An invited plenary session Lead Speaker presentation at
the 2nd Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses
CCPZ Annual Conference and One-Health exposition
“Improving Zoonoses Surveillance in West Africa: The
One-Health Approach”. 30th June to 4th July 2013
nd
2
CCPZ Conference
Actualization of an
interdisciplinary curriculum
for “One-Health” in West Africa
(Lessons from the PENAPH, ProMED and NFELTP examples)
An invited plenary session Lead Speaker presentation at the
2nd Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses CCPZ
Annual Conference and One-Health exposition “Improving
Zoonoses Surveillance in West Africa: The One-Health
Approach”. 30th June to 4th July 2013
nd
2
CCPZ Conference
Presenter
Dr Olutayo O. Babalobi (DVM, MPVM, PhD; FCVSN).
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive
Medicine,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Ibadan,
Ibadan, Nigeria
GSM Nos. : +234-816-753-8536; +234-805-530-1991.
E-mail: [email protected];
[email protected]
Key Terms:
Actualization: making real
or giving the appearance of
reality. Actualizing: To
describe or portray
realistically.
Definition of terms
Health
Interdisciplinary: Of,
relating to, or involving two
or more academic disciplines
that are usually considered
distinct
Definition of terms
 Health:"A state of complete physical,
mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity."
(WHO 1946)
 “…Health does not just mean the physical
well-being of the individual but refers to the
social, emotional, spiritual and cultural
well-being of the whole community.
Existing terms in Health
 Global health: Global Health is the health of
populations in a global context and transcends the
perspectives and concerns of individual nations
 It is the area of study, research and practice that
places a priority on improving health and
achieving equity in health for all people
worldwide'
 Global health is typified by the international
activities of the World Health Organization
International Health
 International Health: International
health is defined as a well-established
branch of public health, with origins in
the health situation of developing
nations and the efforts of
industrialized countries to assist them
 US-CDC started as International Health
Public Health:
 Public Health: Interdisciplinary an d multidisciplinary
preventive education, research and extension ion measures
against health problems and threats at local and foreign
communities to improve human well-being involving
professionals
mainly epidemiologists, biostatisticians, community
health and environmental health officers but also
physicians public health nurses, medical microbiologists,
Ecologists, environmental health officers / public health
inspectors, pharmacists, dental
hygienists, dietitians and nutritionists, veterinarians,
public health engineers, public health lawyers, sociologists,
community development workers, communications
experts, and others
Veterinary Public Health (VPH)
 Veterinary Public Health (VPH) is defined as “The
contributions to the physical, mental and social wellbeing of humans through an understanding and
application of veterinary science” [WHO/FAO/OIE
definition 1999].
 Human health, animal husbandry and animal health
are closely connected and VPH is a fundamental part
of public health whereby human health and wellbeing are the main objectives.
Veterinary Public Health (VPH)
 VPH is multidisciplinary and contributes to many
areas of public health that are not always related to
animals.
 In order to integrate veterinary public health into
the goals of public health, it is essential to improve
collaboration between human and veterinary
medical science, environmental science and other
related fields –
 in accordance with ‘one health’ principles.
ONE HEALTH
ONE HEALTH
 It is a multidisciplinary strategy to prevent,
control and eliminate the challenge of
diseases, where possible, within a larger
ecological context that includes humans,
animals and plants interacting in a
complex ever-changing natural
environment recognizing that 60% of all
human pathogens are zoonotic (http://nigeriafeltp.net/prog_desc.php)
Definition of terms
One Health:"the collaborative
effort of multiple disciplines
— working locally, nationally,
and globally — to attain optimal
health for people, animals and
the environment"
Definition of terms
My comprehensive definition:
 All collaborating efforts of various human
activities, occupations and professions;
labouring as companions, working together,
united to achieve a common mandate,
purpose and responsibility of making man
to be at ease with other biological and nonbiological components of the earth and its
environment.
Disciplines
 A discipline (or specialism) is knowledge or wisdom
associated with one academic field of study or
profession. A discipline incorporates types of
knowledge, expertise, skills, people, projects,
communities, problems, challenges, studies, inquiry,
approaches, and research areas that are strongly
associated with academic areas of study or areas
of professional practice.
Multidisciplinary
 Multidisciplinary: of, relating to using several
disciples at the same time mul·ti·dis·ci·pli·nar·y (m l t d s -pl -n r , -t -). adj. Of, relating to, or making use of
several disciplines at once:
a multidisciplinary approach to teaching.
 A multidisciplinary community or project is made up
of people from different disciplines and professions
who are engaged in working together as equal
stakeholders in addressing a common challenge.
Interdisciplinary:
 Interdisciplinary knowledge is the knowledge
extensions that exist between or beyond existing
academic disciplines or professions. The new
knowledge may be claimed by members of none, one,
both, or an emerging new academic discipline or
profession.
 An interdisciplinary community or project is made up
of people from multiple disciplines and professions
who are engaged in creating and applying new
knowledge as they work together as equal stakeholders
in addressing a common challenge.
Interdisciplinary
 The key question is what new knowledge (of an
academic discipline nature), which is outside the
existing disciplines, is required to address the
challenge.
 Aspects of the challenge cannot be addressed easily
with existing distributed knowledge, and new
knowledge becomes a primary sub goal of addressing
the common challenge.
Difference between multidisciplinary
and interdisciplinary
 Multidisciplinarity is a non-integrative mixture of
disciplines in that each discipline retains its
methodologies and assumptions without change or
development from other disciplines within the
multidisciplinary relationship.
An interdisciplinary field is a field of study that
crosses traditional boundaries between academic
disciplines or schools of thought, as new needs and
professions have emerged.
One Health: Inter or Multi
Is One Health
multidisciplinary or
interdisciplinary
or both?
Disciplines involved in OH
 Disciplines involved in OH include:
 Professions : Agricultural, Biomedical health,
Ecological/Environmental, Laboratory, Medical and Veterinary
Health
 Academic and Research Institutions: University
Faculties/Schools/Colleges of Agriculture, Animal health and
Production; Environmental Sciences; Biomedical, Medical,
Nursing, Public Health, Community and Social Medicine;
Veterinary Biomedical, Clinical and Pathological Medicine,
Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Biomedical,
Environmental and Veterinary Research Institutes)
 Relevant professional students/trainees: (agricultural,
biomedical, environmental health, laboratory, medical, nursing,
public health, veterinary etc.
 Other non-professional/ occupational trainees
 Conservation medicine is an emerging,




interdisciplinary field that studies the relationship
between human and animal health,
and environmental conditions.
Also known as
ecological medicine,
environmental medicine, or
medical geology.
CURRICULUM : WHAT IS CURRICULUM?
 A curriculum is a planned guided learning experience
of a student.
 From Latin, literally “running, course,” it is the
subjects taught at an educational institution, or the
elements taught in a particular subject.
 The curriculum is really the entire program of the
schools' work. It is the essential means of education. It
is everything that the students and their teachers do.
Curriculum Components
 Essentially, the curriculum should contain four main




components or elements:
the objectives or purpose,
the content or subject-matter,
the method or ways of passing on knowledge, and
evaluation or assessment (i.e. the procedure for testing
whether or not the pupils or students have benefited
from the instructions given).
Curriculum
 The knowledge of the environments in
which the trainees will work and the
task they will face as well as getting the
appropriate training strategies
including the field exposure are factors
highly influential in designing a
curriculum.
ONE HEALTH CURRICULUM COURSES
A typical One Health Curriculum (OHC) should involve
the following courses:
2. Basic One Health Concept: Definition, Concepts, History
, General Introduction to the One Health
/Collaborative/Comparative Medicine concept
3. Basic Epidemiology: - Host-Agent-Environment
interactions and Disease Transmission. Outbreak
Investigation and Disease Reporting.
Ecology/Environment Health. Wildlife / Zoo Medicine
4. Disease Surveillance, Monitoring, Prevention and
Control. Disease Emergency Preparedness Response
1.
ONE HEALTH CURRICULUM COURSES
Epidemiology of Zoonotic diseases. Emerging, Infectious,
Neglected and Re-occurring Zoonoses Diseases. Animal:
Human Interface in a Pathogenic Environment
1. Non-Zoonotic/Non-communicable Animal and Human
Public Health Issues e.g. Food Hygiene and Food Safety;
Transboundary/Exotic/Foreign/Tropical Diseases.
Livestock Livelihood and Socio-Cultural/ Traditional and
Socio-Economic factors
2. Laboratory Clinical Diagnostic issues in One Healthbiochemical, immunological, microbiological and
molecular medicine.
Examples of One Health
Curriculum
1. NFELTP-OHCCC
In 2011, African Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET),
Kampala, Uganda engaged the presenter as a Veterinary
Academics Consultant during his sabbatical leave. Working
in conjunction with Dr Lora Davis, the Chief Veterinary
Medical Officer of the Animal-Human Interface Project,
AHIP Nigeria, Centers for Disease Prevention and Control
CDC- Atlanta One Health Office
NFELTP-OHCCC
 The presenter assumed the lead role in organizing a
collaborative working group to review existing NFELTP
curricula and course content and recommend a One
Health curriculum and standardized course content
OHCCC template that may be used by AFENET for
establishing additional One Health training programs
in Africa.
NFELTP-OHCCC
 The report of has since being
submitted in 2012 as a 55 page
Technical Report and
Recommendation for a One Health
standardized curriculum and course
content in Field Epidemiology Training
Programs July 2012. 55pp.
ProMED-mail
 A more efficient and effective disease reporting/
surveillance systems for diseases is one of the envisage
benefit of One Health. A One Health activity needed to be
promoted to permit a rapid response to disease outbreak,
control and surveillance is operating a joint collaborative
outbreak reporting list along the lines of Program for
Monitoring Emerging Diseases (ProMED-mail)
 ProMED-mail since its inception, has espoused the “One
Health” concept. (See PROMED AND ONE HEALTH
http://www.onehealthinitiative.com/publications/ProMED
%20article2.pdf)
EPIDEMIOLOGY
 Epidemiology/Epizootiology, the branch of
medicine that deals with the incidence,
distribution, and control of diseases (in
human populations), is a major vehicle for
One Health.
 Though used for animal populations,
Epizootiology or veterinary epidemiology, is
the study of disease patterns within animal
populations.
EPIDEMIOLOGY/PARTICIPATORY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
 Participatory epidemiology is the application of
participatory methods to epidemiological research and
disease surveillance. It is a proven technique which
overcomes many of the limitations of conventional
epidemiological methods, and has been used to solve a
number of animal health surveillance and research
problems (
Jost CC, Mariner JC, Roeder PL, Sawitri E, Macgregor-Skinner GJ (2007): Participatory epidemiology in disease
surveillance and research. Rev Sci Tech. 2007 Dec; 26(3):537-549).
Participatory Epidemiology
Participatory Epidemiology (PE)
integrates human and
veterinary medicine into a
common approach and is a
powerful tool in international
public health
PARTICIPATORY EPIDEMIOLOGY
 Initiated in 2007, the Participatory Epidemiology
Network for Animal and Public Health (PENAPH)
connects groups and individuals who apply PE
methods in controlling emerging and existing
diseases. The concept arose as a result of applying
participatory epidemiology to some of ILRI’s projects
which bridge human and livestock health.
CONCLUSION
 What are some challenges to creating One Health






partnerships and collaborations?
Coordination
Leadership
Individuality
Professional suspicion/ Mutual mistrust
Professional arrogance
Professional ignorance
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITIES IN
INSTUTIONALIZING ONE HEALTH IN NIGERIA
University roles from pre-degree to preclinical to
postgraduate levels: Training, Research and
community and social extension services
2. One Health general studies courses for 100L
undergraduate agricultural, biomedical, environmental
health, medical, science and veterinary students
3. Joint pre-clinical -200L One Health course for
biomedical, medical and veterinary students
4. Joint teaching of zoonosis courses by medical and
veterinary lecturers
1.
5.
Recognition and adequate respect of the role of technologists
and biomedical professionals in public health training
 One Health postgraduate degrees for students of diverse




professional background
Admission of qualified students of various professional
backgrounds to courses such as MPH, MSc
Epidemiology/Epizootiology, MSc Immunology, MSc Virology
and other clinical and field- based postgraduate degrees
One Health extension and community services to clients,
patients and livestock farmers’ level at rural, suburban and urban
levels
Creation of University One Health Continuous Education,
Distant Learning, E-Learning and Research Centres or Units
One Health extension and community services to clients,
patients and livestock farmers’ level at rural, suburban and urban
levels
 Joint comparative research (e.g. on Avian/ Swine
Influenzas, Brucellosis, Lassa fever, Rabies, Rift valley
fever, Tuberculosis and other zoonosis and
environmental diseases)
 at undergraduate and postgraduate levels involving
agricultural, biomedical, environmental health,
medical and veterinary students and lecturers; and
across universities at local, national and international
links levels
Conclusion
 The issue of One Health is more and beyond just
Zoonosis, even though zoonosis is a major item
 The history of One Health in Nigeria shows it began
from the University of Ibadan, the first University in
Nigeria
 Efforts to have a National OH Coordinating Center at
the Dr Nasidi headed Nigeria CDC have been
frustrating
 Still the first and the best, there is need for One
Health National Coordinating Center which UI should
be readyto host
THANK YOU
FOR GIVING ME
AUDIENCE