RESULT BASED PLANNING /
RESULT BASED MANAGEMENT
(RBM)
Identification & Formulation of
Milestones
HIV and AIDS Sector – Technical Review
29th October 2008
What is a milestone
• Literary definition – “A milestone is a ‘stone post at side of a
road to show distance”
• In programme planning a “Milestone is a scheduled event
signifying the completion of a major deliverable or a set of
related deliverables” and a flag in a work plan that some work
has been accomplished
• Milestones are used as a programme checkpoints to validate
how programme is progressing and revalidate work.
– A milestone is not an activity BUT an important recommendation that
need to be implemented in order to accelerate change; an intermediate
goal, an important event or a significant point or stage
What is a milestone (cont..)
• A milestone is an intermediary result that shows
the key steps to be realized to achieve the expected
output
• Together they reflect the process of how to realize
the output
• The milestone is a result and must be formulated
as a result.
– A milestone should not be confused with an activity
Example of a milestone
Issue
Milestone
Financial & a) Key stakeholders are positively
Budgeting
engaged in the preparation of the
budget guideline
b) Financial accountability report for
MDAs submitted to TACAIDS by
end Oct 2008
Information Qtly report shared to all stakeholders
flow
Status
Results-Based Planning
• A management strategy focused on achieving
results
– Processes and inputs
desired results
– Promote Transparency & Accountability for
results
• Allow Monitoring progress towards results
• Provide space for Assessment and reporting
on performance
Results-Chain
Inputs
Activities
Outputs
Outcomes
Indicators
Assumptions/Risks
Impact
Results?
• Measurable change
in a state or
condition as a result
of a programmatic
intervention
• Derive from a
cause-and- effect
relationship
• three levels of results:
 impact;
 outcome;
 output.
S
Specific
M
Measurable
A
Achievable
R
Relevant
T
Time bound
Two major elements on
results
Change
Causality
Visible transformation
• In a group
• In an organization
• In a society
• In a country
Cause and effect
relationship between
an action and the
results achieved.
“If-then” logic.
Hierarchy of Change
Impact
Outcome
Output
Long-term effects produced by a
development intervention, directly or indirectly,
intended or unintended.
The likely or achieved short-term and
medium-term effects of an intervention’s
outputs.
The products and services which result from
the completion of activities within a development
intervention.
Types of Change
Impact
Outcomes
Output
Changes in the lives of people: realisation of
their rights
Institutional Change: values, laws – associated
with institutional performance, new institutions
Behavioural change: new attitudes, practices
Operational Change: products and services –
knowledge, skills
A Typology for RBM
Results
Like…
Focus
@
Timeframe
Impact
HIV incidence
reduced
Human!
5-10 yrs
Outcome
Response
brought to
scale
Outcome
Leadership
empowered
Output
Skills of NAC
strengthened
Activity
Train 250
district AIDS
officers
Institutions/
Behaviours
Institutions/
Behaviours
Knowledge,
skills, abilities,
services
5 yrs
5 yrs
<3 yrs
<1 yr
Identifying & Formulating Milestones
Checklist for formulation of milestones
•
RBM (Result Based Management/Planning)
– Check if milestones adds up to the output (what need to be achieved)
– Check time scale: milestone 1-5 year perspective
– Appropriate level of joint responsibility
– Appropriate level of expected change
– Cause and effect relationship “if->then” (So what?)
•
Formulation – use of change language
– SMART
• By when … by 2009 …
– The “Change” is expressed changes in the conditions of people
– Start with Qualified subject, sets precise criteria for success
– Focus on the what and leaves the how open describes
• focuses on results, leaving options on how to achieve them
Overall coherence of results framework
Thematic priorities per outcome
Issues to consider when formulating milestones
– Geographic area, target group / beneficiaries, quality & quantity
•
•
•
Example
Outcome
Output
Milestones
Activities
Indicators
People, especially
youth adopt protective
behavior and utilize
protective behavior
All life skills teachers
in the 10 districts with
the highest adolescent
HIV incidence rates
have increased
capacity by 2012 to
teach life skills to
school children
List of lifeskills
teachers in district with
highest prevalence
among youth are
updated by mid 2008
- updated list of priority
districts provide
-Update of List of life
skill school teachers
# life skills teachers
in the 10 districts
with the highest
adolescent HIV
incidence rates
The life skills
curriculum is revised
by end 2008
- Elaborate TOR
- Recruit consultant
- Revision of
Curriculum
- Pilot test curriculum
Trainers of Trainers in
Ministry of Education
are trained on Lifeskill
training in by 2009
- Identify ToT
- Organise ToT
workshop for Min of
Education
Life skill teachers in 5
districts are trained in
life skills in by mid
2010 and end 2010
Refining Results
1.
2.
3.
4.
Action Language
To strengthen the capacity of
teachers to teach life skills
through training on gender
sensitive, child friendly, learner
directed learning approaches
1.
2.
Take out information
relating to strategy or
activities
3.
All teachers
everywhere? By the
year 2020? Be more
specific
4.
Bring the subject of
change to the front and
shift from passive to
active language
The capacity of teachers to teach
life skills is strengthened
By 2009, the capacity of all life
skills teachers in the 10 districts
with the highest adolescent HIV
incidence rates is strengthened
All life skills teachers in the 10
districts with the highest
adolescent HIV incidence rates
have increased capacity by 2009
to teach life skills to school
children
Change Language
Results language to
emphasise future
condition
Let’s try some simple examples
When all results have been consolidated into
one matrix, (eg an Annual Work Plan) go
back and check the “if then” logic
Strategic Result
Programme Result
Result
Result
Result
Result
EXAMPLES
Action Language
Change Language
Goal: to decrease the
number of children dying of
AIDS and AIDS related
causes
Impact Result: Child mortality from
AIDS and related causes decreased
from 100% to 40% by 2010
Objective: to promote the
use of long lasting
insecticidal nets (LLINs)
Activity: train 1000 teachers
in participatory learning
techniques
Indicators: number of TV
and radio jingles providing
malaria education; number
of LLINs distributed
Outcome Result: at least 80% of
people in endemic areas sleep
under a long lasting Insecticidal net
Output Result: 2 teachers in 500
schools are trained in how to teach
other teachers in participatory
learning
Indicator: % of people who know
that sleeping under an ITN reduces
the risk of malaria; % of people who
sleep under a long lasting
insecticidal net
Results Language
= Change Language
Action Language
expresses results from
the provider’s
perspective
can be interpreted in
many ways
focuses on completion
of activities
Change Language
describes changes in
the conditions of
people
sets precise criteria for
success
focuses on results,
leaving options on
how to achieve them
Extra examples on results based
language
Change Language
Action Language
Expand the percentage of
young people,
successfully practicing
strong life skills,
including HIV/AIDS
75% of people aged 12-24 are
practicing abstinence,
maintaining a monogamous
relationship or consistently
using condoms by 2010
Ensure that all pregnant
women have access to
PMTCT services
The percentage of pregnant
women using PMTCT services
increased from 40% to 80% by
2010
Improve the care and
support environment for
orphans and vulnerable
children
90% of identified orphans and
vulnerable children in model
districts are accessing social
safety net package by 2008
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