operated by Directorate of Fisheries
– operational arm of the Ministry of Fisheries
– 9 regional offices
• Networked to Coast Guard
– 3 regional divisions, military + civil
– own + chartered vessels and aircraft
– checkpoints
• Interface with /compatible with EU
• Exchange of information with EU and RFOs
– i.e., EU vessels in Norwegian waters and
Norwegian vessels in EU waters
– Also with NAFO and NEAFC (USA, Canada,
Russia, etc.)
12
54
Slide 13
Norwegian VMS
organization
Satellite
Coast Guard
Fishing
vessel
Vessel
owner
FMC’s
Fisheries
Monitoring
Centre
Earth
Station
X-
25
X - 25
(FMC)
X - 25
X-
25
Russia
Iceland
Faeroes
EU member
Countries
(Total 13)
NEAFC
NAFO
13
Slide 14
Tracks of Norwegian
blue whiting trawlers
transiting UK and Irish
waters
14
55
Slide 15
Barents Sea active closures - 1
• Juvenile cod by-catch in Bering Sea shrimp
fishery
• Constant monitoring of by-catch by
– 14 chartered trawlers
– research surveys
– observers
• Decision rule > 15% by-catch of juvenile cod
- close large blocks
• Open by smaller block when juvenile cod
by-catch < 15%
15
Slide 16
Barents Sea active closures - 2
Tracks of research
vessel between North
Cape and Svalbard
Juvenile
Closure
cod byOpen
catch
12/06/2002
closure
Open
20/06/2002
Open
10/07/2002
16
Slide 17
Slide 18
USA 1
USA 2
• Operated by NMFS/ NOAA / OLE –
• Closed area offence a civil, not criminal
offence
– GOAL: enforcement + commerical service for
fishermen
– federal fisheries (rare for State fisheries – 3 nm)
– major focus on protected species
– fishery specific VMS rules and schemes
– regional offices and VMS
– VMS networked with Coast Guard/ State
Fisheries
– major implications for burden of proof
• Examples:
– cost savings - Hawaiian closed area
– active management - rolling closures - Gulf of
Maine
• Management plans regional - several states
17
18
56
Slide 19
ƒ Numerous fisheries management plans (FMP)
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Slide 20
Slide 21
Hawaiian longline closed area
USA Gulf of Maine: days-at-sea
• Patrol costs pre-VMS
• Scallop fishery effort + closed area (zone)
– vessels 3000 hours / $1000 per hour = $3
million
– Air 350 hrs / $7,500 per hour =
$2.6 million
– Total per year (120 vessels)
$5.6 million
– same vessel operates in several fisheries
– - 300m accuracy, 250 vessels
– allowed only “X” days fishing scallop in a
given area
• Patrol costs post-VMS
–
–
–
–
Vessels 110 hrs / $1000/hr
Air 8 hrs / 7,500/hr =
VMS operations =
Total per year =
• Annual theoretical benefit
• Days-at-sea
$110,000
$60,000
$200,000
$370,000
– Clock starts upon entry to zone - 2 hour units
– Presumption
– Other fishery – declaration prior to leaving
port
$5.2 million
20
• VMS + observer data on discards/
juveniles
• Rolling seasonal closures
21
57
Slide 22
Rolling
closures
Gulf of Maine
22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Mozambique
Forum Fisheries Agency
• Directorate of Fisheries Administration
(Ministry of Fisheries)
• Key characteristics
–
–
–
–
–
– exports 2001 – US$106 million (35-40%)
– responsible for VMS, licensing, catch statistics
– targets: 90 shrimp, 15 tuna purse seiners, ?40
tuna longliners
– X-25 from FMC to ADMAR (SAR) and
Research Institute
• Developed over 15 years
• Contract Thales Tracks US$ 1.5 million
–
–
–
–
commercial financial package
installation FMC, software, training
100 units to be purchased by vessel operators
maintenance contract US$115,000/ yr
Centralised service for 16 countries
Application only to tuna vessels
Directed at non-MS flag vessels
Common protocols – Inmarsat C only
Harmonised VMS legislation
– Ideas, legal framework
– Strong central administration
– Australian / NZ / EU technical and financial
support
23
24
58
Slide 25
120E
140E
160E
180
160W
Minami
Tori Shima
20
N
140W
120W
Hawaii
20
N
Wake
Northern
Marianas
Johnston
Guam
Marshall
Islands
• Graphic excluded
Palau
Palmyra
Federated States of Micronesia
Howland
& Baker
EQ
Papua New Guinea
EQ
Jarvis
Kiribati
Nauru
Line
Islands
Phoenix
Tuvalu
Solomon Is
Fiji
20
S
V anuatu
A ustralia
New
Caledonia
Tokelau
Cook
Islands
Wallis &
Futuna Samoa
Am
Samoa
Tonga
Niue
20
S
French Polynesia
Matthew
& Hunter
Pitcairn
Norfolk
40
S
40
S
New Zealand
120E
160E
140E
FFA & SPC
areas
180
160W
140W
120W
25
Slide 26
FFA - centrally coordinated
system
Palau
Tuvalu
Solomon Is.
Cook Is.
Japanese vessels
Australia
W. Samoa
Papua New
Guinea
FFA VMS Fisheries
Monitoring Centre
Honiara, Solomon
Islands
Tonga
New Zealand
USA vessels
Nauru
Kiribati
Fiji
Chinese
vessels
Marshall
Islands
Vanuatu
SPC
Scientific
information
X-checks
Fed. States of
Micronesia
26
59
Slide 27
Common Fisheries Policy
• Control regulation
– Council Regulation (EC) Nq686/97 amending
Regulation (EEC) Nq2847/93 establishing a
control system applicable to the common
fisheries policy.
– Standards and protocols, e.g., Reg. 1449/98
entry/ exit
• Obligatory
– Member States can be penalised by
Commission/ ECJ
• Application
– vessels > 24m, > 12m (proposed)
• Third countries
• RFOs
27
Slide 28
ICES
areas
• Key geographical
units for:
– TACs
– Quotas
– Reporting
28
60
Slide 29
VMS in the EU
Irish vessels in
Norwegian waters
(bilateral VMS
agreements)
Irish
FMC
Irish vessels
Irish vessels
in UK waters
UK vessels
in Irish
waters
Automatic
retransmission
between EU
UK
FMC
Irish vessels
in French
waters
Member States
UK vessels
UK vessels
in French
waters
French
vessels in
Irish waters
French
vessels in
UK waters
Member States
provide VMS
Information to
NAFO and
NEAFC when
their vessels are
fishing in these
areas
French
FMC
French
vessels
Denmark
FMC
Belgium
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Greece
Holland
Member States
provide EC with
access to all
VMS
information
European
EU
Commission
ICCAT
NEAFC
NAFO
CCAMLR
NAFO / NEAFC
VMS information
to patrol vessels
when in area
Germany
Finland
Luxembourg
Austria
29
Slide 30
Scope and authority: FFA vs CFP
• FFA
– FFA – South Pacific Economic Commission economic cooperation
– FFA decisions, agreements, policy endorsed
by SPEC summit
– Obligation: international agreement and peer
pressure
• CFP
– EC Treaties – must apply EC legislation in full
– Enforcable by ECJ
– Member States can be penalised
30
61
Annex 5.6
Legal Issues Relating to VMS
Slide 1
Slide 4
1982 UN Convention
Legal issues relating to VMS
by Henning Osnes Teigene
Workshop on VMS, Saly, Senegal, 14-17 October 2002
Slide 2
• Within the EEZ the coastal state has sovereign rights to
explore, exploit, conserve and manage the natural
resources (Article 56.1)
• The coastal state shall ensure through proper
conservation and management measures the
sustainable utilization of the living resources of the EEZ
(Article 61.2)
• Nationals of other states fishing in the EEZ shall comply
with conservation measures, terms and conditions
established in coastal state legislation (Article 62.4)
• Within the EEZ coastal states may take such measures
as may be necessary to ensure compliance with its laws
and regulations (Article 73.1)
• States have responsibilities over fishing vessels flying
their flags (Article 117)
Slide 5
Main issues
• Legal basis for VMS
1995 UN Fish Socks Agreement
•
– International
– Regional
– National
–
• Legal issues
–
–
–
–
–
Constitutionality
Confidentiality
Evidence
Maritime boundaries
Intellectual property
In giving effect to their duty to cooperate in accordance
with the 1982 UN Convention states are required to
–
–
•
Article 18 imposes flag state duties among which are
–
–
• Main features of VMS regulations
Slide 3
International law basis for the use
of VMS
• United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea (1982 UN Convention)
– in force from 16 November 1994
• Agreement for the Conservation and
Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and
Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (1995 UN Fish
Socks Agreement)
– in force from 11 December 2001
• Agreement to Promote Compliance with
International Conservation and Management
Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas
(1993 FAO Compliance Agreement)
– not in force
collect and share data concerning fishing activities, including on
vessel position (Article 5(j))
Promote and conduct scientific research and develop
appropriate technologies in support of fisheries management
(Article 5(k))
Implement and enforce conservation and management
measures through effective MCS (Article 5(l))
the recording and timely reporting of relevant fisheries data
(vessel position, catch, effort) in accordance with sub-regional,
regional and global standards for collection of such data (Article
18.3 (e)); and
the development and implementation of VMS, including as
appropriate, satellite transmitter systems, in accordance with
any national programs and subregional, regional or global
programs that may have been agreed to (Article 18.3 (g) (iii)).
Slide 6
1993 FAO Compliance Agreement
• Imposes flag state responsibilities
– no state shall authorize its flag vessels to fish on the
high seas unless it is able to exercise effectively its
responsibility (Article III.3)
– States shall ensure that their flag vessels provide
information on their fishing activities, including on
area of fishing operations (Article III.7)
• Requires states to exchange information,
including evidentiary material relating to
activities of fishing vessels (Article V.1)
62
Slide 7
Slide 10
Regional agreements
• SRFC Convention
– Has as its objective the long term
harmonization of the fisheries policies of the
member states and the strengthening of
cooperation (Article 2)
• SRFC access convention
• SRFC protocol for the coordination of
surveillance operations
• All of the above may facilitate the
implementation of VMS
Slide 8
National legal basis continued
• All the countries of the region have declared 200nm
exclusive economic zones
• All the countries have in place the legal framework for a
licensing system
• To varying degrees existing fisheries legislation provides
the framework for VMS regulations.
– Detailed regulations are lacking.
– Common law and Civil Law countries
– E.g. Sierra Leone 1994 Fisheries Decree Article 107 provides
wide powers to make regulations on “any other matter which is
required or authorised to be prescribed”.
– E.g. Morocco 1973 Sea Fisheries Act needed to be amended in
order to provide a legal basis for VMS
Slide 11
Constitutionality of VMS
requirements
The FFA solution
• FFA VMS is implemented under the auspices of the
South Pacific Forum Fishing Agency Convention
• Harmonized Minimum Terms and Conditions for Foreign
Fishing Vessel Access include VMS requirements
• Foreign fishing vessel must be registered on the VMS
register of Foreign Fishing Vessels
• Each member State concludes bilateral access
agreements
– which must comply with the Harmonized Minimum Terms and
Conditions (among which are to “install and operate a registered
ALC on board the vessel; and maintain the ALC in good working
order”)
Slide 9
• Legal implications of all new approaches should
be identified and analyzed
• Countries have to ensure that the introduction of
the VMS system does not constitute a violation
of the supreme law of the country
• To date VMS had not been challenged in court
on the ground so unconstitutionality
Slide 12
National legal basis
• International legal instruments not binding
in areas under national jurisdiction and on
nationals
– Enabling national legislation is needed to
require the use of VMS
• Other legal issues connected to VMS
(confidentiality, evidence, maritime
boundaries) are primarily dealt with under
national law
Confidentiality of VMS information
• Confidentiality of VMS information is recognized to be a
sensitive issue for the fishing industry
• Fisheries administration’s responsibilities starts when
information is received by the monitoring agency, prior to
this responsibility for security of data belongs to the
manufacturer
• Countries need to determine what kind of information
would qualify as warranting confidentiality
– USA: all data required to be submitted to the fisheries
administration with respect to any fisheries management plan
– Papua New Guinea: all data supplied by VMS
63
Slide 13
Slide 16
Confidentiality continued
•
– Some countries include rules on confidentiality and disclosure in
fisheries legislation (to date not common)
•
Legislation relating to informational privacy and record keeping
systems (in particular computerized)
– Balance between government’s legitimate need for information and the
individuals right of informational privacy
– Limits on the external disclosure of information a record keeping entity
may make
•
Legislation concerning protection of commercially sensitive
information
– Limitation on disclosure of information that may lead to a commercial
disadvantage
•
VMS as evidence continued
Rules restricting disclosure of VMS information can be found in
different pieces of legislation
Confidentiality may be ensured by the release of data in aggregated
form
– Does not permit direct or indirect id of natural or legal persons
Slide 14
• USA applies the system of civil and administrative
penalties for fisheries offences
– Permits hearing where rules on evidence are not so strict, the
standards of proof are lower
– In a US administrative proceeding of 5 December 2001 the Initial
Decision found the respondent guilty of illegal fishing in a closed
area. One of two incursions into the closed area was based was
based solely on VMS information.
• Sierra Leone 1994 Fisheries (Management and
Development) Decree includes interesting rules:
– applies civil proceedings to pecuniary penalties (Article 96)
– Director may issue “certificate evidence” as to the location of a
fishing vessel which shall be evidence of the vessels position
“unless the contrary is proven” (Article 85)
Slide 17
Confidentiality continued
• Access to confidential information
– Generally restricted to specified categories of persons
– To safeguard confidentiality persons given access might be held
responsible for unauthorized disclosure
– Such persons must be informed and may be required to sign a
form of confidentiality (Norway)
Maritime boundaries
• Certainty of boundaries of maritime zones is
required to ascertain the scope of application of
VMS requirements
• Lack of clarity may destroy any civil or criminal
case
• Use of confidential information
– As a general principle VMS information shall only be used for
fisheries management purposes (research (not USA),
enforcement)
– Secondary uses (based on enabling legislation) may include:
• General law enforcement (as evidence in court cases)
• (Search and) rescue
• International obligations
Slide 15
• For the purpose of effective VMS it is
recommended that the countries ascertain their
maritime boundaries and conclude boundary
agreements where necessary
Slide 18
VMS as evidence
• Can VMS be used (by itself) as evidence in judicial
proceedings?
• In common law countries VMS information may be
inadmissible in criminal proceedings due to the rule
against hearsay evidence
– (In short:) a testimony in court of a statement made out of court
resting for its value upon the out of court statement
– Proof of physical location may be overcome by exceptions:
“rebuttable presumption” and “judicial notice”
– Proof of activities (e.g. illegal fishing) at this stage fails to furnish
evidence of a sufficient caliber
• Rules on admittance of evidence in civil law countries
are generally less strict than in common law countries
Intellectual Property
• Question has been raised whether the VMS
database kept by the competent authority would
be granted copyright protection
– Might be questionable since intellectual creativity as a
distinctive human intervention is a basic requirement
• A pragmatic approach is to leave the question of
management of the information up to the coastal
states as the owners of the VMS information in
respect of their EEZ
64
Slide 19
Main features of VMS regulations
• Fisheries Monitoring Agency
– Must specify the responsible authority
• Condition to fishing license
– Fishing vessels must comply with requirements to carry VTUs in
order to be authorized to fish (NZ and Norwegian approach with
regard to foreign fishing vessels)
•
Scope
– Evolutionary approach has been common, certain fisheries or
class of vessels
– EU, Norway: all vessels exceeding 24 meters overall length
– New Zealand: all foreign fishing vessels, all local vessels
exceeding 43 meters and all local vessels exceeding 28 meters
used in certain fisheries
Slide 20
Main features continued
• VTU minimum performance standards
– VTU must be tamper proof and shall not permit input of false
positions or information
– VTU must be operational at all times. Mounting requirements to
ensure continuous reliable operation
– Position accuracy within set number of meters (USA within
400m, EU within 500m)
– Frequency of position reporting (USA, Norway at least every
hour. NZ minimum range of reporting intervals between 15
minutes and 24 hours)
– Must support polling (Norway required, EU recommended)
– Data to be transmitted (EU: (i) vessel id; (ii) geographical
position; (iii) date and time, Australia and Japan also catch data)
– Format (no universally agreed format so formats must be
specified)
Slide 21
Main features continued
• Approval of VTU
– To ensure compliance with the minimum performance
standards some countries prescribe a detailed
approval process (NZ, FFA)
• Registration of VTUs
– Only required by FFA and NZ
• Procedures in case of VTU failure
– To assure continuity and permanency of the reporting
of the fishing vessels
– Should include: (i) notification procedures; (ii) require
information through alternative communication
system; (iii) specification of time period within which
the VTU must be repaired/replaced
Slide 22
Main features continued
• Responsibilities of permit holder and master
– Ensure VTU is fully operational and requested
information transmitted regularly
• Offences and penalties
– Experience from Australia, NZ and USA indicates that
VMS has reduced the number of violations, in
particular fishing in prohibited areas
– Must cover every imaginable interference with the
proper functioning of VMS
– Penalties must be severe enough to deter violations
Slide 23
Closing Remarks
• Most of the countries of the sub region should be able to
support implementation of VMS through their licensing
systems
– But, this is a short term measure
• The adoption of new legislation or amendments to
existing legislation are better options as they are able to
deal with some of the legal issues discussed in the
presentation
– Drawing on experience from the FFA regional VMS cooperation
countries who incorporated the provisions recommended by FFA
into national legislation have had more success in ensuring that
vessels install and keep operational at all times their ALCs
65
Annex 5.7
Putting VMS Into Practice: The Devil is in the Details
Slide 1
Slide 4
Ship to shore transmission
issues
Putting VMS into practice
The devil is in the details
Robert Gallagher
FAO Consultant
• What is my required geographical
coverage?
• How timely is the required data?
• What power supply is available aboard
vessels?
• What supplementary services are
necessary?
Slide 2
Slide 5
Planning is the key to success
• Four stage process
Ship-to-shore available choices
– Feasibility study
• Means available, technical, human, economic?
– Definition stage
• Functional specification developed, tender documents
finalized
– Selection stage
• Supplier chosen, delivery schedule decided
– Delivery stage
• System implemented and exhaustively tested
Slide 3
•
•
•
•
•
•
ARGOS
Emsat/Euteltracs
Inmarsat-C
Inmarsat-D+
Terrestrial systems
Voice systems
Slide 6
A series of critical choices
•
•
•
•
•
Transmission medium ship-to-shore
Terrestrial transmission medium
Characteristics of FMC and “clients”
Supplier for FMC
Future-proofing the system
ARGOS
• Advantages
– World-wide coverage
– Simple and reliable
– Relatively low power
consumption
• Disadvantages
– Delays in delivery of
data
– One-way
communications only
66
Slide 7
Slide 10
Terrestrial systems
(VHF/cellular)
Emsat/Euteltracs
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
– Quasi real-time data
– Voice services for
vessel crew
– Limits to geographical
cover
– Relatively expensive
equipment
– Requires sturdy power
supply
Slide 8
• Cost of service often
inexpensive
• Equipment very
inexpensive
• Low power
requirements
• Coverage very limited
Slide 11
Inmarsat-C
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
– Quasi real-time data
– Small and light
equipment
– Multiple manufacturers
– GMDSS
– Data messaging
– Equipment relatively
expensive
– No coverage in polar
regions
– Requires sturdy power
supply
Slide 9
Voice systems (satellite, i.e.
Iridium, Globalstar)
• Provides voice for
vessel crew
• Iridium coverage
quasi wold-wide
• Not best adapted for
data transmission
• Globalstar coverage
marginal in ocean
regions
• Will they be here
tomorrow?
Slide 13
Inmarsat-D+
• Very small and light
• Low power
requirements
• Service too expensive
for intensive use
• No polar area
coverage
Terrestrial transmission: getting
the data to the FMC
• Available infrastructure is everything
– Are switched data services available?
– Are high quality digital voice lines available
(i.e. IDSN)
– Are high quality analogue voice services
available?
67
Slide 12
VHF/Cellular
PSTN
FMC
Protection
And
Control
Slide 14
Resource
management
industry
Slide 16
If answer to these three
question is negative
• Living with low-quality voice lines
– Problems of economy
– Operational difficulties
• Fixed satellite services, e.g. V-SAT
– Implies high data throughput
Don’t’ forget the future
• Will your use of the data develop over the
next few years?
• Will your department expand in the next
five years?
• Will demands on your data increase from
other national services?
• Is a regional VMS or MCS on the horizon?
• Mobile satellite services could be the
answer
• Each case studied individually
Slide 15
Slide 17
Choosing an FMC
• Above all, be clear about your needs
– How may people will be using data?
– What is the urgency of each user?
– How much detail does each user require?
– Do you have sufficient IT resources to
maintain and modify the FMC software
– What are your requirements for exchanging
data with other departments (police, customs)
or countries?
Time spent planning and
understanding the
requirements of users is
ALWAYS time well-spent
69
Annex 5.8
Towards a Subregional VMS Strategy
Slide 1
Slide 4
Target fleets?
Towards a subregional
VMS strategy
• SRFC Member State flag industial vessels
– ‘National’ industrial vessels (i.e., operating only in flag
state)
– Selected fisheries, or groups of vessels
– ‘Sub-Regional’ industial vessels (i.e., operating in more
than 1 Member State)
prepared by
Kieran Kelleher
• Foreign (i.e., non-Member State flag) vessels
Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission
FAO Joint VMS Workshop
Saly 14-17 October 2002
– joint position vis a vis
• Large/ ‘migrating’ artisanal vessels
• Reefers and supply vessels (bunker) 82 vessels
1
Slide 2
4
Slide 5
Presentation
2. Selected scenarios
1. Identify possible objectives and targets
• FFA model unified single system
• CFP model – cooperating national
systems
• Fishery specific model
• Bilateral service model
2. Develop sub-regional scenarios:
•
apply selected regional VMS solutions to
the SRFC sub-region
3. Assess the Sub-Regional context using
–
SWOT analysis (points forts/ faiblesses/
opportunites/ menaces ou risks)
– Extended to a multilateral service
4. Conclusions
2
Slide 3
5
Slide 6
FFA o SRFC
a shared subregional model
Possible generic objective(s)
• “Greatest possible cooperation on
VMS between Member States”
• Financing of VMS systems
• Sharing of VMS facilities between
Member States
• Sharing VMS information
• UCOS set up as a sub-regional Fisheries
Monitoring Centre (FMC)
• SRFC Convention on VMS with
– Harmonised requirements for all vessels
– Harmonised VMS provisions in access
agreements
– Possible sub-contracting to reputable private
company, or agency
• Contractual obligations
3
– – e.g., timely payments, possible commercial
contracts
6
70
Slide 7
FFA model o SRFC
Licences
Mauritania
Licences
SRFC-flag vessels
Foreign-flag
vessels
EU Member States
(automatic
retransmission subject to access
agreement)
Cabo Verde
Senegal
Gambia
Vessels operating
under other access
agreements
UCOS
VMS Operations
Coordination
Guinea
Bissau
ICCAT
Information
exchange with
Morocco on
movement of
vessels (e.g.,
tuna and small
pelagics vessels,
transiting trawlers
Guinea
Sierra
Leone
(subject to SRFC/
ICCAT agreement)
Morocco
(subject to SRFC/
ICCAT agreement)
7
Slide 8
Representation of the FFA model –
UCOS decision engine, client server
network
Guinea
Bissau
Gambia
Guinea
UCOS
Decision
engine
Sierra
Leone
Mauritania
Senegal
Cabo Verde
8
71
Slide 9
Slide 10
FFA model:
advantages and disadvantages
CFP model o SRFC
• Advantages
• All SRFC states operate their own VMS
• Agree to provide information to each other
– Lower costs, effective coordination (in principle)
• Disadvantages
– ? which fleets are the targets of VMS cooperation
– ? type of information to be exchanged
– Institutional weakness of SRFC/ UCOS
– Timely payments problem?
– Not an integral part of the national security system
• SRFC VMS Convention and permanent working
group
• Standardise data exchange (and equipment?)
• Mutual assistance and technology transfer
• Gradual development of VMS network
• Presence of equipent service agents throughout subregion
• Questions
– not necessary for all vessels, e.g. if a vessel only fishes in
Sénégal
– ? how to select target groups of vessels
10
9
Slide 11
Information exchange in a peer to peer
configuration
Secure Network
WAN
Guinea
Bissau
Guinea
Gambia
Sierra
Leone
Senegal
Mauritania
Cabo Verde
11
72
Slide 12
Peer to peer model network (EU)
(simplified representation)
Guinea
Bissau
Gambia
Guinea
Secure
Network
WAN
Sierra
Leone
Mauritania
Senegal
Cabo Verde
Each Member State operates a decision engine, information
exchange is under agreement(s) with other Member States
12
Slide 13
CFP model
cooperating national systems
Guinea
Bissau
EU Member States
(automatic
retransmission subject to access
agreement)
Gambia
Guinea
Secure
Network
WAN
Sierra
Leone
Subject to
agreements
Vessels operating
under other
access
agreements
Senegal
ICCAT
(subject to SRFC/
ICCAT agreement)
Mauritania
Cabo Verde
Morocco
(subject to SRFC/
ICCAT agreement)
13
73
Slide 14
Slide 17
SWOT analysis
CFP model – advantages and
disadvantages
Internal to SRFC and Member
States
• Strengths
• Weaknesses
• Advantages
– Full national responisbility and control
• Disadvantages
– Higher costs
– Un-necessary duplication of equipment
– Possible compatibility/ data exchange
problems
– Weakened common approach to foreign
vessels
External
• Opportunities
• Threats
17
14
Slide 15
Slide 18
Fishery specific:
Strengths
example: Senegambia shrimp trawl
fishery
• Unifying character of SRFC
• Existence of UCOS and joint MCS
programme
• MCS conventions and bilateral protocols
• IUU declaration and SRFC ‘strategic action
plan’
• VMS operating in Sénégal and Mauritania
already considering, Guinea testing
• SRFC vessel register initiatives
• Joint research capability (SIAP) established
• Requirements:
– Joint fishery management plan/ clear definition of
fishery
– Harmonised legislative requirements for VMS
– Operational agreement / contract
• Operated by:
– Sénégal, or
– Gambia, or
– UCOS under agreement with both Member States
• Other possible international fisheries:
– Tuna longline/ purse seine
– Sénégal-G.Bissau joint area
18
15
Slide 16
Slide 19
Bilateral service arrangement
Weaknesses
Example: Sénégal/ Gambia
• Example: Sénégal operates a VMS system on behalf
of Gambia for all industrial vessels licensed to fish in
Gambia
• (near) Real-time access by Gambia authorities for
Gambian all Gambian vessels
• Automatic transmission to Gambia of VMS data on
Senegalese vessels transiting Gambia, or fishing in
Gambian waters
• Possible extension to cover other countries/ areas,
e.g., Agéncia de Cooperação GB/ Sénégal
• Eventual network of such agreements
• Possibloe service contract with reputable commercial
16
operator to guarantee effective operation
• Financing of investement AND recurrent
expenditure a major problem for
Member States and SRFC
• Lack of skilled personnel and technical
capacity to build and maintain VMS
systems (adapt software)
‰
Is VMS a priority?
19
74
Slide 20
Opportunities
• FAO strategy on IUU and VMS
– FISHCODE, COFI
– ICCAT
• EU access agreements already include provisions
for VMS
• Maritime security a global concern
– drugs, terrorism, illegal immigration
– safety, oil pollution
• Financial and cost related opportunities
–
–
–
–
EU, commercial banks, vessel operators
Possible future cost reductions
Combined action – local land station (s)
operating costs jointly negotiated
20
Slide 21
Threats
• Vendors selling proprietary (closed) VMS
systems
• Suppliers poorly represented in subregion
• Opposition by vessel operators
• Possible failure of supplier companies
21
Slide 22
Conclusions
• Cooperation essential not merely desirable
– Evident from the national and regional examples
• No recommendations …. your work
• Actions you may wish to consider:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Draft sub-regional strategy
Working group to follow up
More detailed study of the options
Pilot schemes – communicate results
Identify possible donors
? a model VMS regulation
Feasability studies
22
75
ANNEX 6
COUNTRY STATEMENTS
R E P Ú B L I C A
DE
C A B O
V E R D E
ATELIER SOUS-RÉGIONAL
SUR LE SYSTÈME DE SUIVI DES NAVIRES
Saly Portudal Sénégal, 14-16 octobre 2002
RAPPORT NATIONAL
SYSTÈME DE SURVEILLANCE AU CAP-VERT
Mise en application d’un système VMS au Cap-Vert
L’archipel du Cap-Vert constitué par 10 îles et quelques îlots se situe à 450 Km de la côte Ouest
africaine.
La pêche est une activité très importante dans le contexte socio-économique du pays pour sa
contribution à la création d’emplois, sécurité alimentaire et la rentrée de divises à travers des
exportations.
Avec une vaste Zone Economique Exclusive plus de 180 fois supérieure à la surface terrestre, la
ZEE du Cap-Vert est une zone assez vulnérable aux actions de pêche illicite avec toutes les
implications dans la préservation des ressources halieutiques.
La mise en place d´un système de contrôle et de surveillance des activités de la pêche dans les
eaux se trouvant sous la juridiction nationale est en cours au Cap-Vert; cependant ce système
nécessite d’un renforcement de sa capacité. Une amélioration des investissements dans les
activités de SCS des pêches permet un meilleur contrôle, des réductions des activités de pêche
illégale et d’empêcher la sur- exploitation des ressources halieutiques.
Pour les activités de surveillance maritime et aérienne, le Cap-Vert a bénéficié de l’appui de la
coopération international notamment des pays comme l’Allemagne et la Chine dans l’acquisition
des moyens suivants :
1) Pour la surveillance maritime :
4 bateaux patrouilleurs : "Espadarte" de 15 mètres, "Vigilante" de 52 mètres, "Sargo et
Tainha" de 26 mètres chacun. De ces quatre navires, le Vigilante est le seul qui possède la
capacité de réaliser la surveillance des zones plus éloignées. Espadarte, Sargo et Taínha ont la
capacité de faire des opérations de patrouille côtière
2) Pour la surveillance aérienne :
2 avions patrouilleurs : "Dornier DO-228", "Bandeirante D4-CBK"
Avec ces moyens le Cap-Vert a réalisé plusieurs actions de surveillance aérienne et maritime au
niveau national et de la sous-région dans le cadre du Projet AFR/013 financé par le Luxembourg.
76
Au stade actuel, bien que tous ces moyens soient en état opérationnel, ils ne sont pas en
fonctionnement pour des raisons liées non seulement au manque de moyens financiers pour le
financement des opérations de patrouilles mais aussi au manque des moyens de communication,
notamment les appareils VHF portable et le remplacement de quelques équipements dont
l’Antenne du centre de communication de la Station Côtière.
Un Plan pour la mise en oeuvre d’un programme de patrouille aérienne et maritime, par des
institutions ayant la responsabilité dans ce domaine telles que la Direction Générale des Pêches,
la Garde Côtière Nationale et les Capitaineries des Ports est en cours d’élaboration
La Garde Côtière du Cap-Vert est actuellement en phase de formation pour l’équipage des
opérations de patrouille aérienne (DO–228, D4-CBK).
Dans le but d’améliorer la surveillance de la ZEE, le Cap-Vert a entamé plusieurs contacts avec
des partenaires internationaux pour la mise en place d’un système de contrôle et surveillance des
pêches au niveau national.
Le Cap-Vert ne possède pas de système VMS mis en place bien qu’avec l’appui de la
Communauté européenne une étude pour l’installation de ce système est en cours. Dans ce sens,
des missions techniques sont prévues pour l’identification des besoins du pays, le fonctionnement
de ce système en tenant compte de la disparité géographique de l’archipel et les coûts pour la
mise en œuvre.
Dans une deuxième phase la formation du personnel est prévu pour le montage, le
fonctionnement et le suivi du système.
La législation nationale en matière de pêche date de 1987 et ne fait aucune référence au système
de suivi des navires. Cependant dans le processus de révision et adaptation de la législation en
cours, des dispositions concernant le VMS seront prévues.
Du point de vue pratique, la mise en place d’un système VMS au Cap-Vert devra être conçue
avec une vision nationale mais aussi sous-régionale en tenant compte que le coût assez élevé de
ce système pour des institutions publiques et pour des opérateurs de la pêche, ne devra pas être
dissocié de son efficacité.
Pour ces raisons, et de façon à rentabiliser les faibles moyens disponibles au niveau de la sousrégion dans la perspective d’encadrement de la mise en place du système VMS dans une stratégie
plus élargie de la surveillance de la ZEE des pays de la sous-région, il est souhaitable que des
actions conjointes soient mis en place en faveur de touts les états membres de la CSRP.
Praia le 11 octobre 2002.
77
THE GAMBIA
COUNTRY STATEMENT MCS & VMS
VMS Workshop
Saly Portudal, Senegal 14 – 17 October 2002
Joseph E. Gabbidon
MCS Unit
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND
The Gambia comprises a strip of land varying from 25 to 50 Km on either side of the 480 Km
long River Gambia. It is surrounded on three sides by the Republic of Senegal and on the West by
the Atlantic Ocean. The Gambia has a continental shelf of about 4000Km2 while the 200 nm EEZ
covers a total area of approximately 10500km2. The fisheries resources of the waters of Gambia
were believed to be rich in terms of species abundance and diversity. This assumption was
confirmed by surveys of fisheries potentials carried out with the assistance of the FAO and
UNDP in 1964 and 1965. The flow of nutrient from the River Gambia (an estuary attracting fish
for feeding and spawning) into the sea and the fortunate location of the Gambia in an area where
trade winds, the canary currents and the upwelling system prevail provide an ideal environment
for sustenance of fish resources.
Since the inception of a fisheries management body, Fisheries Division in 1967 and the
establishment of a Fisheries Department by ACT of Parliament in 1978 a set of regulations
(FISHERIES REGULATIONS) to govern the Fisheries Act 1977 was put in place. This
coincided with the ratification of the UN Convention in 1978 claiming an EEZ of 200 Nautical
Miles. In the same year (1978), the Government established a Surveillance team and equipped it
with a patrol vessel in an effort to control and monitor the exploitation of the fisheries resources
within the jurisdiction of the Gambia.
MCS & Observer Programme
The priorities of the Monitoring, Control and Surveillance Unit were to safeguard and monitor the
activities of fishing vessels and fishing related activities. After a while, it was deemed necessary
to assign fisheries observers onboard vessels licensed to fish in our waters. In 1991, the Fisheries
Department decided to establish an observer programme through which all industrial fishing
vessels fishing in Gambian waters are obliged to take onboard Fisheries Observers. The
responsibilities of the observers among others, is to collect catch and effort data together with
positions of fishing operations. All data collected with regards to the above are reported by radio
to the MCS Unit of the Fisheries Department and records of daily catches submitted at the end of
the licensing period.
Despite some correctable shortfalls, the observer programme is found to be a useful deterrent to
fishing malpractices and for the provision of timely data including fishing positions. Coupled with
aerial surveillance and regular patrols the activities of the MCS will be enhanced. The continuation
78
of aerial surveillance at a sub-regional dimension is therefore encouraged. For better functioning of
MCS in the management of fisheries resources, there should be a concerted effort by all member
states to strengthen sub-regional surveillance operations covering two or more states.
VMS in The Gambia
The Gambia does not have a Vessel Monitoring System for fisheries management. A feasibility
study on VMS financed by FAO was carried out in the sub-region, including Gambia in 2000.
Views on VMS
VMS is a tool that can be useful in the absence of an effective observer programme. Its use as a
standalone fisheries monitoring system may results in a lot of malpractices. It would seem that the
fisheries managers will have to trust the vessel operators to report their catch and positions.
Although some observers maybe vulnerable to manipulation, a well motivated individual coupled
with regular rotation of observers would minimize malpractices. With all said and done VMS could
complement the observer’s effort in accurate reporting and speedy transmission of data from the
fishing grounds. The monitoring agency too would be in a position to track the activities of any
fishing vessels operating within their waters with competent observer onboard. The assumption that
VMS would show movement and activities of vessels is that the equipment are operational and not
switched off to evade detection.
VMS is one of the many options that are available to us for MCS. The Gambia does not have
adequate maritime surveillance capacity, the priority therefore, for Gambia is the acquisition of
suitable patrol boats that are capable of staying out at sea for extended periods.
The Legal Aspect
The legal framework for admission of evidences emanating from the use of VMS in court should be
in place. In the Gambia, admission of aerial photographs as material evidence has been regulated, so
it would be necessary to regulate for VMS.
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Communication de la Guinée-Bissau sur l'atelier VMS
Par le Colonel Pedro BARRETO
Président de la Haute autorité pour la surveillance maritime
Généralités
La Guinée-Bissau couvre une superficie de 36.125 km² avec une population estimée à
1.200.000 d’habitants. Bien que la longueur de sa côte soit faible (275 km), la GuinéeBissau possède l’un des plateaux continentaux les plus étendus de la côte ouest africaine
(50.000 km²). La côte est découpée par des embouchures de rivières, bordée de
mangroves et prolongée par un archipel de plus de 30 îles à l’est et au sud-ouest de
Bissau.
L'économie du pays repose essentiellement sur l'agriculture et la pêche. L'agriculture
constitue l'activité productrice la plus importante puisqu'elle représente près de 54% du
PIB, occupe 85% de la population active et représente 93% des exportations. Les
principales productions sont le riz et la noix de cajou. Par contre, avec un potentiel
annuellement exploitable de 300.000 tonnes, le secteur de la pêche recèle les possibilités
de développement les plus importantes et les plus immédiates qui sont peu exploitées en
raison de contraintes liées à un environnement peu favorable au développement du
secteur privé, et à une faible capacité institutionnelle. Les captures industrielles sont
effectuées par les flottilles étrangères qui pêchent sous licence et dont l’activité s’exerce
principalement sur les espèces de haute valeur marchande.
Activités de surveillance
La richesse du plateau continental et son étendue, attirent de nombreux navires qui
travaillent illégalement dans la zone et contribuent à un pillage excessivement
dommageable à la pérennité de l’activité. Par conséquent, le contrôle et la surveillance
constituent une priorité pour la protection des intérêts nationaux comme des intérêts des
navires qui règlent leur licence et qui s’engagent à pratiquer une pêche responsable.
Le contrôle et la surveillance étaient des prérogatives du département de Fiscalizaçao
Maritima (FISCMAR) qui a été remplacée par la Haute Autorité pour la surveillance
maritime. Celle-ci gère 30 inspecteurs, 74 observateurs et 12 techniciens de
communication. Le département possède pour les opérations de surveillance, 3 vedettes
rapides.
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Le SSN en Guinée Bissau
En Guinée Bissau, une étude sur le système de suivi des navires n'a pas été réalisée en
raison de la création récente des services chargés de la surveillance et du contrôle des
activités de pêches.
Point de vue sur le SSN
L'atelier relatif au système de suivi des navires (SSN) pour la surveillance des pêches,
organisé conjointement par la CSRP et la FAO, vient à son heure. Cet atelier est le signe
de l'efficacité de notre organisation sous régionale et nous en attendons beaucoup pour la
Guinée Bissau. Au cours de cet atelier, les fabricants de matériel présenteront leurs
organisations ainsi que les avantages de leurs produits pour le suivi, contrôle et
surveillance (SCS).
Le contrôle des opérations de pêche engendre des coûts très élevés difficile à supporter
par les pays comme la Guinée Bissau dont les économies sont faibles. Les coûts de la
surveillance classique des activités de pêche peuvent être atténués par l'utilisation d'un
système moderne plus économique et efficace de suivi des navires qui sera considéré
comme un outil juridique dans le combat contre les infractions aux lois et règlements des
pêches. C'est pourquoi, la Guinée Bissau appuie sans réserve, l'utilisation de technologies
modernes du suivi des navires.
L'introduction du SSN doit être faite de façon progressive, comme dans les autres parties
du monde, pour permettre aux pays qui n'ont pas accès à cette technologie de s'inspirer de
l'expérience des autres.
Aspect juridique
Sur le plan juridique, la loi des pêches du 06 août 2000, stipule dans son article 45 que les
images photographiques ou tous les autres éléments obtenus par des appareils sonores ou
des équipements audio-visuels pourront être utilisés comme preuve.
Ainsi, la Guinée Bissau n'a pas besoin d'adapter sa législation pour installer des systèmes
de suivi des navires et les utiliser dans le suivi, contrôle et la surveillance.
Il est cependant nécessaire d'harmoniser les procédures relatives à l'obtention de preuves
et de l'utilisation de la technologie dans le contrôle des activités de pêche au niveau sous
régional.
Président de la Haute Autorité pour la Surveillance Maritime,
___________________________
Coronel, Pedro Pereira BARRETO
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MINISTERE DE LA PECHE ET DE L’AQUACULTURE
REPUBLIQUE DE GUINEE
Travail-Justice-Solidarité
CENTRE NATIONAL DE SURVEILLANCE
ET DE PROTECTION DES PECHES
Quartier Matam, Route du Niger, Km 10, B.P. 31967, Conakry
Conakry, le 07/11/2002
RAPPORT SUR LE VMS ARGOS
Dans la perspective de la mise en place du VMS pour des besoins du suivi contrôle des pêches en
Guinée, le Département des pêches a négocié l’expérimentation du système Argos de localisation
de navire de pêche.
Objectif :
L’objectif de cette phase expérimentale était de tester les capacités et limites du système Argos,
établir un parallèle entre ce système et le programme observateur, identifier les contraintes du
système par rapport à l’environnement technique et législatif.
Mise en route de la phase expérimentale:
Le CNSP a reçu 2 balises expérimentales.
L’une a été affectée à l’unité de surveillance Matakang basée à Kamsar dans le but de permettre
au CNSP de se familiariser avec l’utilisation du système Argos dans le contrôle des missions de
patrouille (suivi des itinéraires, orientation des missions et appréciation des plans de patrouille
…)
La seconde balise a été posée sur un navire de pêche Djoliba 2.
Cette option avait un double avantage : offrir à l’administration des pêches des informations
fiables sur les zones d’évolution des navires et susciter chez les armateurs /consignataires
nationaux, l’intérêt de disposer d’un système de suivi de leur unité de pêche.
Observations :
L’expérience des balises acquise en Guinée est encore insuffisante pour tirer des conclusions.
Toutefois, on peut noter les observations suivantes :
-
le système ARGOS est d’une installation aisée et facile. Il a suffi au personnel du
CNSP de suivre l’installation d’une seule balise pour réussir sans assistance à
installer la seconde.
-
la familiarisation avec le logiciel de traitement ELSA 99 est aisée pour un initié à
l’environnement Windows.
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-
le système ARGOS peut aider à contrôler les mouvements des unités de patrouille et
ainsi rationaliser les sorties et qualifier les plans de patrouille.
-
Grâce à la balise installée sur le Matakang, il a été possible de suivre son itinéraire
-
le système ARGOS offre la possibilité d’apprécier les données de position fournies
par les observateurs
-
une certaine incompatibilité a été relevée entre le logiciel ELSA du système Argos et
le Windows XP.
Cette incompatibilité relevée après la première installation avait valu l’organisation
d’une seconde mission pour la réinstallation du système informatique et le transfert de
l’installation du P.C. initialement prévu sur un autre ordinateur.
En dépit de l’intérêt de cet outil pour le suivi des navires de pêche, son utilisation par les
armements nécessitera la mise en place d’une législation qui conditionnerait l’accès à la ressource
à l’installation de la balise.
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Atelier sur le Système de Suivi des Navires (VMS).
Dakar, du 14 au 17 octobre 2002.
COMMUNICATION DE LA MAURITANIE SUR LE SYSTÈME DE SUIVI DES
NAVIRES
L’objectif de cette note est de présenter de façon très succincte la Délégation à la Surveillance des
Pêches et au Contrôle en Mer (DSPCM) tout en insistant sur le projet actuel de VMS en
Mauritanie.
Les activités de suivi, de contrôle et de surveillance ( SCS ) des pêches étaient confiées à la
Marine Nationale jusqu’à la création de la Direction de la Commande Pêche en 1989 dont la
mission est le déclenchement et la coordination des opérations SCS sous l’autorité du Ministre
des Pêches et de l’Economie Maritime. La DCP était le coordinateur de l’ensemble des
composantes de la surveillance et l’interlocuteur désigné de toutes les administrations impliquées
dans la surveillance.
Suite à l’avènement du nouveau droit de la mer qui consacre l’exercice par l’Etat des droits
souverains dans la ZEEM et compte tenu de la nécessité de préserver le patrimoine halieutique
mauritanien, le Gouvernement a crée par décret du 31 décembre 1994, une administration de
mission dénommée Délégation à la Surveillance des Pêches et au Contrôle en Mer.
La DSPCM, placée sous la tutelle du Ministère des Pêches et de l’Economie Maritime et dotée de
large pouvoir en matière de recherche et de répression des infractions, elle a autorité de police
administrative générale dans la zone économique exclusive mauritanienne, en particulier :
x Le contrôle et la surveillance civile des activités de la pêche
x L’application des lois et règlements de l’Etat en matière d’hygiène
et de sécurité en mer
x Le sauvetage en mer
x La lutte contre la pollution
x La lutte contre les fraudes et les trafics illicites en mer.
Pour accomplir ces missions, la DSPCM dispose des moyens suivants :
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1 centre de communication maritime pour la gestion des radiocommunications,
2 navires hauturiers de surveillance : ABBA et ARGUIN,
1 avion de surveillance affrété pour un programme annuel de surveillance aérienne,
10 embarcations pour la surveillance côtière réparties dans les postes côtiers,
3 stations radar dans la zone nord,
4 postes côtiers dans la zone sud,
1 base de données performantes pour le suivi des activités du SCS et de la pêche.
La DSPCM joue un rôle de coordination entre les différentes administrations concernées par
l’action de l’Etat en mer : la Marine Nationale, la Direction de l’Air la Gendarmerie, la Douane,
le Parc National du Banc d’Arguin, en particulier dans le domaine de la surveillance des pêches.
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Dans le cadre de son programme d’acquisition et de mise en œuvre de nouveaux équipements, la
DSPCM projette la mise en œuvre d’un système de suivi des navires de pêche par satellite en tant
que moyen d’aménagement durable des ressources halieutiques en particulier dans le domaine de
la prévention et de lutte contre la pêche illicite, non déclarée et non réglementée.
Dans ce cadre, le Gouvernement a mis en place, grâce à la coopération allemande, un projet au
niveau de la DSPCM visant l’installation d’un système de suivi des navires par satellite (SSN) au
cours des trois années à venir.
Le SSN permettra de suivre en temps réel la position, la route, la vitesse des navires licenciés en
Mauritanie et d’avoir probablement un journal électronique de pêche.
Le système sera constitué d’une salle sécurisée pour la planification et le suivi des opérations de
surveillance des activités des pêches dans la ZEEM, des transpondeurs à bord des navires de
pêche, des récepteurs sur les unités de surveillance, d’un serveur et de logiciels facilitant
l’exploitation des informations et le déploiement des patrouilleurs dans le temps et dans l’espace.
L’actuel projet prévoit une phase pilote de 12 mois qui concerne 10 navires de pêche industrielle,
équipés de transpondeurs au cours duquel le processus d’amendement de la législation, le choix
des équipements et la formation du personnel doivent être achevés.
Enfin, la DSPCM compte sur la coopération sous-régionale pour l’harmonisation des procédures,
l’identification des techniques convenables et la formation des cadres en matière de VMS.
85
N°_____________________________DPSP/SP
République du Sénégal
un Peuple - un But - une Foi
-----------
MINISTERE
DE LA
PECHE
-----------
Direction de la Protection et de la
Surveillance des Pêches (DPSP)
Cité Fenêtres Mermoz - Dakar - Corniche Ouest
Tél. : 864 05 89 - Fax : 860 31 19 - BP : 3656
PRÉSENTATION SUR LA MISE EN PLACE D’UN VMS AU SÉNÉGAL.
1/ ENJEUX RELATIFS A LA MISE EN ŒUVRE D’UN SYSTÈME VMS AU
SÉNÉGAL :
Le Sénégal dispose de 718 kilomètres de côtes contiguës à 360.000 km2 de Zone économique
exclusive (ZEE) s’étalant sur la pointe continentale la plus avancée dans l’Océan Atlantique.
Cette position, conjuguée à des atouts géo-climatiques et bio-chimiques spécifiques, a créé des
conditions favorables à l’abondance des ressources halieutiques qui font de la pêche sénégalaise
un des secteurs contribuant de manière hautement significative au développement économique et
social.
En effet, l’importance, tant la pêche industrielle que la pêche artisanale, n’est plus à démontrer
au regard de leur contribution décisive au développement économique et social du Sénégal.
La pêche artisanale, qui représente avec ses 12.000 embarcations plus de 95 % de la flotte
nationale sénégalaise et mobilise directement plus de 60.000 pêcheurs-artisans en activité, assure
une contribution considérable dans l’économie sénégalaise : plus de 70 % de la production
halieutique nationale, plus de 60 % de l’approvisionnement des usines et la presque totalité de la
consommation nationale en poisson. La pêche artisanale participe ainsi substantiellement à la
lutte contre le sous-emploi, la faim et la malnutrition. Malheureusement, la pêche artisanale paie,
chaque année, un lourd tribut à la mer du fait des conditions météorologiques exceptionnelles et
des accidents en mer.
La pêche industrielle, quant à elle, a créé plus de 80 usines de traitement de produits halieutiques
et constitue l’essentiel de la flotte moderne nationale avec ses 150 navires de pêche en activité
qui assurent 30 % des débarquements.
Toutefois, des menaces pèsent de plus en plus sur certains stocks démersaux, notamment côtiers.
Dans un souci de préservation et de protection de cette ressource, le législateur sénégalais a pris
des dispositions réglementaires interdisant l’activité de pêche chalutière dans la zone côtière des
(7) miles marins. De même, la situation géographique du Sénégal qui dispose de cinq frontières
maritimes à surveiller (Mauritanie, Gambie, Guinée-Bissau, Guinée-Conakry et Cap-Vert)
86
alourdit considérablement les missions de surveillance, notamment en matière de lutte contre les
incursions de navires pirates pratiquant une pêche illicite et non autorisée.
En conséquence, l’importance de la pêche et des intérêts à préserver explique à suffisance
pourquoi la protection des pêcheries et l’assistance des pêcheurs en matière de sécurité sont
devenues les principales préoccupations des autorités sénégalaises, grandement concernées par la
surveillance des pêches.
Ainsi, dans la perspective d’une exploitation rationnelle et durable des ressources halieutiques,
les autorités en charge du secteur ont initié un certain nombre de mesures, parmi lesquelles un
programme de protection des pêcheries qui occupent une place privilégiée dans le
développement économique et social du Sénégal.
C’est dans ce cadre que se situe le projet de mise en oeuvre d’un système de télésurveillance des
pêches.
2/ SITUATION ACTUELLE DU VMS AU SÉNÉGAL :
Si au niveau des armateurs le VMS est une réalité, pour l’Administration le processus de mise en
œuvre est encore en cours.
a)
au niveau des armateurs sénégalais :
Depuis l’An 2000, les armateurs sénégalais exploitent un système VMS basé sur la balise
ARGOS.
A ce jour, quelques 85 navires sénégalais sont équipés de balises ARGOS permettant aux
armements exploitants de gérer leur flotte.
b)
au niveau de l’Administration :
Le système VMS n’est pas encore opérationnel. Toutefois, une expérimentation est en cours
avec le concours gracieux de ARGOS, expérience qui a permis d’assurer la réception directe des
émissions de balises ARGOS installées à bord de navires qui se sont volontairement soumis aux
tests.
La mise en œuvre d’un système VMS fait actuellement l’objet d’une réflexion approfondie,
précédée d’une budgétisation pour 2003.
Cette projection financière préalable dérive d’un double impératif : elle tient compte à la fois de
l’urgence et de la nécessité de mettre en œuvre un système de contrôle devenu incontournable
pour assurer une meilleure gestion des pêcheries, ainsi que de l’objectif de posséder les
ressources financières adéquates au moment où la configuration juridique et technique du VMS
au Sénégal aura été achevée, afin de ne pas retarder sa mise en oeuvre.
3/ CONFIGURATION JURIDIQUE DU VMS AU SÉNÉGAL :
- Le nouveau décret n° 2002-763 du 29 juillet 2002 portant organisation du Ministère de la
Pêche consacre la création d’un véritable Centre Radio, Radar et Satellite (CRRS), à la place de
87
l’actuelle Permanence Radio dont la seule fonction est de gérer le trafic radio de jour et de nuit
de la Direction de la Protection et de la Surveillance des Pêches (DPSP).
Le nouveau CRRS aura donc vocation de gérer les trafics observés également au satellite et au
radar.
Afin de renforcer l’opérationnalité du CRRS, le Ministère de la Pêche a demandé et obtenu le
détachement d’éléments de Police dont 05 y seront affectés.
- Un projet d’arrêté portant organisation et fonctionnement d’un système de localisation et
de positionnement continu, auquel les armateurs sont étroitement associés, est déjà élaboré. Sa
finalisation est en cours.
Le projet d’arrêté précise, notamment :
x les catégories de navires de pêche soumis à VMS (tous les navires de pêche bénéficiant d’une
licence au Sénégal, autorisés à pêcher au-delà de la zone interdite aux navires de pêche
industrielle) ;
x les sanctions prévues pour quiconque aura déplacé, déconnecté, détruit, endommagé ou rendu
inopérant le système de positionnement et de localisation continue placé à bord du navire ou aura
volontairement altéré, détourné ou falsifié les données émises ou enregistrées par ledit système.
L’omission de signaler les défaillances accidentelles du système dans un délai de 24 heures est
également punie ;
x la situation spécifique de retrait automatique du listing des navires autorisés à pêcher, en cas de
dégradation ou d’arrêt volontaire du système ou en cas d’altération, de détournement ou de
falsification des informations qu’il émet ou enregistre ;
x les modes de constatation des infractions qui peuvent l’être, soit à partir d’une station à terre,
soit à partir d’un bâtiment se trouvant en mer, soit à partir d’un aéronef, par tout procédé utile, y
compris des moyens aérospatiaux de détection et de télécommunication ;
x les modes alternatifs de communication des informations nécessaires, en cas de panne ou de
non fonctionnement du système (communication par radio, téléphone, fax ou tout autre moyen,
chaque 24 heures à partir de l’heure où la défaillance technique a été décelée) ;
x le délai de remplacement du système installé à bord en cas de panne ou de non fonctionnement
(01 mois).
4/ CONFIGURATION TECHNIQUE DU VMS AU SÉNÉGAL :
Le système que le Sénégal doit mettre en pace doit être « Multi système » et ouvert pour gérer
des dispositifs VMS de différents types, du fait :
x de la variété des nationalités de navires autorisés à pêcher au Sénégal, notamment celles
ressortissantes de l’Union européenne ;
x des perspectives d’un VMS sous-régional qui doit configurer des systèmes voisins qui ne sont
pas forcément de même type.
88
5/ CONSIDÉRATIONS ACCESSOIRES :
La mise en œuvre d’un VMS au Sénégal ne saurait concerner que les seules autorités et
professionnels de la Pêche.
En effet, non seulement d’autres Administrations ont des besoins en la matière (la Direction de la
Marine marchande, le Port autonome de DAKAR, la Douane, etc..), mais également le champ
d’application du VMS doit être élargi à d’autres types de navires que les navires de pêche.
Toutefois, compte tenu des substantiels intérêts dérivés de l’activité de pêche, la base du système
VMS devrait en premier lieu cibler la Pêche.
89
A PAPER PRESENTED
BY THE
MINISTRY OF FISHERIES AND MARINE RESOURCES FREETOWN, SIERRA
LEONE
ON
SUB-REGIONAL VESSEL MONITORING SYSTEMS (VMS)
WORKSHOP
IN
SALY, SENEGAL, OCTOBER 14-16, 2002
MR. A. B. C. JONES
MR. T. D. K. TAYLOR
LT. COMDR. D. S. MANSARAY
VMS AS A TOOL FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN SIERRA LEONE
Geographical Background
Sierra Leone lies on the South West coast of West Africa between 7o and 10oN, and between 10o
30’ W and 13oW. It is boarded to the West North and North east by the Republic of Guinea and
to the south east by Liberia.
Resources Potential
Some 200 species of fish have been identified in the country’s EEZ with up to 80 species of
commercial importance. The continental shelf is relatively narrow and reduces in width from
about 100km from the northern end of the country to approximately 20km in the south. The
northern shelf constitutes the most productive fishing areas of Sierra Leone while the southern
shelf has limited fish resources. However, the country is known to be host to one of the richest
and most diverse fisheries along the West Coast of Africa.
USSR and FAO fishery surveys between 1982-1991 estimated the total Biomass to be between
415,200 – 718,400mt.
In 2000, total Biomass estimates by the Institute of Marine Biology and Oceanography (IMBO)
was 450,000mt. Total estimated potential yields from the USSR and FAO surveys (1982-1991)
was between 116,000-193,000mt., while 180,000mt was reported by IMBO.
Commercial exploitation of the resource is done on joint venture bases with Koreans, Chinese,
Panamanians, Senegalese, Italians, Spanish, Greeks and Soviets.
90
MCS Situation
The development, management and conservation of the fisheries resources is vested in the hands
of the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources. This Ministry (MFMR) operates under the
guidance of a Management and Development Act of 1994 which made provision for the
establishment of an MCS Unit. MCS therefore is one of the management tools through which the
Ministry’s objective can be achieved and the focus is on both aerial and maritime surveillance.
The surveillance arm of the Ministry (MFMR) is logistically disadvantaged in terms of having the
correct equipment to pursue and apprehend violators of the fisheries laws. Aerial assets such as
aircraft are not available except through sub-regional arrangements.
In the past, the navy was assigned by the Ministry to carry out surveillance activities. Also two
private firms were contracted to carry out the Ministry’s maritime protection mandate. The first
was a joint venture firm (UK/SL) operating a large patrol vessel to monitor off shore activities,
with smaller RIBs for inshore patrols.
The other firm was a Sierra Leone Company whose activities were basically confined within the
IEZ because they used only RIBs. Funding for the surveillance operations of this company came
from fines shared between them and the Government since no money was advanced by the
Ministry to cover their running cost.
At the moment, only the Navy is undertaking fisheries surveillance patrols for the Ministry
through a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU).
Support from an ADB programme for MCS is expected very soon of which surveillance aspects
will be done by the Navy in conjunction with the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources.
An agreement between MFMR and the Navy is near conclusion. The MCS Unit will be working
with the Navy during this project, during which time also the unit will be strengthened to take
over MCS activities fully at the end of the project.
The tasking for Navy is to monitor both offshore and inshore areas of the territorial waters to
prevent poaching by unlicensed fishing vessels and illegal activities by licensed fishing vessels
using their large patrol vessel. Because of the inefficiency of the vessel, it is possible that the task
of the Navy will be logistically constrained.
Our priority therefore at national level is to build up our capacities to fight against the problems
of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. To facilitate this we need to continuously monitor
our waters particularly the EEZ to prevent poaching and other illegal fishing activities.
Intensification of joint surveillance operations both maritime and aerial are extremely necessary
at sub-regional level.
Why Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS)
With the surmounting problems we are faced with in effectively carrying out our MCS activities
such as the lack of an efficient patrol vessel etc, we in Sierra Leone would need a system to
compliment the conventional mode of surveillance.
91
Global sub-regional conventions point to the fact of responsible fishing both nationally and
internationally, therefore the VMS whose functions are found to be beyond the scope of
conventional mode interms of information gathering could be a step in the right direction.
Presently, the VMS is non-existent in Sierra Leone therefore we may need to sensitize the private
sector (fishing vessel owners) on the use of the system.
The use of VMS at both national and regional level in the short term cannot be overemphasised.
The Global concept on VMS is very clear as it points to the implementation of the International
Plan of Action (IPOA) which stands to fight against IUU fishing.
The Fisheries Management and Development Act of 1994, makes provision for the use of
observer devices in which section 88 sub-section (1-3) state:(i)
“The Minister of Fisheries and Marine Resources may by notice in the Gazette designate
any device or machine or class of devices or machines as an observer device.”
(ii)
“Observer device” means any device or machine placed on a fishing vessel in accordance
with this Act, as a condition of its licence or access agreement or related agreement,
which transmits, whether in conjunction with other machines elsewhere or not,
information or data concerning the position and fishing activities of the vessel.”
(iii)
“The information or data concerning the vessel’s position and fishing activities referred
to in Sub-section (2) may be fed or input manually into the observer device or
automatically from machines abroad the vessel or ascertained by the use of the observer
device transmissions in conjunction with other machines.”
The legislation for the use of VMS in Sierra Leone has been made clear by the above quoted
sections of the Fisheries Management and Development Act of 1994. Therefore the legal
implications have been taken care off.
What is envisaged as a problem with the use of VMS could be the inability to receive signals
from the system which could be by design of the Master in which regard a strong legislation must
be put in place to penalise defaulters.
93
ANNEX 7.
COMMERCIAL BRIEFS
Annex 7.1
INMARSAT Brief
Slide 1
Slide 4
GMDSS Provision Via
Inmarsat Safety Services
INMARSAT BRIEF
Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS)
Slide 2
Slide 5
Inmarsat - World Ocean Coverage
Inmarsat C
Launched in January 1991
Over 60,000 maritime Inmarsat C
terminals installed world wide
Not just for VMS…
Two way store & forward messaging
Send & receive text messages from telex, X.25, email
Send messages to fax
Data Reporting and Polling
Automatic status reporting and position requests
Slide 3
Slide 6
Inmarsat System
Overview
Inmarsat C
cont./
Distress Priority Messaging
Enhanced Group Calls (EGC) SafetyNET and FleetNET
Vessel to vessel messaging
Monitoring and tracking
Reception of weather data
Reception of electronic chart corrections
End User
Commercial information
PSTN/PSDN
Security (Piracy – IMB)
94
Slide 10
Slide 7
Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) Case Study cont./
Continual Improvement
Launched 2001 Inmarsat Mini C - lower cost, lower power
Supplements existing Inmarsat C services
Argentina
Argentina has awarded a contract for the
implementation of VMS to monitor approximately
400 vessels using Inmarsat C.
Message Terminal:
- TT-3606C
- Laptop, PC
I/O Pin Connectors:
- External Sensors
Slide 11
Slide 8
Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) Case Study
Mini-C exclusive features
Australia
AFMA has been monitoring deep-sea trawlers
using Inmarsat C for their VMS for more than five
years. Approximately 300 vessels – further
additions expected.
• Lower transmit power
• Composite antenna
– Tx/Rx + GPS
• Reduced equipment
This has been a highly successful implementation
of VMS, raising the level of compliance to a high
level and achieving a high degree of approval from
the fishing industry.
costs Max. message
size of 10KB (Inmarsat C is 32KB)
• NOT Distress compliant (but supports
mini-C
Emergency Alerting and SafetyNET)
Also Inmarsat C is used for Reef reg
Slide 12
Slide 9
Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) Case Study cont./
VMS Set-up
GPS Satellites
The European Union
The most extensive VMS programme in the world
is that being implemented by the European Union
(EU).
Inmarsat Satellite
Monitoring Control
Fishing
& Surveillance
Fleet
(MCS) HQ
Member 1
2
……..
255
Internet
ISDN
PSTN
X.25
per DNID
If more than 255 in fleet,
then additional DNID
required
Land Earth
Station
In total, about 7000 vessels are subject to VMS and
many EU countries already have their Inmarsat C
based systems operational.
95
Slide 13
Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) Case Study cont./
Slide 16
Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) Case Study cont./
Japan
Japan has conducted a number of trials with
various types of VMS equipment and has used an
Inmarsat system for about four years to receive
catch and effort reports and historical position data
from a significant number of vessels
Slide 14
Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) Case Study cont./
USA
The successful use of Inmarsat C for VMS in
Hawaiian waters has been well documented.
The system has been used to monitor closed waters
of ecologically sensitivity and the National Marine
and Fisheries Service has reported on numerous
successful interceptions and prosecutions.
Slide 17
Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) Case Study cont./
Morocco
Morocco has announced a contract that will lead to
about 300 vessels being monitored via an Inmarsat
C VMS.
Others
There are numerous other smaller VMS
implementations at various stages of trial and
implementation.
Other countries with VMS programmes include
Chile, Peru, South Africa, Namibia, the Russian
Federation and organisations such as NAFO.
Slide 15
Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) Case Study cont./
New Zealand
New Zealand has been using VMS for position
tracking of approximately 150 deep-sea trawlers
for close to five years.
The Ministry of Fisheries has reported on the
success of the system on numerous occasions and
is examining ways of extending and improving its
use
Slide 18
Benefits of Inmarsat VMS
GEO satellites giving constant World Ocean Coverage –
no delays in waiting for satellites to come into view.
IMO demands minimum 99.9% availability for GMDSS
– we constantly exceed this.
96
Slide 19
Benefits of Inmarsat VMS
cont./
Inmarsat offers timeliness of receipt of data
Support for external input such as catch reports
and electronic logbooks
Allows fleets to conform to VMS requirements yet
use the same terminal for their own commercial and safety
operations
Can be used for Maritime Safety Information and security
Slide 20
Benefits of Inmarsat VMS
cont./
Small discrete antenna
Automatic status reporting and position requests
configured down to 15 minute intervals for SOLAS
compliant vessels and 1.5 minute intervals for nonSOLAS
compliant vessels.
Position requests can be adjusted remotely by VMS
operators within the intervals specified above.
97
Annex 7.2
ARGOS Brief
Slide 1
Slide 4
Atelier régional CSRP / FAO
Saly, 14/17 Octobre 2002
COLLECTE LOCALISATION SATELLITES (CLS)
Présentation des solutions VMS ARGOS
Science et technologie pour étudier et surveiller notre planète
Jean-Pascal Chabaud
e-mail: [email protected]
1
Slide 2
4
Slide 5
Solutions VMS Argos: du simple au complexe
COLLECTE LOCALISATION SATELLITES
• Société privée, créée en 1986
• Actionnaires:
– CNES, Centre National d ’Etudes Spatiales
(55%)
– Ifremer, Centre Français pour la Recherche
et l ’Exploitation de la mer (15%)
– Banques (30%)
2
Slide 3
5
Slide 6
COLLECTE LOCALISATION SATELLITES
PLAN DE L’EXPOSE.
•
A- Présentation de CLS
•
B- Présentation du VMS Argos
• Spécialisée dans le développement, l ’exploitation et la
promotion de différents systèmes satellitaires pour l ’étude et la
protection de l’environnement:
– le système Argos
– le système VMS Argonet
– Argos, système mondial de localisation et collecte de
données par satellite,
•
C- La pêche artisanale (pirogues)
•
D- Démonstration:Elsa.
•
E- Les solutions FMC
– Océanographie spatiale: altimétrie et étude de l ’océan (ERS
& TOPEX POSEIDON, JASON, ENVISAT),
•
CONCLUSION
– Sécurité et sauvetage par satellite avec SARSAT,
Cap-Vert
– DORIS, système d ’orbitographie et de localisation très
précise,
– Conseil et ingéniérie: développement de systèmes clés en
main , installation et exploitation de centres de contrôle (FMC)
3
6
98
Slide 7
Slide 10
COLLECTE LOCALISATION SATELLITES (CLS)
LE SYSTEME ARGOS: 9000 balises actives
Points à retenir sur notre compagnie :
• CLS adossée à l’Agence Spatiale Française:
• garantie sur la pérennité du système satellitaire
• mise à jour permanente de nos connaissances spatiales
• CLS s’appuie sur un Institut réputé en matière d’études marines
• compétences toujours actualisées dans le domaine des
pêches
• CLS: supports de banques privées
• assurent notre développement et nos investissements
• CLS: longue implication dans l’étude de l’environnement, intérêt
de longue date pour la mise en place d’une pêche responsable.
7
Slide 8
10
Slide 11
Principe du système Argos
LESYSTEME ARGOS: pérennité
Une solution satellitaire intégrée
transmission
satellite
Segment
sol
balise
émettrice
Un seul opérateur, une seule interfa c e: CLS
8
Slide 9
11
Slide 12
Le système ArgoNet : approuvé dans le monde entier
LE SYSTEME ARGOS: les applications
20000
• étudier l’océan et le climat,
10000
8000
• contrôler les risques
industriels,
Taiwan
Canada
Espagne
Viet Nam
Malaisie
Mexique
Islande
Danemark
Corée
Philippines
Norvège
0
• suivre les bateaux de
course,
Inde
2000
Thaïlande
Science
19%
4000
• surveiller les volcans,
Indonésie
JTA
17%
6000
Chine
Développement
14.5%
20 pays
pêcheurs
les plus
importants
(en milliers
de tonnes)
12000
• protéger la faune,
USA
19%
Russie
24%
Absence of Argos
14000
Chili
Applications
terrestres
marines
projects
16000
Japon
Applications
Argos
18000
• protéger les ressources
marines,
Pérou
Animaux
4%
Courses/Aventure
2.5%
• suivre les aventuriers
9
12
99
Slide 13
Slide 16
LE SYSTEME ArgoNet: le logiciel ELSA
Les Centres de Surveillance des Pêches
Un centre de contrôle développé spécialement pour les
applications de contrôle des pêches:
Réception directe (PST 2610)
• réception des données (position,
rapports de pêche, etc…)
• visualisation des positions et
route des bateaux
• archivage des informations dans
une base de données Access
Traite l’activité des bateaux
Permet le contrôle des ZEE
• gestion optimisée de la pêche
• configuration minimale
13
Slide 14
16
Slide 17
LE SYSTEME ArgoNet: optimisation de la pêche
Adaptation du produit
pour la pêche artisanale
• chaque armateur peut disposer de son propre centre de
contrôle,
• solution économique pour:
– visualiser ses bateaux depuis son bureau,
– connaître l ’activité de ses bateaux,
• Développement de la balise « pirogue »
– lutter contre le transbordement illégal et la piraterie,
• Caractéristiques
– répondre aux réglementations VMS.
• Avantages
• outil d’aide à la décision.
• l ’archivage des données permet une justification en cas de
conflit.
• gestion de la pêche en temps quasi-réel.
• sécurité.
14
Slide 15
LE SYSTEME ArgoNet:
aspect demande d’assistance
• Le système Argos n’est pas conçu pour répondre à la
réglementation GMDSS (sécurité maritime),
• Toutefois le système Argos participe à la sécurité en mer:
• Bouton de demande d’assistance dont la gestion est de la
responsabilité de l’autorité de surveillance.
• Outil PST2610 embarqué sur avion ou patrouilleur
15
17