COMMUNITY-BASED ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN JATIGEDE
RESERVOIR REGION IN SUMEDANG REGENCY
Djuwendah, E 1, Tuhpawana2, Kusnadi, E 3, M.Arief 4
1, 2,3,4
Dosen Prodi Agribisnis Faperta UNPAD
email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Jatigede Reservoir region is an area with a combination of plain and water areas that have
multiple functions, as power generation, irrigation water supply, fisheries, and tourism
destinations. Thus, the tourism that was developed in the reservoir area must be the tourism
that supports the reservoir function as well as natural conservation. Ecotourism is a tourism
activity that sets forth certain natural beauty, activities and attractions as its attractiveness
as well as supports conservation efforts. Community-based ecotourism development is
expected to increase land carrying capacity, widen employment opportunities for local
communities as well as maintain environmental sustainability. The purpose of this study
were to identify Jatigede Reservoir potentials as a tourist destination and to identify local
communities’ participation in the management of Jatigede Reservoir ecotourism. This
research used qualitative descriptive method with case study technique. The data source
was obtained through interviews, documentation and observation. The research result
showed that the development of the forest around the reservoir was potential for tourism
attractions, such as outbound arena, camping, hiking, and off-road driving. The utilization
of fertile rice fields and the reservoir dam water was also potential for agro-tourism, fishing
tourism, and water tourism. Community involvement in the management of Jatigede
Reservoir ecotourism were still limited. As an implication, it is needed the policy which is
based on local potential development and the full community involvement in the planning
and management of the ecotourism in order to suit the needs and culture of the local
community.
Keywords: ecotourism, Jatigede Reservoir, development, community empowerment
1
INTRODUCTION
Tourism activity is one of the sectors that have their roles in development process
and regional growth, because besides becoming contributor to economic growth, tourism
sector can also become the stimulus of the growth of other developmental sectors, such as
plantation, agriculture, commerce, and industry. According to Nugroho (2011), tourism
development has a significant role in economic, social, and environmental aspects. In
economic aspect, tourism sector contributes to the foreign exchange savings from the visits
of international tourists, and to the GDP with its components. In social aspect, tourism has
a role in labor absorption, the appreciation for national arts, traditions, and cultures, the
improvement of national identity, and others.
Sumedang Regency is one of the regencies that have excellent sectors of agriculture,
tourism, and culture. Based on tourism policy of Sumedang Regency announced in
RIPPDA (Rencana Induk Pengembangan Pariwisata Daerah) 2013, tourism development is
directed to the availability of adequate tourism objects, and is supported by reliable tourism
agents. One of the new tourism destinations in Sumedang Regency that have an integration
between nature and man-made elements and is potential to develop is Jatigede Reservoir.
Jatigede Reservoir construction has various purposes (multipurpose) that result in
community welfare. The purposes of Jatigede Reservoir include water control, power
plants, raw water supply, and tourism.
Since the first time it was officially announced by Minister of General Work and
Public Housing, Basuki Hadimulyono, on Monday, August 31, 2015, the tourism potentials
in the reservoir region began to come up. Along with the water pool heightening of
Jatigede Reservoir, there have been many tourists visiting, particularly on holidays.
Jatigede Reservoir tourism object sites that become the mainstays are Wana Wisata
2
Tanjungduriat and Puncakdamar, which are located in Cisitu District and Darmaraya
District.
Natural tourism object development in Jatigede region has automatically changed the
function of forest and the land use around it, so that it is necessary that there is some
regulation in the land and forest arrangements in order to make it not only increase the
domestic income, but also maintain ecological preservation and local culture.
Ecotourism development which involves people is the best choice to ensure
environmental sustainability as well as to give some benefits for the local community. This
is parallel with tourism-based community empowerment. This research aimed at
inventorying the ecotourism potentials that could be developed in Jatigede Reservoir
region, and identifying community involvement in the tourism development in Jatigede
Reservoir region.
LITERARY REVIEW
The national tourism industry development attempt is stated in Undang-Undang No.
10 tahun 2009 about tourism. According to statement, tourism is a variety of tourism
activities, and is supported by various facilities and services which are provided by
community, company, government, and local government, while tourism industry is a
group of tourism businesses which are related to each other in producing goods and/or
services for the fulfillment of tourists’ needs in managing tourism. According to Copper, et
al (1992:81) in Sugiana (2013), there are 4 components of tourism assets that is needed in a
tourism destination. The four components are attraction, accessibility, amenity, and
ancillary.
Tourism attraction is an object that has attractive power over a person to enjoy/watch
it, so that they are interested to visit it. Generally, there are three tourism attractions:
3
natural attraction, cultural attraction, and special interests. Accessibility covers all
transportation infrastructure that connect from and to the tourism destination in relation to
the duration spent and distance taken through land, sea, or air routes. Amenity
encompasses a variety of activities to fulfill the tourists’ accommodation needs along the
tour, such as lodgings, food and drink supplies, entertainment area that give comfort,
conveniences, good services, and sanitation cleanness which guarantees health and
security. Ancillary services covers various institutions that facilitate the development and
marketing of the tourism destination. The organizations include governments, private
companies, and tourism associations.
The Ecotourism International in 1991 defined ecotourism as “responsible travel to
natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people”
(Epler Wood, 1996 in Lash, 1997).
According to WWF Indonesia, 2009, there are 5 principles implemented in
ecotourism development: (1) ecotourism sustainability in economic, social, and
environmental aspects, (2) institutional, local community, and partnership developments,
(3) community-based economy, (4) education, and (5) site plan development and
implementation, and ecotourism site management. The five principles of ecotourism
development can be implemented, if there is synergy between stakeholders involved, such
as government, ecotourism managements, tourists, and local communities around the
ecotourism regions, of course.
Community-based ecotourism takes social dimension of ecotourism as a further step
by developing a form of ecotourism where local community have full control and
involvement in the management and the development, and the main proportion involves the
rest of the benefits in the community (WWF Indonesia, 2001).
4
The pattern of community-based ecotourism doesn’t mean that the local community
perform solely the ecotourism business. In the implementation level, ecotourism is
considered as a part of integrated development done in a region, so that the involvement of
related parties from communities, society, government, business world, to nongovernmental organization are expected to build a network and to perform a good
partnership in accordance with their respective roles and expertise in order to help
maintaining sustainable use of resource.
METHODOLOGY
This research was a qualitative research with case study approach. According to
Moleong (2007: 6), qualitative research is a research intended to understand descriptively
the phenomena experienced by the research subjects, such as behaviors, perceptions,
motivations, actions, and others by using various scientific method. Qualitative research
departs from certain case in certain social condition. Thus, the researcher chose study case
approach. Qualitative research uses case study research technique, which means that the
research is focused on certain phenomenon chosen and intended to understand deeply in a
certain period (Haris Herdiansyah, 2010: 76).
This research was performed in three districts: Situraja District, Darmaraja District,
and Jatigede District of Sumedang Regency. The primary data was obtained through field
observation and purposive interview with village officials and local community figures.
The secondary data was obtained through literary review that is relevant to the research.
The data was analyzed descriptively. Descriptive analysis is an analysis method used with
the purpose to obtain the description which is deep and objective, and to analyze the data
and information about the research object. The activities performed in analyzing the data
were data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion as the research result that answers
the research focus based on the data analysis (Gunawan, 2012).
5
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
1. Description of Natural Tourism Potential of Jatigede Reservoir Region
Jatigede Reservoir has an attractiveness as a potential natural tourism object because
it is supported by natural atmosphere with beautiful views and friendly local inhabitants.
The region surrounding Jatigede Reservoir covers an area of 5,000 hectares. The tourism
attractions developed include (1) water tourism in the form of fishing, motorboat, and
water boom, (2) wildlife tourism, (3) camping ground, (4) sport tourism such as golf,
paragliding, off-road driving, (5) mystical tourism, (6) agritourism such as rice fields,
plantation, and fruit market, and (7) cultural tourism. Tourism attraction of Jatigede
Reservoir region is fully presented in Table 1.
Table 1. The ecotourism potentials of Jatigede Reservoir Region, Sumedang Regency
Tourism
Objects’ Location
Name
water tourism,
“Pantai” Cisema,
Pakualam Village
fishing area,
Banyu Bungur
and Jatibungur
motorboat, raft,
Village of Darmaraja
water bike
District
Wildlife Tourism
Puncak Damar
Pakualam Village of
(Forest Tourism)
Wildlife Tourism,
Darmaraja District,
Tanjung Duriat
and Pejagan Village
Wildlife Tourism
of Cisitu District
Waterfall Tourism
Curug Cipelah and
Bangbayang Village,
Cikidang
Situraja District
Art Attraction
Kuda Renggong,
Sukaratu Village,
Gondang,
Darmaraja Village,
Arawangsa, Beluk,
Pakualam Village,
Karinding, Custom
Cimarga Village,
Villages of Cisempur Sukamenak Village
and Munjul
of Darmaraja District
Agritourisms of fruit Darmaraja Village, Darmaraja Village of
market
and Pakualam
Village Darmaraja District,
plantation
and Sukatali Village
Sukatali Village of
Situraja District
Wisata olahraga
Golf Field, Hakulah Pakualam
Village,
Block
Cimarga Village, and
Linggajaya Village
of Cisitu District
No. Type of Attraction
Note
1
Operating
2
3
4
5
6
6
Operating
Operating
not operating
yet
not operating
yet
not operating
yet
7.
Bumi perkemahan,
8.
Mystical Tourism
Paragliding
on
Batudua Hill, Mount
Lingga
Camping Ground of
Puncak Damar
Tanjung duriat and
Mount Lingga
Sites of Mount
Lingga and
Dayeuhluhur
Cimarga Village of operating
Cisitu District
Pakualam Village of
Darmaraja District
and
Cimarga Village of
Cisitu District
Cimarga Village of
Cisitu District,
Dayeuhluhur Village
of Ganeas District
operating
operating
.
Water tourism sites in Jatigede Reservoir region were named in accordance with the
names of the village where the tourism object exists such as “Banyu Bungur” and ‘Pantai’
Cisema. The attractions to enjoy are boating, charged Rp 10,000 a loop, and water bike, Rp
5,000 an hour. For those whose hobby is fishing, there are bamboo rafts, each of which is
charged rental cost Rp 10,000 a day.
Figure 1. Water Tourism in Cisema ‘Beach’ and Banyu Bungur
The site of Banyu Bungur in Jatibungur Village of Darmaraja District is rather open;
in the east, natural view of Mount Jagat/Cakrabuana and Mount Ciremai, and in the
morning, sunrise can be seen from the grandeur of Mount Ciremai. The accessibility to
Banyu Bungur is rather easy because of the availability of the road connecting Bandung
City and Sumedang Regency directing towards Wado, Garut, Tasikmalaya and Ciamis.
7
Figure 2. Wildlife Tourism of Puncak Damar and Tanjung Duriat, Sumedang Regency
The forest region around Jatigede Reservoir was being developed and managed by
Perum Perhutani in the form of wildlife tourisms of Puncak Damar in Baros Block,
Pakualam Village of Darmaraja District, and Tanjung Duriat, located in the Northwest of
Jatigede Reservoir coastal area. This tourism site showed the beauty of mountain nature
and the views over Jatigede Reservoir from the top of the hill projecting toward the
reservoir. Although it was still in the phase of construction, there had been many tourists
visiting. The recreation type which were going to be developed in Puncak Damar and
Tanjung Duriat Block included camping ground, outbound arena, off-road route and
culinary shelter providing various fish dishes menu. The access for visitors was through the
road of the forest region and the street of Pakualam Village of Situraja District. In this
wildlife tourism, there were parking areas for motorcycles and cars, i-Gazebo, camping
ground, outbound arena and playing ground for children, small wooden mushola which
looks natural. The entering charge to the wildlife tourisms of Puncak Damar and Tanjung
Duriat of Jatigede is Rp 5,000 a person, while the parking cost was Rp 5,000 for cars and
Rp 2,000 for motorcycles.
8
Figure 4. Tourisms Curug Cipelah and Cikidang of Situraja District of Sumedang Regency
Other Natural tourism potentials in Jatigede Reservoir region is waterfall tourism.
There are Curug Cikidang and Curug Cipelah in Bangbayang Village of Situraja District,
which are the waterfall whose water doesn’t not drop directly to the ground, but, from 20
meters height, flows down through the naturally-arranged stones.
Currently available sport tourism was paragliding on the top of Batudua Hill of
Mount Lingga, while sport tourism potentials that could be developed is gold, water ski,
rowing, and fishing.
Like other Sundanese community in general, the people in Sundanese Regency is an
agrarian community, which couldn’t be separated from farming culture lasting from
generation to generation. That means that the underlying culture and tradition are the daily
life and tradition of farming community. Some arts and ceremonies purposed to seek for
blessing during planting season, thanksgiving during harvest, rejoicing during pounding
rice, and other arts and cultures. Some of the cultures are Karinding Art, a musical
instrument made of the midribs of sugar palm leaves or bamboo slats, Beluk Art, a kind of
sound followed by musical instruments, Gondang Art, Jentreng Tarawangsa, and Kuda
Renggong.
9
Special interest tourism in the form of mystical visit to Sumedang ancestors is
located at the site of Mount Lingga and Dayeuh Luhur. Mount Lingga is the site of remains
of Tajimalela, the King of Sumedanglarang, and the relocation place of the ancient tombs
sites taken from the inundated area of Jatigede Reservoir located in Cimarga Village, about
12 kilometers from Cisitu District of Sumedang Regency. Other mystical visit tourism is
Dayeuh Lukur, in which there is the tombs of Sumedang ancestors, Prabu Geusan Ulun
with his wife and his vice regent (patih), and located at the top of Rengganis mountain
range in Dayeuh Luhur Village of Ganeas District.
Figure 3. The Map of Tourism Attractions of Jatigede Reservoir, Sumedang Regency
The accessibility towards various tourism objects in Jatigede Reservoir region was
relatively good. The strategic location made it easy to reach through Bandung-Cirebon
Provincial Road. Tourists from Jakarta or Bandung could go through Padalarang-Cilenyi
toll road, then go towards Sumedang District. From Sumedang town square, turn to the
right and enter Jl. Sebelas April, which leads to Situraja square. About two kilometers from
the Situraja square, there was a way down from Warung Ketan and turn to the left towards
Sudapati Village-Pajagan and then towards Jatigede. The visitors from Cirebon,
10
Majalengka, Indramayu and Kuningan could go through Tomo-Tolengas and then go
towards Cijeungjing Village of Jatigede District, then to the front areJatigede Reservoir
tourism object. The existence of the tourism object in Jatigede region of Sumedang
Regency was currently not supported by comprehensive infrastructure, because it was still
on early development phase. Currently, the ring road of Jatigede reaching about 13
kilometers to the east, passing through Ciranggem Village, Merkasasih Village, Sarimekar
Village, Jatinunggal Village, Tarikolot Village, Pawenang Village, Wado Village, Cisurat
Village, until Darmaraja Village. Cisumdawu toll road reaching 60 kilometers and
connecting Cileunyi, Sumedang, and Dawuan, and Kertajati International Airport in
Majalengka were under construction. It’s expected that those could be the attractions for
local and foreign tourists to visit Jatigede tourism objects and other tourism objects in
Sumedang Regency.
2. The Zonation of the Utilization and Activity Partnership Potentials of Jatigede
Based on Business Practitioners
Besides being used as one of the sources of Locally Generated Revenue and giving
prosperity for the local community, Ecotourism development can be made as a cultural
preservation means and local genius development. By looking at the various tourism
potentials of Jatigede Reservoir region, the government officials of Sumedang as one of the
stakeholders of tourism should optimize the potentials for the sake of the community’s
prosperity.
The involved parties in the ecotourism development of Jatigede Reservoir include
Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai (BBWS) Cimanuk-Cisanggarung, Local Government Official
of Forestry and Plantation, Local Government Official of Tourism and Culture, BAPPEDA
of West Java Province and of Sumedang Regency, local community around Jatigede
11
Reservoir, travel agents, tourists, colleges, and others. The stakeholders in the ecotourism
development of Jatigede Reservoir, Sumedang, is shown in Table 2.
Table 2. The Stakeholders’ Role in the Natural Tourism Development in Jatigede Reservoir
Region
No Stakeholder
1.
Roles
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Management Offices of Jatigede 9.
1.
Reservoir and Tourism (BBWS 2.
Cisanggarung-Cimanuk, Badan 3.
Otoritas Waduk Jatigede, Local 4.
Government Office of General
5.
Work, Perum Perhutani KPH
6.
Sumedang)
7.
Reorganizing and controlling the reorganization
Producing regulation regarding natural tourism
Creating plan documents
Allocating funds for the tourism development
Forming tourism driving groups
Providing education and training
Coordinating activity development
Directing local community
Creating the regulation
Monitoring the natural tourism regions
Providing infrastructure system support
Coordinating the programs
Preserving the region’s environment and culture
Developing the programs
Guiding the tourists
3.
Tourism Industries (lodgings,
restaurants and food stalls, travel
managements, drivers, mass
media, etc.)
4.
Research institutions (colleges)
Developing natural tourism activities
Marketing
Performing accompaniment and cooperation
Opening employment opportunities
Guiding the tourists
Inventorying the potentials of the natural tourism
region
Providing education and training
Penelitian berkelanjutan
Performing
natural tourism activity development
Giving support and commitment
Becoming volunteers
Monitoring the regions
2.
5
Government Institutions
(Bappeda, Local Government
Official of Tourism and Culture,
Local Government Official of
Forestry and Plantation of West
Java Province and Sumedang
Regency)
Non-Governmental
Organization
(NGO)
communities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
1.
and 2.
3.
4.
BAPPEDA of Sumedang Regency made the planning and mapping of the zonation
area of Jatigede Reservoir region, reaching from tourism, agritourism, to non-floating net
fish catching region zone. In the buffer areas of Jatigede Reservoir, there would be built golf
field, Jatigede museum, culinary center, water boom, agrotourism of plantation, agrotourism
of agricultural product market, and others.
12
The excellent agricultural commodities around Jatigede Reservoir varied, such as
sapodilla (Acrhras zapota. L) of Sukatali from Sukatali Village of Ganeas District, Pamela
orange of Cikoneng (Citrus maxima Burm) from Cisarua and Thorny Palm fruit of
“Bangkok” (Salacca zalacca) from Conggeang, coconut tree and sugar palm, whose are
could be processed into palm sugar and coconut sugar. The fish potentials in the inundated
area of Jatigede Reservoir were the raw materials of various local processed meals that could
add the value in order to increase the farmers’ income. This condition gave opportunities for
the agrotourism development in Jatigede Reservoir region.
According to Afandhi (2005) in Bagus Rai (2013), agritourism construction and
development for business world can be performed by three economic agents: State-owned
Enterprise/Local State-owned Enterprise, National Companies, Cooperatives, and personal
businesses. The three economic agents must be based on company management pattern in
their management system, individually or through cooperation (joint venture), sharing, and
others, with the principle of mutual profitability.
Figure 4. The Plans of Zonation of Utilization and Partnership Potential of Jatigede
Reservoir
Source: BAPPEDA of Sumedang Regency, 2015
13
Based on the plans of zonation of utilization and partnership potential of Jatigede
Reservoir, there are 12 tourism activities involving participation of local community,
investors, and Local State-owned Enterprise in their managements as stated in Figure 4
above.
3. The Recommendation for Community-Based Ecotourism Development in Jatigede
Reservoir Region
Ecotourism development in Jatigede Reservoir region can be fast implemented across
sectors and by encouraging high involvement of the local community. This is the basic
concept of ecotourism development. Ecotourism development involving local community
is the proper choice in order to maintain the sustainability of the environment, as well as to
give optimal benefits for the local community. Thus, it is needed the cooperation among
stakeholders, community institution strengthening, conservation attempts around the
reservoir, as well as tourism promotion which is good and right on target. Local officials
can simplify the licensing for the investors that is going to make an investment and utilize
the infrastructure. Local community are also given counseling and guidance of tourism
awareness in order to prepare the skills in tourism service providing sector.
Among the zonation plan of the utilization of Jatigede Reservoir, the wildlife tourism
object of Puncak Damar and Tanjung Duriat had been implemented and the management
was performed through cooperation between Perum Perhutani KPH Sumedang and Forest
Village Community Institution (Lembaga Masyarakat Desa Hutan). The form of
community involvement is by being the tourism service agents consisting of tour guide
services, tour motorcycle taxi drivers of tourism, space providers and parking services,
various culinary products sellers, homestay service providers, café, and restaurants.
Community involvement around Jatigede Reservoir can be increased more through
14
creativity and innovation in providing culinary and handcraft products to sell as souvenirs
for tourists.
In order to establish community-based ecotourism, it is needed institutionalism of the
tourism object management organization and social organization having the role as tourism
service management and facilitator among stakeholders. The enhancement of human
resource capabilities is important in the effort to increase the role of local community in the
ecotourism development. The trainings related to ecotourism and agritourism are necessary
to be given to local community, and they need to be involved in the planning and
development of the ecotourism in their areas (Nurhidayati, 2013).
Participation of the local community can be increase through some strategies: (1)
local community who have some lands in the built region are to cultivate their lands, so
that it can support the increase of agriculture products that can be agritourism attractiveness
and also encourage sense of belonging and sense of responsibility in the management of
the region on the whole; (2) it is to involve local community directly in the company
activities as employees, both in the agriculture and in the tourism services, tour guide, and
others; in order to do that, the management need to take some steps and attempts to
increase the specific knowledge and skills of the employees from the local community; (3)
it is to provide facilities and the place for selling agricultural products, handcrafts, and
souvenirs for villagers around the region, so that it can present typical product of the region
and increase their income, and (4) local community are to be involved in the attraction
performance of the local art and culture to be presented to tourists routinely and wellorganized.
The ecotourism development in Jatigede Reservoir region needs the developmental
phases as follows: (1) arrangement and preparation of the tourism objects, (2) preparation
of human resource and institutional synergy in village in the management of the ecotourism
15
through training and guidance, (3) proposing community-based ecotourism program to get
program support and funding from local government office, (4) improving means and
facilities of the roads, (5) creating agritourism programs, (6) increasing local community’s
creativity through training and guidance of agricultural product processing technology and
marketing, (8) conservation and development of traditional art and culture to support
agritourism program in villages, and (9) increasing cooperation with related parties such as
colleges/research and development institutions for the guidance in the adoption of
innovation and technology supporting the ecotourism.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The potential of Jatigede Reservoir region in Sumedang Regency was quite good to
be developed as ecotourism, because it has various tourism objects and attractions such as
water tourism, wildlife tourism, waterfall tourism, sport tourism, camping ground,
agritourism, art and culture tourism, and mystical visit tourism. However, currently, the
potential had not optimally developed because of the inadequate supporting facilities, being
still on the planning phase.
In most of the ecotourism development activities, local community had not been
involved in the program planning and evaluation, as well as monitoring the implementation
of the program. In general, the participation of the local community was still limited in the
context of the use of business opportunities emerging along with the development of
Jatigede Reservoir tourism attractions. The form of local community involvement was still
limited to being tourism service agents consisting of tour guide service, motorcycle taxis
drivers of tourism, tourism boating service providers, space providers and parking services,
various culinary products sellers, homestay service providers, and food stalls.
The ecotourism development involving local community is the right choice to ensure
the sustainability of the environment, as well as to give optimal benefit for them. In order
16
to reach that, it is needed the roles of and coordination among the stakeholders and social
organizations in the management, control and conservation, as well as promotion of the
tourism objects.
In the context of ecotourism development in Jatigede Reservoir region, there are
some recommendations, such as that in the ecotourism construction, there should be an
integration among sectors and among regions. The construction of ecotourism region not
only depends on the management in the region alone, but also it should be integrated with
the outside of the regions and the buffer areas. It is necessary to arrange a multi-parties
action plan of the work implementation (Rencana Aksi Multipihak Imprementasi
Pekerjaan/RAM-IP), so that the involvement of the stakeholders like colleges, business
world, governments becomes clear in their roles, tasks, and responsibilities.
THANK-YOU NOTE
This work is part of the research of Academic Leadership Grant, Sustainable
Regional Economic Development (SRED) of UNPAD. Thanks for the Rector and the
Directorate of Research and Community Service of Padjadjaran University, which have
funded this research. We would like to express our gratitude for the help during the
research to village chiefs and local community figures in Jatigede Reservoir region,
BAPPEDA, and related local government offices in Sumedang Regency.
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