NeoFreudian
Approach
Jung’s Analytical Approach
ICSP254 Theories of Personality
Jung’s Analytical Psychology
Disagreements with Freud:
• Over role of sexuality, libido as more generalized psychic
energy
• Forces that influence personality, not just the past
• The unconscious, greater emphasis than Freud
The Differences from Freud
• Role of Sexuality
• Minimized important of sex in his personality theory
• Redefine Libido as general life energy
• psychic energy which he now calls psyche is Jung’s term for
personality, through which one is perceiving, thinking, feeling,
and wishing
3 Basic Principles
Principle of Opposites
• Existence of opposites in the universe (hot/cold, birth/death)
• In psyche, every wish or feeling has its opposite. The greater
the conflict between polarities, the greater the energy
produced
3 Basic Principles
Principle of Equivalence
• Conservation of energy
• Energy expended in bringing about some condition is not lost
but rather shifted to another part of personality
• Ex. You lose interest in a person, the psychic energy that was
invested in that area is shifted to a new one.
• Note that the shifted energy will be equal (same level of
desirable, compelling, or fascinating)
• Energy is continually redistributed within the personality
3 Basic Principles
Principle of Entropy
• Tendency toward balance or equilibrium in the personality
• Ex. If two hot and cold glass touched, the heat will
redistributed until both are equally in temperature
Systems of Personality
Ego
• Conscious aspect of personality
Personal
Unconscious
Collective
Unconscious
Ego
• Part of psyche concerned with
perceiving, thinking, feeling, and
remembering
• Selective – only a portion of stimuli
registered into the conscious
• Attitudes – extravert or introvert
Systems of Personality
Personal Unconscious
Personal
Unconscious
Collective
Unconscious
Ego
• Reservoir of material that was
once conscious but has been
forgotten or suppressed
• Two-way traffic between ego and
personal unconscious
• Ex. Our attention can wander
readily from class to a memory of
something from last week
Systems of Personality
Collective Unconscious
Personal
Unconscious
Collective
Unconscious
Ego
• deepest and least accessible level of
psyche, containing accumulation of
inherited experiences of human and
pre-human species
• This collective unconscious is passed
on to new generations
• Indirect inheritance: We inherit
“potential” fear of snakes not direct
fear. Our experience will determine
whether we develop fear or not
Archetypes
Archetypes – images of universal experience contained in the
collective unconscious, manifested by recurring themes or patterns
These recurring patterns become imprinted in our psyche and are
expressed in our dreams and fantasies
Example of archetypes are the mother, child, God, death, power, and
wise old man.
Major archetypes include the persona, the anima and animus, the
shadow, and the self.
Major Archetypes
Persona
Anima
Animus
Shadow
• Mask, a public face that one present to others
• Necessary as we’re forced to play many roles
• Inflation of persona – ego become persona rather than true self deception
• Humans are bisexual
• Anima (feminine aspect of male psyche) Animus (masculine of female psyche)
• Helps us understand the opposite sex.
• Both sides must be developed otherwise lead to one-sidedness of the personality
• Basic, primitive animal instincts but also source of vitality, creativity, and emotion
• Behaviors that society considered evil and immoral reside in the shadow
• Total suppression = dull and lifeless psyche. Shadow lie dormant but in crisis or ego
weakness, person may become dominated by unconscious (shadow)
Major Archetypes
Self
• Represents unity, integration, and harmony of the total personality
• Cannot emerge until other systems of psyche developed, occur around
middle age
• Full realization of self lies in the future. The self serves as a motivating force,
pulling us from ahead rather than pushing us from behind (as our past
experiences do)
Development of the Personality
• Determined by what we hope to be (future) as well as what
we have been (past)
• We develop and grow, regardless of age
Childhood to Young Adulthood
• Ego develop in early childhood, in primitive way
• Child’s personality at this age merely reflection of personalities
of parents
• Ego begin to form when the child is able to say “I”
• Puberty is “psychic birth” – marked by difficulties and need to
adapt. Childhood fantasies end and confronted with reality.
• Primary attitude is extraversion – focus on external world and
achievement (school, job)
Middle Age
• Major personality changes occur between age 35 and 40
• Middle age as time of personal crisis. Inevitable and universal.
• Patients reported feeling empty. Life had lost its meaning.
• Typical 40 year old is established in career, marriage, and
community. Why, when success has been achieved, that so
many are feeling despair and worthlessness?
Middle Age (2)
• Before 40 – preparatory activities of the external world. Now
that they have everything – there’s nowhere for the energy.
Second half of life must be devoted to inner world.
• Shift from extraversion to introversion.
• Interests shifted from physical materials to spiritual,
philosophical, and intuitive
• Individuation – process of actualizing the self, integrating
unconscious with the conscious to attain a new level of
positive psychological health
Questions about Human Nature
Past
Present
• Past or Present?
Both past and present
• Free Will or Determinism?
Free Will
Determinism
Free will and spontaneity (from shadow)
• Nature or Nurture?
Nature
Nurture
Drive toward individuation is innate
(nature) but can be helped with
experience (nurture)
Questions about Human Nature
Uniqueness
Universality
Equilibrium
Growth
• Unique or Universal?
Unique only first half of life. Universal
progress toward individuation in middle
age
• Equilibrium or Growth?
Grow and develop throughout all ages
Optimism
Pessimism
• Optimism or Pessimism?
Positive image of personality and human
nature
Assessment in Jung’s Theory
Word
Association
Test
Symptom
Analysis
Dream
Analysis
Word Association Test
• Measure time it took to respond and physical reactions to determine
emotions
Symptom & Dream Analysis
• Symptom analysis – focus on symptoms reported by patients and try to
interpret patient’s free association to those symptoms
• Dream analysis – interpretation of dream to uncover unconscious conflicts
Dreams are the path that we can see the unconscious
Look at recurring themes, issues, and problems as communicated by the
subconscious
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
• An assessment test created based on Jung’s psychological types
• A self-report inventory that is very popular today
• Of all corporations in the Fortune 100, 89 companies use MBTI for hiring and
promotion decision
Jung’s Personality Type
• According to Jung’s theory of psychological types, people can be
characterized by
• Their preference of general attitude: Extraverted (E) or Introverted (I)
• Their preference of functions of perception: Sensing (S) or Intuition (N)
• Their preference of functions of judging: Thinking (T) or Feeling (F)
• These area of preferences are dichotomies with one function (of
each) dominant.
Extraversion vs Introversion
• Extraverted (E) – attitude of the psyche characterized by an orientation
toward the external world and other people
• Open, sociable, socially assertive, oriented toward others and external world
• Introverted (I) – attitude of the psyche characterized by an orientation toward
one’s own thoughts and feelings
• Withdrawn, shy, focus on self-thoughts-feelings
Capacity for BOTH, but you have to determine which one is dominant
Sensing vs. Intuition
Sensing (S) – produce experience through the senses the way a
photograph copies an object
Intuition (I) – does not arise from external stimulus
Question: If you sit in a dark room and feel a presence of someone
else in the room (even though you cannot see), you are using
________ (sensing/intuition)?
Thinking vs. Feeling
The way we organize, categorize, and making evaluations about
our experiences
Thinking (T) – conscious judgment of whether an experience is true
or false
Feeling (F) – dislike, pleasantness or unpleasantness, stimulated or
dull
The 16 personality types