SEX EDUCATION
HEALTH EDUCATION UNIT # 2
HIV/AIDS 101
Agree or Disagree, now tell us why…
 HIV+ people should be required to tell schools or
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employers that they have the virus.
I would insist on using protection even if a partner didn’t
want to.
If I were HIV+, I would tell someone before I asked him or
her on a date or accepted a date.
I would be uncomfortable around a family member or
friend who told me they had HIV.
Health care workers should have the right to refuse to
care for an HIV+ person.
Your team plays against a team rumored to have an HIV+
player. You play less aggressively.
Myth or Fact?
You Decide!
 A person can be infected with HIV through the bite of a
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mosquito?
Only male homosexuals get AIDS?
It is not a good idea to eat in a restaurant because the
people handling the food might be infected with HIV?
You can tell if a person is infected with HIV just by the way
he or she looks?
A person infected with HIV cannot infect another person
until he or she develops symptoms of AIDS?
You are likely to get infected with HIV from blood used in a
transfusion?
You are likely to get infected with HIV from using a public
restroom?
HIV/AIDS
HIV
AIDS
 Human Immunodeficiency
 Acquired Immune
Virus
 Virus that attacks T-cells
(lymphocytes) of the
immune system and makes
it difficult for the body to
combat infections.
Deficiency Syndrome
 Last and most severe stage
of HIV
 HIV is considered AIDS
when a person’s T-cell
count falls below 200
 A normal T-cell count is 500
or higher
Transmission of HIV
 Blood to blood contact (needs an ENTRY to
the body, sharing needles).
 Sexual Intercourse (oral, vaginal, or anal;
semen and vaginal secretions).
 An infected woman to her child before,
during or after birth (breast milk).
Pregnant females
get tested when they go to doctor. They can become infected if sexually
active during pregnancy
A person can get infected if
the virus:
 Breaks the skin
 Mucous membrane
 Eyes
 Nose
 Mouth/throat
 Vagina
 Urethra
 Anus/Rectum
Fluids That Will NOT
Transmit HIV:
 Saliva
 Sweat
 Tears
 Urine
 Feces
HIV PREVENTION
 Avoiding contact with blood or body fluids
 Abstinence
 Mutual monogamy with an uninfected
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partner
Latex condoms (Properly Used)
Knowing personal histories
Avoiding injection drugs
Sharing needles (Piercing / Tattoo)
Avoid alcohol and other drugs ( Why? )
SYMPTOMS of HIV:
 Flu like symptoms
 Swollen Glands
 Diarrhea
 Night Sweats
 Severe Weight Loss
 Fatigue
 Yeast Infections
 Pneumonia
 Cancer
or
NONE AT
ALL
Opportunistic Diseases:
 a disease that will make you sick given the
"opportunity" of a damaged or weakened
immune system (weakened because of AIDS
Examples:
• Tuberculosis
• Pneumonia
• Lung Disease
• Cervical Cancer, etc.
SPECTRUM OF HIV INFECTION:
Seroconversion or “WINDOW PERIOD”
0-6 Months
Internal Impact on Body
(Inside the Body-the way
the infected person feels)
External Impact on Body
(Outside the Body-people
can see)
 Immune system unharmed
 Mild illness upon invasion
 Antibody Production
of virus usually last 2-14
days
 No lasting symptoms
 Person looks well
begins
 Negative antibody test
Asymptomatic
(6 months to 10+ years)
Internal Impact on Body
External Impact on Body
 Immune system
 No symptoms
functioning, but HIV is
reproducing rapidly in the
lymph system
 Positive antibody test
 Infected person looks and
feels well
Symptomatic:
(up to 10 years or more)
Internal Impact on Body
External Impact on Body
 Immune system weakening
 Fever
 T-cell count is lowering
 Night Sweats
 Positive antibody test
 Swollen glands
 Fatigue
 AIDS PHASE:
 Weight Loss
 Immune system deficient
 Diarrhea
T-cell count may be below
200
 Minor infections
Sex Education:
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
Female External Genitals
4
1
3
5
2
6
Female Internal Reproductive
Organs
14
15
9
10
11
Endometrium 8
Bladder 13
Urethra 12
Female Internal Reproductive
Organs (Continued)
Female Reproductive Organs
Vulva:
 external female reproductive organs
Labia majora (outer):
 fatty outer border on either side of the vaginal and
urethral opening
 line of protection
Labia minora (inner):
 two smaller folds of skin on either side of the vaginal
and urethral opening
 line of protection
Vaginal Opening:
 is an opening that lies between the labia minora
Female Reproductive Organs
Hymen:
 a thin membrane
 may tear during physical activity
Urethra Opening:
 opening where urine is secreted
Clitoris:
 contains many nerve endings and blood vessels
 highly sensitive
 plays a major role in sexual arousal
Vagina:
 elastic, muscle lined tube also called birth canal
 stretches to allow for birth of baby
Female Reproductive Organs
Cervix:
 opening to the uterus
 dilates to 10 cm during childbirth
 gland that secretes mucus to lubricate vagina
Uterus:
 upside down pear shaped hollow muscular organ
 primary function is to hold and nourish the
developing embryo and fetus
Endometrium:
 a thin lining of the uterus
 provides attachment to the embryo
Female Reproductive Organs
Fallopian Tubes:
 tubes on each side of the uterus that connect the
uterus to the ovaries
 very narrow, lined with hair-like projections(cilia)
 motions of cilia release ovum(egg) into the
fallopian tubes
Ovaries:
 two female sex glands
 produce mature ovum(egg)
 produce female hormones: progesterone and
estrogen
SEX EDUCATION
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
DISORDERS
Female Reproductive
Disorders
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID):
 An infection of the fallopian tubes, ovaries,
and the surrounding areas of the Pelvis
 It can damage the female reproductive
organs
 It is caused by Sexually Transmitted Diseases
(STD’s)
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS):
 Caused by bacteria that produces a toxin that affects the
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immune system and liver
Symptoms: fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, and rashes
on the hands and feet
Caused by tampons being left inside the vaginal canal
too long
If caught early: treated by antibiotics
Tampons should be kept in no longer than 2 to 4 hours
Female Reproductive
Disorders
Vaginitis:
 Inflammation of the vaginal tissue
 Symptoms: discharge, burning, and itching
 Treated by: antibiotics
Yeast Infections:
 Caused by fungus
 Characterized by a thick, white, odorless discharge
 Symptoms: itching, burning, and painful urination
 Treated by: over the counter medication
Ovarian Cyst:
 Fluid filled sac on ovary
 No signs or symptoms
 Treatment: surgically removed or
can disappear on their own
Female Reproductive
Disorders
Breast Cancer:
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The most common form of cancer in women
Symptoms: change in breast or nipple appearance, a lump or swelling in
the breast, a lump in the arm pit, and/or discharge from the nipple
 Treatment: radiation, chemotherapy, or removal of breast
 Breast Self Exam: should be performed every month
 Mammogram: a series of X-Rays of the breast that should be done after
the age of 40
Ovarian Cancer:
 Cancer of the ovaries
 Symptoms: abdominal pressure, nausea, indigestion, urinary frequency,
constipation, diarrhea, abnormal bleeding, weight gain or weight loss,
and fatigue
 Treatment: radiation, chemotherapy
 Early detection is critical because only 25% of women survive beyond 5
years if the cancer is diagnosed in advanced stages
Female Reproductive
Disorders
Cancer of the Cervix
 Detected by Pap Test:
 a test that uses a cotton swab to collect cells from the
cervix, and it detects abnormal cells
 Females should have Pap Test done yearly from the age of
18 unless sexually active
 NO Symptoms
 Treatment: radiation, chemotherapy
 Uterine Cancer:
Cancer of the Uterus
 Symptom: abnormal bleeding
 Treatment: radiation, chemotherapy, & hysterectomy
SEX EDUCATION
THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Days 1-5:
• Bleeding / Tissue leaves the
body
Days 6-10ish:
• Lining builds to prepare for
implantation
Days 11-15ish:
• Fertile time-egg can be released
during this time
Day 14 (Ovulation):
• Egg released
Days 16ish-28:
• if body detects NO pregnancy;
walls begin to breakdown and
prepare to shed lining
The Menstrual Cycle
Definition:
Menstruation:
 The process of shedding the uterine lining
 For most females begins between the ages of
10 and 15
 Most cycles will last until the age of 50
 A female releases only a few hundred mature
eggs from puberty to menopause
The Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual Cycle
 A typical cycle last between 28 and 33 days
 Hormones signal the release of the mature
ovum(egg) around the 14th day of the cycle
 The motions of the cilia help release the
ovum(egg) into the fallopian tubes
 The endometrium walls thicken during the cycle
to get ready to attach the fertilized ovum
 If pregnancy does not occur the lining sheds and
a woman’s menstrual period begins
The Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual Problems
 PMS (Pre Menstrual Syndrome)- usually happens
a week or two before period.
 Symptoms: depression, irritability, bloating, mood
swings, fatigue, sore breasts, headaches, nausea, and
weight gain
 Symptoms can be relieved by changes in diet, changes
in physical activity, and by limiting caffeine intake
Severe Menstrual Cramps
 Amenorrhea- lack of menstruation by age of 16 or
stopping of menstruation
 physical defects in reproductive organs, diabetes,
infections, anorexia, and too much physical activity
SEX EDUCATION
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Male Reproductive Organs
(Side View)
7
9
8
Urethra 6
5
10
4
Foreskin
1
3 Scrotum
2
Male Reproductive Organs
(Front View)
11
(Cowper’s Gland)
Male Reproductive System
Epididymis:
 Two tightly coiled tubes that rest on top of the testes
 Sperm move and mature
Testes or testicles:
 Two small glands that produce sperm
 They produce male hormone testosterone
 They hang outside the body in the scrotum
Scrotum:
 External sac of skin that hold testes
 Protects testes
 Regulates Temperature
Male Reproductive System
Foreskin:
 A retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane
that covers the glans penis.
Penis:
 Spongy tissue
 Means for sperm and urine to exit the body
 Male external organ
Urethra:
 Tube that carries semen and urine through the penis
Bladder:
 The organ that collects urine excreted by the Kidneys prior to
disposal by urination
Male Reproductive System
Vas Deferens:
 Two long narrow tubes leading out of the epididymis
 Carry sperm to the urethra
Seminal vesicles:
 Two small organs about the size of a finger located behind the
bladder
 Produce nourishing fluid to give sperm energy to move
Prostate Gland:
 The size and shape of a chestnut
 Secretes fluid to help move sperm
 Vas deferens tubes join urethra at prostate gland
Cowper’s gland:
 Pea sized glands that connects to the urethra via a tiny duct
 Secrete thick, clear mucus prior to ejaculation
SEX EDUCATION
MALE DISORDERS
Male disordersCircumcision:
 Removal of the foreskin
 Generally removed as an infant
Undescended Testes:
 If the Testes fail to descend from the abdomen by the 1st year, hormone medication
and/or surgery
Inguinal hernia:
 Intestine may push through into the scrotum
 Surgery
Testicular Cancer:
 A cancer of the Testes that can affect males ages 15-35
 Can be treated if found early, may be detected during a self examination
 Symptoms: painful urination, blood in semen, general discomfort, enlarged
testes, lumps
Prostate Cancer:
 This is most common in men 65 years of age
 Easily treated if detected early
 All men over forty should be tested
 Symptoms: painful & frequent urination, blood in semen/urine, general
discomfort,
Interesting Facts About
the Male
DID YOU KNOW……………
 200 million to 600 million sperm cells may be
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deposited in the vagina by a single ejaculation.
Of those 200 – 600 million only a few hundred
ever reach the egg.
If the sperm does not meet the egg they are
either killed by acid, deformed, or they don’t
complete the journey.
The male testes produce millions of sperm daily.
Sperm account for 1/10 of the volume of semen.
The journey to the fallopian tube for the sperm
cells takes less than an hour following sexual
intercourse.
More interesting Facts
about the male…
 Although many sperm cells may reach the egg, in
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most cases only one will actually fertilize it.
The female egg may survive for only twelve to
twenty-four hours following ovulation.
Sperm may live up to seventy-two hours (three days)
within the female reproductive tract.
Ejaculation: muscle contractions that push semen
through the urethra and out the penis.
Nocturnal emissions (Orgasm): normal ejaculation of
semen during sleep.
There is no average size penis when it is soft – most
adult erections are the same size: 5 ½ - 6 inches
long.
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Hole’s Human Anatomy & Physiology Ninth Edition
SEX EDUCATION
THE LIFE CYCLE
The Life Cycle:
Conception to Birth
Definitions to Know:
Fertilization
 Union of the male sperm cell and the female
ovum (egg)
Zygote
 A fertilized ovum (egg)
 Divides many times as it travels down the
fallopian tubes towards the uterus
Implantation
 Zygote attaches to the uterine wall
 It takes about 6 days for implantation to
occur
Embryo
 The developing child from the time of
implantation until the 8th week of
development
 Grows rapidly within the first few weeks
 By the 6th week embryo can differentiate
between the baby’s organs and body systems
 One of the first organs to develop is the brain
6 weeks (42 days) old embryo
18 Week Ultrasound
More Baby Colin Ultrasound Pics…
Continuing to Develop…
Fetus
 The developing embryo in the uterus-8 weeks
to birth
Amniotic Sac
 A thin fluid filled membrane that surrounds
and protects the developing embryo
Umbilical Cord
 A rope like structure that connects the
embryo and the mother’s placenta
Placenta
 A thick blood rich tissue that lines the walls of
the uterus and nourishes the embryo
 Nutrients, oxygen, and waste pass between
mother and child through the placenta and
umbilical cord
The Life Cycle: “It’s Go Time!”
Labor:
 The process of contractions that gradually
push the baby out of the uterus and into
the birth canal (vagina) to be born
Stage 1: Labor
 Water Breaking:
 an involuntary action that usually happens
during the first stage of Labor
 the pressure of the baby’s head against the
amniotic sac causes the sac to rupture
 Dilation
 Initial contraction will open the cervix up to
about 4 inches in diameter
 Usually the longest stage of labor
 This stage may last for 12 hours or more
Stage 2: Delivery
 Contractions:
 when the cervix is fully dilated (10 cm), the
mother begins to push
 Baby is head first
 Episiotomy- an incision made from the vagina
towards the anus to enlarge the opening for
delivery of the baby
 Delivery of the baby
 Clamping and Cutting of the Umbilical Cord
Stage 3: The Afterbirth
 The Delivery of the Placenta
 Contractions continue
 Baby cleaned and Tested
Apgar Test
 measures the baby’s condition in 5 areas. It is
done at one minute of life and at 5 minutes of
life. A score of 8 is normal.
1. Muscle tone
2. Reflex
3. Respiration
4. Pulse
5. Appearance/coloring
The Life Cycle
Epidural: a tube inserted between the
vertebrae into the spine (not the cord) which
provides numbness from the waist down
Cesarean Section (C-Section): a method of
child birth in which a surgical incision is made
through the abdominal wall and the uterus.
The baby is lifted out through the incision.
Breech Birth: the baby enters the
vaginal canal with the buttocks or feet
first
Miscellaneous terms:
Ectopic Pregnancy: when the zygote implants
in the fallopian tube and it can not pass into
uterus. It is treated by removal of the fetus from
the female’s body.
 Miscarriage: spontaneous expulsion of
the fetus
Birth Defects
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS):
 A condition of physical, mental, and
behavioral abnormalities that can result when
a pregnant female drinks alcohol
 Problems include: low birth weight, general
weakness, impaired speech, poor
coordination, stunted growth, cleft pallet,
facial and heart defects, mental retardation,
hyperactivity
 It is not known how much alcohol will cause
FAS so… DON’T DRINK AT ALL!
Abnormalities Associated
with F.A.S.
Birth Defects
Down Syndrome:
 A disorder in which a person inherits one extra
chromosome giving the person 47 chromosomes
instead of the normal 46
 Characteristics of Down Syndrome: varying
degrees of mental retardation, short stature,
round face, with upper eyelids that cover the
inner corners of the eyes
 The abilities of people with down syndrome vary
 Most people with down syndrome lead very
active and meaningful lives
Characteristics from Downs