A Simple Guide to
©
Using SPSS for Windows
By:
Julia Hartman
Using SPSS for Windows
©
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Data procedures
Statistical procedures
Syntax files
Editing output
2
Introduction
3
Steps for Analyzing Data
•
•
•
•
•
Enter the data
Select the procedure and options
Select the variables
Run the procedure
Examine the output
4
Common Operations Menu Options
• In the menu,
click Statistics
• Choose
Summarize
• Click
Frequencies
5
Common Operations Variables Dialog Box
This type of dialog
box is used for
many procedures.
Variables are selected
from the list on the left.
Click the arrow
to move them to the
appropriate box on the right.
6
Using SPSS for Windows Data Procedures
©
• Ways to Enter Data
• Entering Data Directly
– Defining variables
– Entering data
•
•
•
•
Viewing Data
Recoding Variables
Computing New Variables
Selecting Cases
7
Ways to Enter the Data
• SPSS datafile
• Import data
– Database file
– Spreadsheet file
– ASCII text file
• Enter data directly with Data Editor
8
Entering Data DirectlyDefine the Variables
9
Entering Data DirectlyDefine the Variable
•
•
•
•
Name
Type and size
Labels
Missing values
10
Define the Variable - Name
• Name the variable
– No more than 8
characters
– Each name unique
– Must begin with a
letter
– Certain characters
not allowed
– Not case sensitive
11
Define the Variable - Type
• Define the variable
type.
• Define the variable
width.
• Define the number
of decimal places.
12
Define the Variable - Labels
• Labels will be displayed
in the output.
• Variable Label
– can be more descriptive
than variable name
• Value Labels
– useful for files that use
numeric codes
13
Define the Variable Missing Values
• Missing values are used
to define user-specified
missing information.
– No response
– Refused to answer
– Data entry mistakes
14
Define the Variable Column Format
Column Format is used
to define column width
and alignment in the
Data Editor window
15
Entering Data Directly
• Each row is a case
(e.g., survey form).
• Enter the value
for each variable.
• Press <Tab> key
or right arrow key
to move to next variable.
16
Entering Data Directly
• Leave blank or
use user-defined
missing value
if no answer.
• Press <Enter>
key to move to
next case.
17
Change the View - Value Labels
Data entered as
numeric codes can
be displayed as
value labels.
• In the menu,
click View
• Click
Value Labels
18
Recode Procedure
Recode is used to
• to change the values of
an existing variable
• to create a new
variable based on the
values an existing
variable
19
Recode into New Variable
• In the menu, click
Transform.
• Select Recode.
• Click
Into Different Variable(s)
20
Recode into New Variable
• Select and move
variable(s) over.
• Name and label
new variable.
• Click
Old and New Values
21
Recode into New Variable
For each value of the
existing variable
• Enter the old value
• Enter the new value
• Click Add
• Repeat for each
value or range of
values
• Click Continue
22
Recode into New Variable
• Click Change
• Click OK
23
Define Labels for New Variable
• In the Data menu, click
Define Variable.
• Click Labels.
• Enter value labels for
the new variable.
• Click Continue.
24
Compute Procedure
Compute is used to
create a new variable.
• In the menu, click
Transform.
• Click Compute.
25
Compute Procedure
• Name the new
variable.
• Click Type&Label
to define the
characteristics of
the new variable.
26
Compute Procedure
• Label the new
variable.
• Enter the variable type.
27
Compute Procedure
• Enter the numeric
expression that
will determine the
values of the new
variable.
• Click OK.
28
Select Cases
For a subset of the datafile,
use Select Cases.
• In the menu, click Data.
• Click
Select Cases...
29
Select Cases Alcohol drinkers only
To select only
those cases which
meet certain
criteria, choose
the If option.
30
Select Cases Alcohol drinkers only
• Enter the
expression that
will determine
which variables
will be selected.
• Click Continue.
31
Select Cases Alcohol drinkers only
When you’ve
finished
specifying
selection criteria,
click OK.
32
Using SPSS for Windows Statistical Procedures
©
• Summarizing Data
– Frequencies
– Crosstabs (Chi Square)
• Comparing Means
– T-Tests
– One-Way Analysis of Variance
• Nonparametric Tests
– Wilcoxon Signed Ranks
– Mann-Whitney U
– Kruskal-Wallis
33
Frequencies
• In the menu,
click Statistics
• Choose
Summarize
• Click
Frequencies
34
Frequencies
• Select and move
the variables.
• Click
Statistics.
35
Frequencies
• Choose the
appropriate
statistics.
• Click
Continue.
36
Frequencies - Charts
For histograms
or other charts,
click Charts.
37
Frequencies
Choose the type
of chart and click
Continue
38
Frequencies
To select the
format of the
table(s), click
Format.
39
Frequencies
Choose the
format and click
Continue
40
Frequencies
Click OK to run
the Frequencies
procedure.
41
Frequencies - Format option
Organize Output by Variables
42
Frequencies - Format Option
Compare Variables
43
Frequencies - Distribution Table
i
n
a
u
l
r
r
r
u
c
c
c
e
V
0
8
2
9
9
1
4
6
9
8
2
2
3
5
3
3
3
5
7
0
4
1
7
6
6
5
9
4
1
7
6
3
0
1
8
7
8
7
0
8
8
0
6
1
8
9
5
8
2
0
1
1
2
0
0
T
4
9
0
M
S
0
1
T
4
0
44
Frequencies - Histogram
Apgar 1 minute score
300
200
Frequency
100
Std. Dev = 1.83
Mean = 7.8
N = 424.00
0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Apgar 1 minute score
45
Crosstabs
• In the menu, click on
Statistics
• Choose
Summarize
• Click Crosstabs
46
Crosstabs
• Move the outcome
variable(s) to the
Row(s) box.
• Move the predictor
variable(s) to the
Column(s) box.
• Click Statistics.
47
Crosstabs
• Select the appropriate
statistics.
• Click Continue.
48
Crosstabs
To select the counts,
percentages, and
residuals to be
displayed in each cell,
click Cells.
49
Crosstabs
• Select the information
to be displayed in
each cell.
• Click Continue.
50
Crosstabs
To run the Crosstabs
procedure, click OK.
51
Crosstabs - Output
s
i
t
c
C
V
N
5
P
%
M
N
2
P
%
T
N
7
P
%
52
Crosstabs - Output
k
e
s
s
c
T
y
n
o
e
o
t
s
B
L
C
o
i
0
8
8
c
a
E
.
.
.
2
8
0
%
%
%
%
c
a
%
%
%
%
c
i
%
%
%
%
N
C
o
1
1
3
8
9
7
E
.
.
.
8
2
0
%
%
%
%
c
a
%
%
%
%
c
i
%
%
%
%
T
C
o
1
2
4
8
7
5
E
.
.
.
0
0
0
%
%
%
%
c
a
%
%
%
%
c
i
%
%
%
%
53
Independent Samples T-Test
• In the menu, click
Statistics.
• Choose
Compare Means.
• Click
Independent Samples T-Test.
54
Independent Samples T-Test
• Select and move
– Test Variable(s)
– Grouping Variable
• Click
Define Groups.
55
Independent Samples T-Test
• Enter the values for
the groups.
• Click Continue.
56
Independent Samples T-Test
Click OK to run
the procedure.
57
Independent Samples T-Test Output
S
t
t
E
d
e
N
e
i
a
S
A
n
4
4
5
5
y
0
0
8
7
S
s
u
f
a
V
on
al
er
S
.
ea
i
E
g
S
er
er
ow
F
d
p
ai
i
t
g
f
p
e
A
E
7
2
6
2
0
4
3
4
3
a
E
6
0
4
4
1
2
1
a
58
One-Way Analysis of Variance
• In the menu, click on
Statistics.
• Choose
Compare Means.
• Click
One-Way Analysis of Variance.
59
One-Way Analysis of Variance
• Move the dependent
variable(s) to the
Dependent List box.
• Move the grouping
variable(s) to the
Factor box.
• For comparison tests,
click Post Hoc.
60
One-Way Analysis of Variance
• Select the
appropriate
Post Hoc
comparisons.
• Click
Continue.
61
One-Way Analysis of Variance
Click Options for
• Descriptive statistics
• Homogeneity of
variance
• Mean plots
• Missing values options
62
One-Way Analysis of Variance
Make appropriate
selections, then click
Continue.
63
One-Way Analysis of Variance
To run the
One-way ANOVA
procedure, click OK.
64
One-Way Analysis of Variance Output
i
p
B
e
M
p
t
w
d
p
o
o
x
N
e
i
i
u
i
u
a
E
m
a
m
U
0
2
5
7
1
3
0
6
N
4
4
9
0
0
8
6
0
O
4
8
1
2
9
6
6
4
O
3
9
7
2
8
0
9
4
T
1
2
7
1
6
9
6
0
e
B
e
t
f
f
i
i
g
65
One-Way Analysis of Variance Output
O
B
m
e
d
u
F
a
i
g
B
8
3
9
8
0
W
8
7
8
T
8
0
66
One-Way Analysis of Variance Output
o
m
D
T
u
d
e
e
a
e
o
p
r
w
e
p
S
.
I
o
o
(
(
i
E
J
I
u
u
J
g
)
U
N
n
5
2
1
8
2
8
O
1
5
3
4
0
9
O
7
7
6
0
7
7
*
N
U
o
6
2
1
8
8
2
O
1
4
7
3
0
3
O
6
5
7
0
2
8
*
O
U
7
5
3
4
9
0
N
6
4
7
3
3
0
O
8
2
9
1
0
3
*
O
U
5
7
6
0
7
7
*
N
6
5
7
0
8
2
*
O
0
2
9
1
3
0
*
*
.
T
h
67
Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
• In the menu, click
Statistics
• Choose
Nonparametric Tests
• Click
2 Related Samples
68
Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
• Move selected
variable pairs to the
Test Pair(s) List
box.
• Choose the
statistical test(s).
• Click
Options...
69
Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
Check Descriptives
box for descriptive
statistics.
70
Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
Click OK to run the
procedure.
71
Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
n
m
a
n
N
n
a
A
N
0
0
0
b
A
P
7
0
0
c
7 T
4 T
a
A
b
b
A
t
a
c
A
g
a
n
o
r
g
a
n
o
a
Z
1
A
0
a
B
b
W
72
Mann-Whitney U Test
• In the menu, click
Statistics
• Choose
Nonparametric Tests
• Click
2 Independent Samples
73
Mann-Whitney U Test
• Select and move
– Test Variable(s)
– GroupingVariable
• Click
Define Groups.
74
Mann-Whitney U Test
• Enter the values for
the groups.
• Click Continue.
75
Mann-Whitney U Test
• Click Options.
• After changing
options, click
Continue.
• Click OK to run
the procedure.
76
Mann-Whitney U Test - Output
e
t
d
N
e
i
i
m
a
m
A
4
9
4
0
9
S
7
0
0
0
1
b
t
a
n
m
g
a
N
n
S
n
u
A
n
4
9
0
c
o
y
0
2
0
M
0
T
4
0
8
6
5
W
Z
A
a
E
S
a
N
b
G
77
Kruskal-Wallis Test
• In the menu, click
Statistics
• Choose
Nonparametric Tests
• Click
K Independent Samples
78
Kruskal-Wallis Test
• Move the dependent
variable(s) to the Test
Variable List box.
• Move the grouping
variable(s) to the
Grouping Variable
box.
• Click Define Range.
79
Kruskal-Wallis Test
• Enter the minimum
and maximum values
for the Grouping
Variable.
• Click Continue.
80
Kruskal-Wallis Test
• Check the box for the
Kruskal-Wallis H.
• Click OK to run the
procedure.
81
Kruskal-Wallis Test - Output
n
N
A
B
<
2
2
5
3
3
T
a
a
M
C
d
A
a
K
b
G
82
Using SPSS for Windows Editing the Output
©
• Pivot Tables
• Scatterplots
• Charts
83
Scatterplot
• In the menu, click on
Graphs.
• Choose Scatter….
84
Scatterplot
• Choose the appropriate
type of plot.
• Click Define.
85
Scatterplot
• Select and move the
variables for the X
and Y axes to the
appropriate box.
• Click OK to run the
procedure.
86
Scatterplot - Output
5000
4000
Regression line
must be added.
3000
2000
BTWT
1000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
BMI
87
Edit the Scatterplot
In the Output Window
• Click the chart object to
select it.
• In the menu, click Edit.
• Choose SPSS Chart
Object.
• Click Open.
88
Scatterplot
The Chart
Window
will open.
89
Edit the Scatterplot
In the Chart Window
• In the menu, click
Chart.
• Click Options.
90
Edit the Scatterplot
• Check the Total box.
• Click OK.
91
Scatterplot - Output
5000
4000
Regression line
is added.
3000
2000
BTWT
1000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
BMI
92
Syntax Files
A Syntax File is a text file that contains
SPSS commands.
93
Uses for Syntax Files
• Some commands and options are available
only by using command syntax.
• Syntax files let you save a program so you
can repeat it or edit it to use different
variables.
• Syntax files let you run a program using
SPSS Production Facility.
94
Copying to a Syntax File
The Paste button
copies the
commands for a
procedure into a
syntax file.
95
Editing Syntax Files
A syntax file can be edited in the
Syntax Editor window.
96
Opening a New Syntax File
A new Syntax
File can be
opened from the
File menu.
97
Running Syntax Files
A syntax file can be edited in the
Syntax Editor window.
98
Chi Square
http://vflylab.calstatela.edu/edesktop/VirtApps/VflyLab/ChiSqBg.html
SPSS KeyWords newsletter:
http://www.spss.com/keywords/
99