3/1/2016
Getting from AEDGs to
Zero-Energy Buildings
Drury B. Crawley, Ph.D.
FASHRAE, AIA, BEMP, FIBPSA
Bentley Systems, Inc.
1 March 2016
Energy Use Worldwide by Sector
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
Industrial
Transportation
Residential
Commercial
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
EIA 2013, Eurostat 2014
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U.S. Buildings’ Energy Use
Commercial
Residential Buildings
Buildings Energy
Energy End-Uses
End-Uses 2014
2014
Heating, 29.3%
Lighting, 14.8%
Water Heating,
12.4%
Heating, 14.3%
Cooling, 9.2%
Transportation
Ventilation,
8.6%
Lighting,
7.2%
27.3%
Refrigeration,
5.1% Cooling, 8.1%
Televisions, 4.6%
Clothes Refrigeration,
Dryers,
6.1% Buildings 40.8%
3.1%
Cooking,
2.6%
Water
Heating, 4.5%
Fans and Pumps,
2.1% Equipment, 3.6%
Office
Industrial
Computers,32.0%
1.7%
Dishwashers,
Computers, 1.6%
1.3%
Freezers, 1.1%
Cooking,
1.5%
Clothes
Washers,
0.4%
Residential
22.0%
Commercial
18.8%
Other Uses, Other Uses, 37.0%
19.8%
Energy Information Administration. 2015. Annual Energy Outlook 2015, EIA-0383 (2015). Washington, D.C.
First Steps to Zero —
Advanced Energy Design
Guides (AEDGs)
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AEDGs? 50%?
Advanced Energy Design Guide (AEDG):

multiple ways, but not the only way to build energy-efficient
buildings that use significantly less energy than code-minimum
building (ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004)

Six original guides targeted 30% energy savings: Small Office,
Small Retail, K-12 Schools, Small Warehouse, Small hotel, and
Small Hospital

Five 50% guides recently completed, targeting 50% less energy
use than Standard 90.1
Five 50% Guides
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AEDG Development
 Collaboration among four organizations
 DOE provided research funding for national labs
and technical reports
 Volunteer effort (2250 - 5000 hours each guide)
 Two Peer Reviews
 Educational guidance – not a Standard
Development

Original 30% guides target: contractors, designers, and
design/build firms; focus on simple prescriptive recommendations

50% guides assume higher level of modeling expertise and design
integration

Easy to use prescriptive recommendation tables, “how-to”
guidance and bonus savings

50% Guides add “Performance” design strategies and/or energy
targets
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Development

50% savings determined using whole building energy savings

Energy is independent variable & cost-effectiveness is dependent
variable

TSDs (Technical Support Documents) written by National labs
include sections on cost-effectiveness

Guides recommend off-the-shelf technology – must be available
from at least 2 manufacturers
Focus

New Construction

Also applicable to:

Complete/Major Renovations

Building Additions

Remodeling/Modernization Projects

Systems Upgrades

AEDG requirements include Opaque Envelope, Fenestration,
Daylighting, Lighting, HVAC, SWH, Plug, Kitchen Equipment,
Quality Assurance – Cx, M&V, benchmarking

Includes Additional Bonus Savings
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General Design Strategy

Minimize envelope heating/cooling loads, both sensible and latent


Minimize internal loads


construction, solar, infiltration, water vapor diffusion, and thermal mass
Lighting and plug loads
Maximize mechanical system performance

Ventilation loads

HVAC Equipment and system efficiencies

Service Water heater equipment efficiencies
Example Outline (Schools)

Foreword – Message to School Boards & Administrators

Chapter 1 – Introduction

Chapter 2 – Integrated Design Process & Best Practices

Chapter 3 – Performance Targets & Whole Building Case
Studies

Chapter 4 – Prescriptive Recommendations by Climate
Zone

Chapter 5 – How-to Implement Recommendations with
Technology Examples

Appendices: bonus savings
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Recommendations by Climate
Zones (Std 169/90.1-2016)
World Climate Zones -Standard 169-2013
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Europe Climate Zones (Std 90.1/169)
Recommendations Tables
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High Performance Buildings
Examples
Technology Examples
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How-to Tips
Tables of
Information
Climate Zones
Specified
Highlighted
Information
How-to Tips
Illustrations of Concepts
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AEDG for
K-12 School Buildings:
50% Savings
Scope

All sizes of elementary, middle, and high schools

Space Types: administrative, office, classroom, hallway,
restroom, gymnasium, assembly space, library, food
preparation, and dining.

Excludes atypical spaces such as indoor swimming pools,
wet labs, dirty dry labs, and spaces with extraordinary
heat or pollution generation.
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Analytical Approach

Two representative prototypes

Recommendations for all 8 climate zones plus moist/dry for 16
total locations

Multiple HVAC Systems modeled: VAV/DOAS, FCU/DOAS, &
GSHP/DOAS

Energy Savings:

51-65% relative to 90.1-2004

47% relative to 90.1-2007

28% relative to 90.1-2010

55% relative to 90.1-1999
Baseline Prototype Characteristics
Size:
7000 m2
Size:
20 000 m2
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Baseline Prototype HVAC
System Details
Daylight Modeling Details
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VAV/DOAS and PSZ System Details
VAV/DOAS System Results
Primary School
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FCU/DOAS System Details
FCU/DOAS System Results
Primary School
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GSHP/DOAS System Details
GSHP/DOAS System Results
Primary School
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Prescriptive Recommendations

Envelope – insulation, vestibules

Fenestration – FFR, SHGC, VT, sun control

Daylighting – % of floor area

Interior Lighting – LPD, ballasts, controls

Exterior Lighting – facades, parking lots

Plug Loads – equipment, controls, kitchen

SWH/ HVAC systems


VAV-DOAS, FCU-DOAS, GSHP-DOAS
Quality Assurance – Cx, M&V, benchmarking
Prescriptive Recommendations:
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Additional Bonus Savings

Alternative HVAC Systems
 Natural

Ventilation, Evaporative Cooling, IAQP
 Thermal
Storage, Thermal Mass
 Thermal
Displacement Ventilation
Renewable Energy
 Photovoltaic,
 Transpired
 Power
Wind Turbine
Solar Collector
Purchase Agreements
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AEDG for
Small to Medium Office Buildings:
50% Savings
Scope

Offices up to 10 000 m2

Buildings: administrative/professional, government,
bank/financial, and medical offices (without diagnostic
equipment)

Space Uses: private and open plan offices, conference,
lounge, lobby, corridor, stairway, storage, restroom,
mechanical/electrical rooms

Excludes specialty spaces such as data centers
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Baseline Office Prototypes


2000 m2 small office

30 m x 30 m, 3.6 m high

concrete block construction

20% WWR

DX air conditioner with gas
furnace

air source heat pump with
electric supplemental heat
5000 m2 medium office

50 m x 30 m, 4 m high

steel frame construction

33% WWR

DX air conditioner with VAV air distribution

electric Heat (CZ 1-4) or

hot water baseboard heat (CZ 5-8)
Analytical Approach

Two representative prototypes: 2000 m2 small office and 5000 m2
medium office

Recommendations for 8 climate zones plus humid/dry (16 locations)

Energy Savings vs 90.1:

90.1-2004:
50-61%

90.1-2007:
46%

90.1-2010:
31%

90.1-1999:
55%
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Medium Office with Radiant System
Medium Office with VAV System
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Prescriptive Recommendations

Envelope – Insulation, Vestibules

Fenestration – Orientation, SHGC, U-factor

Daylighting – VT/SHGC, EA

Interior Lighting – LPD, Controls

Exterior Lighting – Facades, Parking lots

Plug Loads – Equipment, Controls

SWH/ HVAC Systems


Packaged Single-zone, WSHP, VAV-DX, VAV CHW, Fan Coils, Radiant Systems
Quality Assurance – Cx, M&V, benchmarking
Prescriptive Requirements
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Additional Bonus Savings

Daylighting –
Toplighting

Natural Ventilation

Additional HVAC
Systems

Renewable Energy

Photovoltaic

Solar Hot Water

Wind Turbine
50% AEDGs Available
Small to Medium Offices
K-12 Schools
 Medium to Big Box Retail
 Large Hospitals
 Grocery Stores



All the AEDGs available as free
PDF download from: www.ashrae.org/aedg

Technical support documents describing
the process and results are available here:
energy.gov/eere/buildings/advanced-energy-design-guides
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Impact of the 30% AEDGs
Expected Impact of the 50% AEDGs
Impact

ASHRAE eLearning courses

Market Assessment

Referenced in RFP Specifications

Building Owners

Reference Buildings

ASHRAE/USGBC/IESNA Std 189.1

ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1
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30% AEDGs Directly Influenced
Standard 90.1-2010

National lab supporting Standard 90.1 also supported
development of 30% savings AEDGs (and 50% savings AEDGs)

Reviewed AEDGs to identify energy savings measures to reach
30% target of 90.1-2010

90.1-2010 is ~25% savings relative to 90.1-2004

~110 addenda of which ~50 are energy-related. Of these, ~20 were drawn
from the AEDGs

Estimate that AEDGs directly contributed ~10% of 25% savings (or 40%)
Increasd Energy Savings in
Standard 90.1 by Building Type
90.1-2013
90.1-2010
90.1-2007
Building Type
90.1-2004
Energy Use Indices (kBtu/ft2-y)
Percentage Energy Savings
90.1-2010 90.1-2013
over 90.1- over 90.12004
2004
Building Type
Floor Area
Weight (%)
High-Rise Apartment
55.29
53.75
50.41
46.91
8.8%
15.2%
8.97%
Mid-Rise Apartment
52.12
49.24
46.34
43.86
11.1%
15.9%
7.32%
Hospital
170.45
173.86
131.26
123.68
23.0%
27.4%
3.45%
Large Hotel
123.47
125.90
96.85
89.00
21.6%
27.9%
4.95%
Small Hotel
73.34
68.04
63.62
59.99
13.2%
18.2%
1.72%
Large Office
84.54
81.74
71.88
70.84
15.0%
16.2%
3.33%
Medium Office
49.49
46.39
36.79
34.05
25.7%
31.2%
6.05%
Small Office
42.37
40.05
33.02
29.38
22.1%
30.7%
5.61%
Outpatient
148.03
148.03
120.23
115.77
18.8%
21.8%
4.37%
Quick Service Restaurant
653.67
640.63
604.51
576.58
7.5%
11.8%
0.59%
Full Service Restaurant
471.22
446.88
389.23
372.67
17.4%
20.9%
0.66%
Stand-alone Retail
79.52
68.64
53.35
45.92
32.9%
42.3%
15.25%
5.67%
Strip Mall
83.66
72.82
60.40
55.09
27.8%
34.1%
Primary School
80.08
74.17
60.10
54.22
24.9%
32.3%
4.99%
Secondary School
72.94
65.27
48.01
41.74
34.2%
42.8%
10.36%
Warehouse
25.54
23.34
18.23
17.14
28.6%
32.9%
16.72%
US National Average
76.34
71.76
58.77
54.13
23.0%
29.1%
100.0%
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Increased Stringency Standards 90.1/189.1
110
100
Standard 90-75
Standard 90A-1980
14% Savings
90
4% Savings
Standard 90.1-1989
Standard 90.1-1999
Energy Use Index (1975 Use = 100)
80
11% Savings
Standard 90.1-2007
Standard 90.1-2004
70
60
Standard 90.1-2010
Standard 189.1-2009
50
Standard 189.1-2011
40
30
Standard 90.1-2013
Standard 189.1-2014
20
10
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
2000
2005
2010
2015
Source: DOE Building Energy Codes Program
Can we get to Net Zero
Energy Buildings?
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What is an Zero Energy Building (ZEB)?

An energy-efficient building, where on a source
energy basis, the actual annual delivered
energy is less than or equal to the on-site
renewable exported energy.
Boundaries
 Building
and its site
 Campus:
set of closely related buildings
 Community
of buildings
 Portfolio
of buildings (single owner, different
locations)
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ZEB Definition Variations

Zero Energy Campus


Zero Energy Portfolio


An energy-efficient campus where the actual annual source
energy consumption is balanced by on-site renewable energy.
An energy-efficient portfolio where the combined actual annual
source energy consumption is balanced by on-site renewable
energy.
Zero Energy Community

An energy-efficient community where the actual annual source
energy consumption is balanced by on-site renewable energy.
Technical Potential

Assessment of the Technical Potential
for Achieving Net Zero-Energy Buildings
in the Commercial Sector
www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/41957.pdf

Methodology for Analyzing the
Technical Potential for Energy
Performance Across the
Commercial Sector
www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/41956.pdf

ASHRAE Research Project 1651-RP (completed
in 2016) updated this analysis for ASHRAE energy
standards development; savings of >45%
over 90.1-2010. Report free for members:
rp.ashrae.biz/researchproject.php?rp_id=674
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ZEB Characteristics
40%
Number of floors
impacts ability to reach
ZEB goal
25%
LZEB 2025
• Roof area
• Daylighting
13%
6%
90
96
91
90
70
64
59
80
77
73
67
62
58
53 54
43 44
50
43
32
30
10
6
5
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(ou sales
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Percent savings needed to reach ZEB goal
Energy Efficiency
Subsector
Need 60% to 70% decrease in energy consumption of
commercial buildings in order for renewables to supply the balance
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Great Potential
in Commercial
Buildings
Great Potential:
Real ZEB
Commercial
Buildings
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High-Performance Buildings Database
First Database with Net-Zero Energy Buildings:
http://commercialbuildings.energy.gov/
Location
Floor Area,
ft2 (m2)
Annual Purchased
Energy, kBtu/ft2-y
(MJ/m2-y)
Aldo Leopold Legacy Center
Baraboo, WI
11,300 (1050)
-2.02 (-24.9)
Audubon Center at Debs Park
Los Angeles, CA
5,020 (465)
Challengers Tennis Club
Los Angeles, CA
3,500 (325)
-0.096 (-1.09)
Environmental Tech. Center, Sonoma
State
Rohnert Park, CA
2,200 (205)
-1.47 (-16.69)
Kailua-Kona, HI
3,600 (335)
-3.46 (-39.29)
San Jose, CA
6,560 (610)
-0.00052 (-0.0059)
Oberlin College Lewis Center
Oberlin, OH
13,600 (1265)
-4.23 (-48.036)
Science House
St. Paul, MN
1,530 (145)
0
Building
Hawaii Gateway Energy Center
IDeAs Z2 Design Facility
System Details
Building
Building Use
PV System Size, kW
% Savings w/o
PV
Floors
HVAC System Type
Aldo Leopold
Commercial office
406
70%
1
GSHP; Radiant Slab; Earth-Tube;
Natural Ventilation
Audubon Center
Recreation; Park
25
-
1
Solar Hot Water; Absorption Chiller;
Natural Ventilation
Challengers
Tennis Club
Recreation
6
60%
2
Natural Ventilation
Environmental Tech.
Higher education;
Center, Sonoma State Laboratory
3
80%
1
Natural Ventilation; Passive Solar
Heating/Cooling; Thermal Mass;
Radiant Heating
Hawaii Gateway
Commercial office
20
80%
1
Natural Ventilation;
Cold Sea Water to Cool Air
IDeAs Z2
Commercial office
30
60%
2
GSHP; Radiant Slab
Oberlin College
Higher education;
Library; Assembly
160
54%
2
GSHP; Radiant Slab
Science House
Interpretive Center
8.8
60%
1
GSHP; Natural Ventilation; Passive
Solar Heating
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Large Zero Energy Building!
Objectives


Critical

Stretch

Health and Life Safety

Net zero energy

LEED Platinum


Energy Star
Most energy efficient building
in world

LEED Platinum Plus

ASHRAE 90.1 + 50%
Goal

220,000 ft2 (20 000 m2)

800 people

35 kBtu/ft2-y (400 MJ/m2-y)

100 kW data center

Flexible

BIM / energy model

Complete in 2010
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Energy End-Use
kBtu/ft2-y
MJ/m2-y
Space Heating
8.58
Space Cooling
0.85
9.65
Pumps
0.48
5.45
Ventilation Fans
1.88
21.35
Domestic Hot Water
0.90
10.22
Exterior Lights
0.12
1.36
Lights
2.07
23.51
Office Plug Loads
7.87
89.36
Task Lights
0.10
1.14
12.11
137.53
Data Center Cooling
0.02
0.23
Data Center Fans
0.20
2.27
Data Center Power
97.44
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Technologies to Get to Zero?

Modularity

Massing (long axis E-W)

Double skin

Daylighting – Shading

Natural Ventilation

Thermal labyrinth

Data center heat
recovery

Data center cooling

PV
What did they achieve?

LEED Platinum 58 of 69 LEED-NC points

Operating at net zero-energy including
and site mounted PV (since July 2011)

Energy use: 35.4 kBtu/ft2-y (400 MJ/m2-y)
vs predicted 35.1 kBtu/ft2-y

Peak plug loads of 0.35 W/ft2 (3.7 W/m2)
vs predicted 0.55 W/ft2 (6 W/m2)

100% of workstations are daylit

Peak LPD of 0.3 W/ft2 (3.2 W/m2)

Workspace for 1300 staff, 360,000 ft2 (33,500 m2)

http://www.nrel.gov/sustainable_nrel/rsf.html
roof
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And in 2011, A New Wing for RSF
Results
Objectives

20 kBtu/ft2-y (230 MJ/m2-y) measured
50% energy cost savings

17% more efficient than RSF
Assured performance with
incentives

5% capital cost savings

27


kBtu/ft2-y
(300
MJ/m2-y)
Working Towards a Net Zero Micro-Grid
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Photovoltaic System
Walgreens
Evanston, Illinois
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Walgreens Objectives

First net-zero energy retail store in the US

LEED Platinum

Living Building Challenge Net Zero Certification

Open in 14 months – design and construction
What Technologies Did They Use?

Ultra-high-efficiency mechanical and refrigeration
system

CO2 refrigerant

Geothermal heat pump

All LED lighting – 0.9 W/ft2 (10 W/m2)

Daylighting, with 5 zones

Natural ventilation with operable windows

Building automation

850 solar panels (220,000 kWh annually)

Two wind turbines
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How did they do?

40% less energy than conventional store

Model for future stores and remodels

First year they were 15% short –
corrective actions made
Bullit Center
Seattle, Washington
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Bullit Center Objectives

Greenest building in the world

Meet all requirements of the Living Building Challenge:

Net-zero energy

Net-zero water

Non-toxic materials

Increased functional ecosystem area

Enhance human health

Contribute to social equity

Emphasize beauty

Integrated Building Design

Living laboratory
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Bullitt Center
McGilvra Place
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What Features Did They
Incorporate?

EUI of 16 kBtu/ft2-y (180 MJ/m2-y)

Triple-glazed, low-e, operable windows
(natural ventilation)

Daylighting for all occupants

Rainwater harvesting, vortex, ceramic filters
(reverse osmosis) and UV treatment for
potable water

Composting toilets

Durability – structure designed for 250-year life

Local and safe materials

Ground-source heating pump

Solar canopy (242 kW) covers roof and
provides overhangs
Passive Heating/Cooling
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Radiant Heating
What did they achieve?

Living Building Challenge
Certified

LEED Platinum

Operating at net-zero energy
and water
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Bullitt Center Performance
60,000
50,000
Electric Consumption, kWh
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
-10,000
-20,000
-30,000
-40,000
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
SCL Power Used
PV Exported to SCL
PV Used by Bullitt
Savings over Baseline
Bullitt Building Use
Est. Code Baseline
SCL Net Meter - SVC 4
Proposed Tenant Building
Dec
Jan
Proposed Building Energy Use
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NZEB Worldwide
http://batchgeo.com/map/net-zero-energy-buildings
IEA BCS Annex 52, 2013
Many new ZEBs and ZECs!
New Buildings Institute. 2014. Getting to Zero Status Update, Vancouver, WA.
www.newbuildings.org/zero-energy
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NZEB of the Future?
Probably More Like NREL RSF
Or These Recent Zero Energy Buildings
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Summary

Today’s energy standards are pushing buildings to use 60% less
energy than 40 years ago

Beyond those energy standards and codes:


Possible today to cost-effectively construct buildings that use
substantially less energy

Guidelines exist to help designers those savings another 50%
Low and net zero energy buildings are being constructed and
operated today
No Single Metric Tells
the Building Performance Story

Energy

Demand

Cost

Water

IEQ

Carbon

Business
(student, occupied room, sales, beer)
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Ευχαριστώ!
Ερωτήσεις;
Dru Crawley
[email protected]
@DruCrawley
DruCrawley
50% AEDGs Available
Small to Medium Offices
K-12 Schools
 Medium to Big Box Retail
 Large Hospitals
 Grocery Stores



All the AEDGs available as free
PDF download from: www.ashrae.org/aedg

Technical support documents describing
the process and results are available here:
energy.gov/eere/buildings/advanced-energy-design-guides
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50% AEDG Technical Support
Documents
Medium Box Retail
www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/42828.pdf
Grocery Stores
www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/42829.pdf
Highway Lodging
www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-18773.pdf
Medium Office Buildings
www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-18774.pdf
General Merchandise
www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09osti/46100.pdf
Small Office Buildings
www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-19341.Pdf
Large Hospital
www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/47867.pdf
Large Office
www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/49213.pdf
Quick-Service Restaurant
www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-19809.pdf
More on the NZEB NREL Research
Support Facility

NREL RSF web site:
www.nrel.gov/sustainable_nrel/rsf.html

"The Design-Build Process for the Research Support Facility”
www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/51387.pdf

Energy Performance Update
www.nrel.gov/sustainable_nrel/pdfs/rsf_operations.pdf

Reducing Data Center Loads for a Large-Scale, Net Zero Office Building
www.nrel.gov/sustainable_nrel/pdfs/52785.pdf
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