International Scholarly Research Network
ISRN Computational Mathematics
Volume 2012, Article ID 843256, 3 pages
doi:10.5402/2012/843256
Research Article
Brouwer’s Fixed Point Theorem with Isolated Fixed Points and
His Fan Theorem
Yasuhito Tanaka
Faculty of Economics, Doshisha University, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8580, Japan
Correspondence should be addressed to Yasuhito Tanaka, [email protected]
Received 2 October 2011; Accepted 10 November 2011
Academic Editor: T. Karakasidis
Copyright © 2012 Yasuhito Tanaka. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
We show that Brouwer’s fixed point theorem with isolated fixed points is equivalent to Brouwer’s fan theorem.
1. Introduction
It is well known that Brouwer’s fixed point theorem cannot
be constructively proved.
Kellogg et al. [1] provided a constructive proof of
Brouwer’s fixed point theorem. But it is not constructive
from the view point of constructive mathematics á la Bishop.
It is sufficient to say that one-dimensional case of Brouwer’s
fixed point theorem, that is, the intermediate value theorem
is nonconstructive (see [2, 3]).
Sperner’s lemma which is used to prove Brouwer’s theorem, however, can be constructively proved. Some authors
have presented an approximate version of Brouwer’s theorem
using Sperner’s Lemma (see [3, 4]). Thus, Brouwer’s fixed
point theorem is constructively, in the sense of constructive
mathematics á la Bishop, proved in its approximate version.
Recently Berger and Ishihara [5] showed that the following theorem is equivalent to Brouwer’s fan theorem.
Each uniformly continuous function from a compact
metric space into itself with at most one fixed point and approximate fixed points has a fixed point.
In this paper we require a more general condition that
each uniformly continuous function from a compact metric
space into itself may have only isolated fixed points and show
that the proposition that such a function has a fixed point is
equivalent to Brouwer’s fan theorem.
In another paper we have shown that if a uniformly continuous function in a compact metric space satisfies stronger
condition, sequential local non-constancy, then without the
fan theorem we can constructively show that it has an exact
fixed point (see [6]).
2. Brouwer’s Fixed Point Theorem with
Isolated Fixed Points and His Fan Theorem
Let X be a compact (totally bounded and complete) metric
space, x be a point in X, and consider a uniformly continuous
function f from X into itself.
According to [3, 4] f has an approximate fixed point. It
means the following,
For each ε > 0 there exists x ∈ X such that x − f (x) < ε.
(1)
Since ε > 0 is arbitrary,
inf x − f (x) = 0.
x∈X
(2)
The notion that f has at most one fixed point in [5] is
defined as follows.
Definition 1 (at most one fixed point). For all x, y ∈ X, if
x=
/ x or f (y) =
/ y.
/ y, then f (x) =
Now we consider a condition that f may have only
isolated fixed points. First we recapitulate the compactness
of a set in constructive mathematics. We say that X is totally
bounded if for each ε > 0 there exists a finitely enumerable
ε-approximation to X. (A set S is finitely enumerable if
there exist a natural number N and a mapping of the
set {1, 2, . . . , N } onto S.) An ε-approximation to X is a
subset of X such that for each x ∈ X there exists y
in that ε-approximation with |x − y | < ε. According to
2
ISRN Computational Mathematics
Corollary 2.2.12 of [7], about totally bounded set we have
the following result.
In [8] the following lemma has been proved (their
Lemma 4).
Lemma 2. If X is totally bounded, for each ε > 0 there exist
. . , Hn , each of diameter less than or
totally bounded sets H1 , . equal to ε, such that X = ni=1 Hi .
Lemma 5. Let Y = {0, 1}N , and B a detachable bar for Y .
Then, for each x ∈ Y ,
Since inf x∈X |x − f (x)| = 0, we
have inf x∈Hi |x − f (x)| = 0
for some Hi ⊂ X such that X = ni=1 Hi .
The definition that a function may have only isolated
fixed points is as follows.
Definition 3 (isolated fixed points). There exists ε > 0 with
the following property. For each ε > 0 less than or equal to ε,
. , Hn , each of diameter
there exist totally bounded sets H1 , . . less than or equal to ε, such that X = ni=1 Hi , and in each Hi
if x =
/ y, then f (x) =
/ x or f (y) =
/ y.
In each Hi , f has at most one fixed point. Now we show
the following lemma, which is based on Lemma 2 of [8].
Lemma 4. Let f be a uniformly continuous function from X
into itself. Assume inf x∈Hi f (x) = 0 for some Hi ⊂ X defined
above. If the following property holds:
for each ε > 0 there exists δ > 0 such that if x, y ∈ Hi ,
| f (x) − x| ≤ δ and | f (y) − y | ≤ δ, then |x − y | ≤ ε.
Then, there exists a point z ∈ Hi such that f (z) = z, that is, f
has a fixed point.
Proof. Choose a sequence (xn )n≥1 in Hi such that | f (xn ) −
xn | → 0. Compute N such that | f (xn )−xn | < δ for all n ≥ N.
Then, for m, n ≥ N we have |xm − xn | ≤ ε. Since ε > 0 is
arbitrary, (xn )n≥1 is a Cauchy sequence in Hi and converges
to a limit z ∈ Hi . The continuity of f yields | f (z) − z| = 0,
that is, f (z) = z.
Let Y = {0, 1}N , the set of all binary sequences, {0, 1}n
with a finite natural number n be the set of finite binary
sequences with length n+1. We write x, y, . . ., for the elements
(xn )n≥0 , (yn )n≥0 , . . . of Y . Also for each x ∈ Y and each
natural number n we write
x(n) = (x0 , x1 , . . . , xn−1 ).
(3)
Y is compact under the metric defined by (see [2, 8])
x − y = inf 2−n : x(n) = y(n) .
(4)
Let B be a set of finite binary sequences. B is
(5)
(6)
Theorem 6. Every detachable bar for {0, 1}N is a uniform bar.
It has been shown in [2, 5] that this theorem is equivalent
to the following theorem.
Theorem 7. Every positive-valued uniformly continuous function on a compact metric space has positive infimum.
Now, according to the Proof of Theorem 5 in [8] and the
Proof of Proposition in [5], we show the following result.
Theorem 8. Brouwer’s fixed point theorem with isolated fixed
points in a compact metric space is equivalent to Brouwer’s fan
theorem.
Proof. (1) Assume that each uniformly continuous function
from a compact metric space into itself with isolated fixed
points has a fixed point. It implies that each uniformly
continuous function from a compact metric space into itself
with at most one fixed point has a fixed point. Consider
Y = {0, 1}N and a function ϕ : Y −→ Y . Let x ∈ Y , and
T be an infinite tree with at most one infinite path (A tree is
a detachable set in {0, 1}N which is closed under restriction.)
and define
xn
1 − xn
ϕ(x)n =
if x(n) ∈ T,
if x(n) ∈
/ T.
(9)
Since x(n) = y(n) implies ϕ(x)(n) = ϕ(y)(n), ϕ is uniformly
continuous. Thus, ϕ has a fixed point. From the definition of
ϕ its fixed print is an infinite branch. Thus, T has an infinite
branch. Let B be a detachable bar and set
B
= {x : ∃n(x(n) ∈ B)}.
(10)
Then, B is also a detachable bar. For x = (x0 , . . . , xn−1 ) and
y = (y0 , . . . , ym−1 ) set
un = uk ∗ 0, . . . , 0 .
(7)
(11)
If x ∈ B, then x ∗ y ∈ B
. Consider a tree {0, 1}N \ B
.
Define for each n a un ∈ {0, 1}n by the following procedure.
If {0, 1}n ⊂
/ B
, let un be any element of {0, 1}n \ B
. If {0, 1}n ⊂
B
, let k be the largest number such that {0, 1}k ⊂
/ B
and
define
(iii) a uniform bar if
∃N ∀x ∈ Y ∃n ≤ N(x(n) ∈ B).
Brouwer’s fan theorem is as follows.
x ∗ y = x0 , . . . , xn−1 , y0 , . . . , ym−1 .
(ii) a bar if
∀x ∈ Y ∃n(x(n) ∈ B);
(8)
exists, and the mapping x → 4−σ(x) is uniformly continuous in
Y.
(i) detachable if
/ B);
∀x ∈ Y ∀n(x(n) ∈ B ∨ x(n) ∈
σ(x) = inf {n : x(n) ∈ B}
n−k times
(12)
ISRN Computational Mathematics
Set
3
T = {0, 1}N \ B
∪ un : {0, 1}n ⊂ B .
(13)
Then, T is an infinite tree since it contains each un . For all x
with length n we have
x ∈ B
∩ T =⇒ x = un .
(14)
Let x, y ∈ {0, 1}N and suppose x =
/ y. Then, there is n such
that x(n) ∈ B
, y(n) ∈ B
, and x(n) =
/ y(n). Thus, x(n) =
/ un
n
or y(n) =
/ T or y(n) ∈
/ T. Therefore, T
/ u , and so x(n) ∈
has at most one infinite branch. From the argument above
it has an infinite branch x. Since B
is a bar, there is m such
that x(m) ∈ B
. Thus, x(m) ∈ B
∩ T, and so x(m) = um .
Therefore, {0, 1}m ⊂ B
, and B
is a uniform bar. It means
that B is also a uniform bar.
(2) Assume Brouwer’s Fan theorem. Consider a compact
metric space X and a uniformly continuous function f from
X into itself with isolated fixed points. Then, |x − f (x)| is
uniformly continuous. Let x ∈ X, and Hi , i = 1, . . . , n be
totally bounded subsets of X, each of diameter
less than or
equal to ε in Definition 3, such that X = ni=1 Hi . Given ε > 0
assume that the set
K=
x, y ∈ Hi × Hi : x − y ≥ ε ,
(15)
is nonempty and compact (see Theorem 2.2.13 of [7]). For
x, y ∈ Hi let
F x, y = x − f (x) + y − f y .
(16)
Then, F is uniformly continuous and positive-valued on K.
So, by Theorem 7
0<δ=
1 inf F x, y : x, y ∈ K .
3
(17)
For each (x, y) ∈ K we have
x − f (x) + y − f y = F x, y > 2δ.
(18)
Thus, either |x − f (x)| > δ or | y − f (y)| > δ. It follows that if
/ K
x, y ∈ Hi , |x − f (x)| ≤ δ and | y − f (y)| ≤ δ, then (x, y) ∈
and so |x − y | ≤ ε. Then, from Lemma 4 there exists a fixed
point of f in Hi∗ ⊂ X such that inf x∈Hi∗ |x − f (x)| = 0. Thus,
Brouwer’s fan theorem implies his fixed point theorem for
uniformly continuous functions with isolated fixed points.
Acknowledgment
This research was partially supported by the Ministry of
Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan, Grant-inAid for Scientific Research (C), 20530165.
References
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[2] D. Bridges and F. Richman, Varieties of Constructive Mathematics, Cambridge University Press, 1987.
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[4] W. Veldman, “Brouwer’s approximate fixed point theorem is
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[5] J. Berger and H. Ishihara, “Brouwer’s fan theorem and unique
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