EDUCATION PRACTICE AND INNOVATION
ISSN(Print): 2372-3092 ISSN(Online): 2372-3106
VOLUME 1, NUMBER 2, JUNE 2014
EDUCATION PRACTICE AND INNOVATION
Emotional Intelligence in Basketball
Players: A Predictor of Sport Performance
Baljinder Singh Bal1 *, Davinder Singh2
1,2 Assistant
Professor, Department of Physical Education, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
*Corresponding author: bal [email protected]
Abstract:
This study examined the role of emotional intelligence in performance of basketball players.
To obtain required data, the investigators had selected Sixty (N=60) female intercollege level
basketball players of 19 to 25 years of age to act as subjects. They were divided into three
groups; (i.e., N1=20; District, N2=20; State and N3=20 National). The purposive sampling
technique was used to select the subjects. All the subjects, after having been informed about the
objective and protocol of the study, gave their consent and volunteered to participate in this study.
To measure the level of Emotional Intelligence the subjects, the Emotional Intelligence scale
constructed by Hyde et al. [1] was administered. The results revealed significant differences
have been noticed among district, state and national level female basketball players on the
sub-parameters; self-awareness and integrity. It has been observed that district level female
basketball players had demonstrated significantly better self-awareness as compared to their
counterpart state and national level female basketball players. It has also been noticed that
national level female basketball players exhibited significantly better on integrity as compared
to their counterpart district and state level female basketball players. However, No significant
differences were found on the sub-parameters; empathy, self-motivation, emotional stability,
managing relations, self-development, value orientation, commitment and altruistic behaviour.
Keywords:
Emotional Intelligence; Predictor
1. INTRODUCTION
The researchers indicated that emotional regulating can leads to optimal performance and is associated
with athletic successful performance [2]. In recent years, in the field of psychology, in order to improve
the emotional regulation, management of emotions and emotional intelligence has been more imptortant.
Further, the researchers revealed that emotional intelligence is a useful and efficacy construct for use in
applied situations such as during the performance [3–5]. Emotions are parts of the human personality
which affect individual performance and can associate with success and failure in sport settings [6].
Emotional intelligence is a concept that helps out to know as how to separate healthy from unhealthy
feelings and how to transform negative feelings into positive ones. Goleman [7] explored the means
managing feelings so that they are expressed appropriately and effectively, enabling people to work
together smoothly towards their common goals. According to him, emotional intelligence has proved to
1
EDUCATION PRACTICE AND INNOVATION
be an effective measure of human capabilities and programmes of emotional intelligence have shown to
enhance an individuals productivity in different fields of human activities. The psychological aspects of
athletes must also be improved in conjunction with their motor characteristics. Lopes et al. [8] explored
that people with high emotional intelligence scores are more likely to report positive relations with other
people and less likely to report negative relations with close friends. Satisfaction with ones relationships
was correlated with extraversion, neuroticism (negatively) and the ability to manage ones emotions.
Lane et al. [3] found that emotions correlating with successful performance vigor, happiness, and
calmness, whereas emotions associating with poor performance include confusion, depression and fatigue.
Emotional intelligence has been accepted by psychologists as the one which affects human performance
as it is one thing which drives man or is the motivational force leading to all his achievements. Therefore,
the present days training needs to consider this aspect of human psychology for complete preparation
of the sportsperson for the competition. For this, the nature in which emotional intelligence affects the
sports performance has to be tested with appropriate psychological tools and quantified.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Subjects: The investigators had selected Sixty (N=60) female intercollege level basketball players of 19
to 25 years of age to act as subjects. They were divided into three groups; (i.e., N1=20; District, N2=20;
State and N3=20 National). The purposive sampling technique was used to select the subjects. All the
subjects, after having been informed about the objective and protocol of the study, gave their consent and
volunteered to participate in this study.
2.1 INSTRUMENTATION
To measure the level of Emotional Intelligence the subjects, the Emotional Intelligence scale constructed
by Hyde et al. [1] was administered.
3. STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES
One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed to compare the different level of performance.
Where F values were found significant, LSD (Least Significant Difference) Post-hoc test was applied to
find out the direction and degree of difference. For testing the hypotheses, the level of significance was
set at 0.05.
4. RESULTS
Table 1 presents significant differences with regard to the sub-parameter self-awareness among district,
state and national level female basketball players as the P-value (Sig.) .006 was found smaller than
the 0.05 level of significance (P < 0.05). Since the obtained F-value was found significant, therefore,
Least Significant Difference (LSD) post-hoc test was employed to study the direction and significance of
differences between paired means among various level of female basketball players on the sub-parameter
self-awareness. The results of LSD post hoc test have been presented in Table 2.
A glance at table 2 showed that the mean value of district level players was 17.20 whereas state level
players had mean value as 15.15 and the mean difference between both the groups was found 2.05. The p2
Emotional Intelligence in Basketball Players: A Predictor of Sport Performance
Table 1. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results among District, State and National Level Female Basketball players
with regard to the sub-parameter Self-Awareness
Source of vari- Sum of df
ance
Squares
Mean
Square
F-ratio P-value
Sig.
Between
Groups
45.700
22.850
5.664
Within
Groups
229.950 57
Total
275.650 59
*Significant at 0.05 F0.05 (2, 57)
Group (A)
2
Group (B)
.006
4.034
Mean Difference P-value
(A-B)
(Sig.)
State
District
National
(Mean=17.20)
District
State
National
(Mean=15.15)
2.05000*
.50000
.002
.434
-2.05000*
-1.55000*
.002
.018
District
State
-.50000
1.55000*
.434
.018
National
(Mean=16.70)
Table 2. Analysis of Least Significant Difference (LSD) post hoc test among District, State and National Level
Female Basketball players with regard to the sub-parameter Self-awareness
value sig .002 shows that the district level players had demonstrated significantly better on self-awareness
than their counterparts state level players. The mean difference between district and national level players
was found .50. The P-value (Sig.) .434 showed that district level player had exhibited better self-awareness
though not significantly than their counterpart national level players. The mean difference between state
and national level players was found 1.55. The P-value (Sig.) .018 showed that national level player had
exhibited better self-awareness though not significantly than their counterpart state level players.
Figure 1. Graphical representation of mean scores with regard to District, State and National Level Female Basketball players on the sub-parameter Self-awareness
It is evident from table 3 that insignificant differences have been found with regard to the sub-parameter
empathy among district, state and national level female basketball players as the P-value (Sig.) .307
3
EDUCATION PRACTICE AND INNOVATION
Table 3. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results among District, State and National Level Female Basketball players
with regard to the sub-parameter Empathy
Source of vari- Sum of df
ance
Squares
Mean
Square
F-ratio P-value
Sig.
Between
Groups
13.233
6.617
1.206
Within
Groups
312.700 57
Total
325.933 59
*Significant at 0.05 F0.05 (2, 57)
2
.307
5.486
Table 4. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results among District, State and National Level Female Basketball players
with regard to the sub-parameter Self-Motivation
Source of vari- Sum of df
ance
Squares
Mean
Square
F-ratio P-value
Sig.
Between
Groups
.133
.067
.015
Within
Groups
249.800 57
Total
249.933 59
*Significant at 0.05 F0.05 (2, 57)
2
.985
4.382
was found higher than the 0.05 level of significance (P > 0.05). Since F-value was found insignificant,
therefore, there is no need to apply post hoc test.
It can be observed from table 4 that insignificant differences have been found with regard to the
sub-parameter self-motivation among district, state and national level female basketball players as the
P-value (Sig.) .985 was found higher than the 0.05 level of significance (P > 0.05). Since F-value was
found insignificant, therefore, there is no need to apply post hoc test.
The results depicted in table 5 that insignificant differences have been found with regard to the subparameter emotional stability among district, state and national level female basketball players as the
P-value (Sig.) .312 was found higher than the 0.05 level of significance (P > 0.05). Since F-value was
found insignificant, therefore, there is no need to apply post hoc test.
It has been observed from table 6 that insignificant differences have been found with regard to the
sub-parameter managing relations among district, state and national level female basketball players as the
P-value (Sig.) .464 was found higher than the 0.05 level of significance (P > 0.05). Since F-value was
found insignificant, therefore, there is no need to apply post hoc test.
It is evident from table 7 presents significant differences with regard to the sub-parameter integrity
Table 5. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results among District, State and National Level Female Basketball players
with regard to the sub-parameter Emotional Stability
4
Source of vari- Sum of df
ance
Squares
Mean
Square
F-ratio P-value
Sig.
Between
Groups
17.200
8.600
1.189
Within
Groups
412.400 57
Total
429.600 59
*Significant at 0.05 F0.05 (2, 57)
2
7.235
.312
Emotional Intelligence in Basketball Players: A Predictor of Sport Performance
Table 6. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results among District, State and National Level Female Basketball players
with regard to the sub-parameter Managing Relations
Source of vari- Sum of df
ance
Squares
Mean
Square
F-ratio P-value
Sig.
Between
Groups
7.033
3.517
.778
Within
Groups
257.550 57
Total
264.583 59
*Significant at 0.05 F0.05 (2, 57)
2
.464
4.518
Table 7. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results among District, State and National Level Female Basketball players
with regard to the sub-parameter Integrity
Source of vari- Sum of df
ance
Squares
Mean
Square
F-ratio P-value
Sig.
Between
Groups
25.900
12.950
6.116
Within
Groups
120.700 57
Total
146.600 59
*Significant at 0.05 F0.05 (2, 57)
2
.004
2.118
among district, state and national level female basketball players as the P-value (Sig.) .004 was found
smaller than the 0.05 level of significance (P < 0.05). Since the obtained F-value was found significant,
therefore, Least Significant Difference (LSD) post-hoc test was employed to study the direction and
significance of differences between paired means among various regions female basketball players on the
sub-parameter integrity. The results of LSD post hoc test have been presented in Table 8.
A glance at table 8 showed that the mean value of district level players was 11.65 whereas state level
players had mean value as 12.05 and the mean difference between both the groups was found .40. The
p-value sig .388 shows that the state level players had exhibited better integrity though not significantly
than their counterpart district level players. The mean difference between district and national level
players was found 1.55. The p-value (Sig.) .001 shows that the state level players had demonstrated
significantly better on integrity than their counterparts district level players. The mean difference between
state and national level players was found 1.15. The P-value (Sig.) .015 showed that national level player
had exhibited better self-awareness though not significantly than their counterpart state level players.
It has been observed from table 9 that insignificant differences have been found with regard to the
sub-parameter self-development among district, state and national level female basketball players as the
Group (A)
Group (B)
Mean Difference P-value
(A-B)
(Sig.)
State
District
(Mean=11.65) National
District
State
(Mean=12.05) National
-.40000
-1.55000*
.388
.001
.40000
-1.15000*
.388
.015
District
State
1.55000*
1.15000*
.001
.015
National
(Mean=13.20)
Table 8. Analysis of Least Significant Difference (LSD) post hoc test among District, State and National Level
Female Basketball players with regard to the sub-parameter Integrity
5
EDUCATION PRACTICE AND INNOVATION
Figure 2. Graphical representation of mean scores with regard to District, State and National Level Female Basketball players on the sub-parameter Integrity
Table 9. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results among District, State and National Level Female Basketball players
with regard to the sub-parameter Self-development
Source of vari- Sum of df
ance
Squares
Mean
Square
F-ratio P-value
Sig.
Between
Groups
10.033
5.017
1.742
Within
Groups
164.150 57
Total
174.183 59
*Significant at 0.05 F0.05 (2, 57)
2
.184
2.880
P-value (Sig.) .184 was found higher than the 0.05 level of significance (P > 0.05). Since F-value was
found insignificant, therefore, there is no need to apply post hoc test.
It has been observed from table 10 that insignificant differences have been found with regard to the
sub-parameter value orientation among district, state and national level female basketball players as the
P-value (Sig.) .137 was found higher than the 0.05 level of significance (P > 0.05). Since F-value was
found insignificant, therefore, there is no need to apply post hoc test.
It has been observed from table 11 that insignificant differences have been found with regard to the
sub-parameter commitment among district, state and national level female basketball players as the
P-value (Sig.) .073 was found higher than the 0.05 level of significance (P > 0.05). Since F-value was
Table 10. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results among District, State and National Level Female Basketball players with regard to the sub-parameter Value Orientation
6
Source of vari- Sum of df
ance
Squares
Mean
Square
F-ratio P-value
Sig.
Between
Groups
9.300
4.650
2.059
Within
Groups
128.700 57
Total
138.000 59
*Significant at 0.05 F0.05 (2, 57)
2
2.258
.137
Emotional Intelligence in Basketball Players: A Predictor of Sport Performance
Table 11. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results among District, State and National Level Female Basketball players with regard to the sub-parameter Commitment
Source of vari- Sum of df
ance
Squares
Mean
Square
F-ratio P-value
Sig.
Between
Groups
8.633
2
4.317
2.748
Within
Groups
89.550
57
1.571
Total
98.183 59
*Significant at 0.05 F0.05 (2, 57)
.073
Table 12. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results among District, State and National Level Female Basketball players with regard to the sub-parameter Altruistic Behaviour
Source of vari- Sum of df
ance
Squares
Mean
Square
F-ratio P-value
Sig.
Between
Groups
.033
2
.017
.011
Within
Groups
87.700
57
1.539
Total
87.733 59
*Significant at 0.05 F0.05 (2, 57)
.989
found insignificant, therefore, there is no need to apply post hoc test.
It has been observed from table 12 that insignificant differences have been found with regard to the
sub-parameter altruistic behaviour among district, state and national level female basketball players as the
P-value (Sig.) .989 was found higher than the 0.05 level of significance (P> 0.05). Since F-value was
found insignificant, therefore, there is no need to apply post hoc test.
It has been observed from table 13 that insignificant differences have been found with regard to the
sub-parameter emotional intelligence among district, state and national level female basketball players as
the P-value (Sig.) .546 was found higher than the 0.05 level of significance (P > 0.05). Since F-value was
found insignificant, therefore, there is no need to apply post hoc test.
5. DISCUSSIONS
A perusal at Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tables 1-2 with regard to self-awareness among district,
state and national level female basketball players. Since the obtained F-value was found significant,
therefore, Least Significant Difference (LSD) post-hoc test was employed to study the direction and
Table 13. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results among District, State and National Level Female Basketball players with regard to the sub-parameter Emotional Intelligence
Source of vari- Sum of df
ance
Squares
Mean
Square
F-ratio P-value
Sig.
Between
Groups
112.233 2
56.117
.612
Within
Groups
5225.700 57
91.679
Total
5337.933 59
*Significant at 0.05 F0.05 (2, 57)
.546
7
EDUCATION PRACTICE AND INNOVATION
significance of differences between paired means among various levels of female basketball players on
the sub-parameter self-awareness. After the analysis it can safely be reviewed that p-value shows that
the district level players had demonstrated significantly better on self-awareness than their counterparts
state level players. The mean difference between district and national level players was found .50. The
P-value (Sig.) .434 showed that district level player had exhibited better self-awareness though not
significantly than their counterpart national level players. The mean difference between state and national
level players was found 1.55. The P-value (Sig.) .018 showed that national level player had exhibited
better self-awareness though not significantly than their counterpart state level players.
Similar trends have been reported by Zamanian et al. [9] revealed significantly higher self-awareness in
athletes than non-athletes group. It is clear from calculated means that district level female basketball
players had significantly higher empathy as compared to their counterpart state and national level female
basketball players. It might be because the district level female basketball players are able to pay attention
to the worries and concerns of others, can listen to someone without the urge to say something, can stay
focused under pressure and able to handle multiple demands.
The findings of Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tables 7-8 with regard to integrity among district, state
and national level female basketball players. Since the obtained F-value was found significant, therefore,
Least Significant Difference (LSD) post-hoc test was employed to study the direction and significance of
differences between paired means among various levels of female basketball players on the sub-parameter
integrity. After the analysis it can safely be reviewed that the p-value sig .388 shows that the state level
players had exhibited better integrity though not significantly than their counterpart district level players.
The mean difference between district and national level players was found 1.55. The p-value (Sig.) .001
shows that the state level players had demonstrated significantly better on integrity than their counterparts
district level players. The mean difference between state and national level players was found 1.15. The
P-value (Sig.) .015 showed that national level player had exhibited better self-awareness though not
significantly than their counterpart state level players. Thapa (2009) found significant differences on the
sub-parameter integrity among the college football players of Haryana, Punjab and Delhi states.
It has also been observed from the above Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tables 3 to 6 and 9 to
13 with regard to empathy, self-motivation, emotional stability, managing relations, self-development,
value orientation, commitment and altruistic behaviour among district, state and national level female
basketball players. These findings contrary the assertion of Ulucan (2012) found that team players had
significantly better emotional intelligence than that of athletes in individual branches of sport. Bal et al.
[10] explored significant differences on emotional intelligence between open and closed skill athletes.
However, insignificant differences were found on the sub-parameters; self-motivation, emotional stability,
value orientation and altruistic behaviour among North, East, West and South regions male baseball
players. Prasad and Singh [11] found higher value of orientation level in the former international cricketer
Sanjay Bangar. Esmaeil (2010) revealed positive relationship among altruistic behavior, all of sporting
excellence and the self-concept. Vassiliki and Dimitra [12] studied genius Taekwondo and Judo players,
they reported that emotional intelligence has a direct relationship with excellent physical image and
optimum performance and the athletes who have higher emotional intelligence, have higher performance
by accepting the responsibility and mistakes of their teammates.
6. CONCLUSIONS
It is concluded from the results that significant differences have been noticed among district, state and
national level female basketball players on the sub-parameters; self-awareness and integrity. It has been
observed that district level female basketball players had demonstrated significantly better self-awareness
8
Emotional Intelligence in Basketball Players: A Predictor of Sport Performance
as compared to their counterpart state and national level female basketball players. It has also been noticed
that national level female basketball players exhibited significantly better on integrity as compared to
their counterpart district and state level female basketball players. However, No significant differences
were found on the sub-parameters; empathy, self-motivation, emotional stability, managing relations,
self-development, value orientation, commitment and altruistic behaviour.
References
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[3] A. M. Lane, R. C. Thelwell, J. Lowther, and T. J. Devonport, “Emotional intelligence and psychological skills use among athletes.,” Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, vol. 37,
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[4] B. B. Meyer and T. B. Fletcher, “Emotional intelligence: A theoretical overview and implications
for research and professional practice in sport psychology,” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,
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[5] B. Meyer and S. Zizzi, “Emotional intelligence in sport: conceptual, methodological, and applied
issues,” Mood and human performance: Conceptual, measurement, and applied issues, pp. 131–154,
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[6] Y. Hanin, “Emotions and athletic performance: Individual zones of optimal functioning model,”
European Yearbook of Sport Psychology, vol. 1, pp. 29–72, 199.
[7] J. Cabanis-Brewin, “The human task of a project leader: Daniel goleman on the value of high” eq”,”
PM NETWORK, vol. 13, pp. 38–41, 1999.
[8] P. N. Lopes, P. Salovey, and R. Straus, “Emotional intelligence, personality, and the perceived quality
of social relationships,” Personality and individual Differences, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 641–658, 2003.
[9] F. Zamanian, M. Haghighi, E. Forouzandeh, Z. Sedighi, and M. H. Salehian, “A comparison of
emotional intelligence in elite student athletes and non-athletes.,” Annals of Biological Research,
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[10] B. S. Bal, K. Singh, M. Sood, and S. Kumar, “Emotional intelligence and sporting performance:
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Management, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 48–52, 2011.
[11] . S. T. Prasad, B., “Personality traits, emotional intelligence and value orientation of international
cricketer sanjay banga,” Journal of Physical Education and Sports Science, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 1–15,
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[12] V. Costarelli and D. Stamou, “Emotional intelligence, body image and disordered eating attitudes in
combat sport athletes,” Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 104–111, 2009.
9
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