RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
BANGALORE, KARNATAKA
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR
DISSERTATION
1
2
NAME OF THE
INSTITUTION
3
COURSE OF THE
STUDYAND SUBJECT
4
DATE OF ADMISSION
TO COURSE
TITLE OF THE STUDY
5
5.1
NAME OF THE
CANDIDATE AND
ADDRESS
STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM
Mr. LINGARAJA Y
1st YEAR MSc. NURSING STUDENT
NISARGA COLLEGE OF NURSING
#18, KIADB, INDUSTRIAL AREA,
B.KATIHALLI, HASSAN, KARNATAKA.
NISARGA COLLEGE OF NURSING,
HASSAN, KARNATAKA.
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NURSING,
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
15-06-2012
EFFECTIVENESS
OF
PLANNED
TEACHING PROGRAMME (PTP) ON
KNOWLEDGE OF ASHA WORKERS
REGARDING MOTIVATION AND
PREPARATION OF RURAL MEN FOR
NSV IN SELECTED COMMUNITY
HEALTH CENTERS AT HASSAN
DISTRICT.
“A
STUDY
TO
ASSESS
THE
EFFECTIVENESS
OF
PLANNED
TEACHING PROGRAMME (PTP) ON
KNOWLEDGE OF ASHA WORKERS
REGARDING MOTIVATION AND
PREPARATION OF RURAL MEN FOR
NSV IN SELECTED COMMUNITY
HEALTH CENTERS AT HASSAN
DISTRICT.”
1
BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED STUDY
6.0 INTRODUCTION
“It's not that some people have willpower and some don't... It's that some people are ready to change and others are not.”
- James Gordon
It has been said that the family is the bedrock of society and can be proven by the
fact that all over the world every society is structured by the same pattern. A man and
woman marry and form a family. This process is repeated multiple times making multiple
families which form villages, regions, and eventually countries.1
Is population explosion a boon or a curse? For the European developed countries
like Spain and Italy, where the population is decreasing, this might be considered as a
boon. However, for the developing countries like India, population explosion is a curse
and is damaging to the development of the country and its society. The developing
countries already facing a lack in their resources, and with the rapidly increasing
population, the resources available per person are reduced further, leading to increased
poverty, malnutrition, and other large population-related problems.2
India, with 1,220,200,000 (1.22 billion) people is the second most populous
country in the world, while China is on the top with over 1,350,044,605 (1.35 billion)
people. The figures show that India represents almost 17.31% of the world's population,
which means one out of six people on this planet live in India. Although, the crown of the
world's most populous country is on China's head for decades, India is all set to take the
numerous positions by 2030. With the population growth rate at 1.58%, India is predicted
to have more than 1.53 billion people by the end of 2030.3
2
The government of India has been organizing several programs for limiting the
population increase and has been spending millions of dollars on controlling the birth
rate. Some of the programs have been successful, and the rate of increase has also
reduced, but has still to reach the sustainable rate. The major factors affecting the
population increase of India are the rapidly increasing birth rate and decreasing death
rates.2
Several government-funded agencies like the Family Planning Association of
India spend hundreds of thousands of dollars on promoting family planning. These
organizations aim to promote family planning as a basic human right and the norm of a
two-child family on a voluntary basis, to achieve a balance between the population size
and resources, to prepare young people for responsible attitudes in human sexuality, and
to provide education and services to all. The family planning methods provided by the
family planning program are vasectomy, tubectomy, IUD, conventional contraceptives
(that is condoms, diaphragms, jelly/cream tubes, foam tables) and oral pills. In addition,
induced abortion is available, free of charge, in institutions recognized by the government
for this purpose. However, the success of the family planning program in India depends
on several factors like literacy, religion and the region where the couple live.2
Vasectomy or male sterilization, are a highly underutilized method of family
planning, although they are safer simpler, less expensive and equally effective as female
sterilization. Throughout the world vasectomy are one of the least used and least known
methods of contraception. The number of female sterilization exceeds the number of
male sterilization is in a 5 to 1 ration.4
3
No-scalpel vasectomy a new procedure is an alternative solution to this problem
with minimum surgical intervention, it is safer, requires less time and more benefits than
to a female sterilization. Men need to realize that they have to adopt family planning
methods which do not affect the health of the women by undergoing abortion, tubectomy
and contraceptive drugs.5
In 2005, as a key component of efforts to expand access to health services in
underserved areas, India’s National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) introduced the
accredited social health activist (ASHA), a community health worker (CHW). ASHAs
are intended to be the linchpin of a strategy to mobilize communities to adopt healthy
behaviors and utilize public health services. They are first point of contact in the
community and they complement the efforts of other health workers.6
ASHA Literally means Accredited-Recognized by the community, Social-From
the community, by the community and For the community the community, Health
Activist- Spreading awareness for health concerns Promoting change in health related
practices.7
6.1 NEED FOR STUDY:
"We are made wise not by the recollection of our past, but by the responsibility for
our future."
-George Bernard Shaw
Sterilization is the most widely used contraceptive method worldwide. According
to United Nations estimates, in 2010, 262 million women of reproductive age were using
sterilization as their method of contraception. Of these, 22 million relied on female
4
sterilization and 37 million on vasectomy, accounting for 34% and 5.6%, respectively, of
all contraceptive use .While female sterilization is far more common than male
sterilization, as a procedure vasectomy is safer, simpler, about half the cost of female
sterilization, and probably more effective. The effectiveness rate of no-scalpel vasectomy
has been reported to be 98% at 24 months postoperatively.8
No Scalpel Vasectomy (NSV) is intended as a permanent method of contraception
for men. No Scalpel Vasectomy was developed in China in 1974 by Dr. Li Shunquiang.
Since then, over 1,000,000 no scalpel vasectomies have been performed in North
America and nearly 20,000,000 in China and the numbers around the world are growing.9
In India about 20% of the eligible couples in the age group of 15 to 24 years
constitute about 168 million eligible couples. On an average, 2.5 million couple join the
reproductive age group every year. There is a need to educate them by appropriate
technology to have a control over population growth. No Scalpel Vasectomy as a new
procedure with no surgical intervention and very low complications reduce the risk of
female sterilization.10
The Indian government launched a national no-scalpel vasectomy project in 1998
in collaboration with the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) to promote male
participation in contraception and arrest the declining trend in male sterilization. Under
the project, 4000 surgeons were trained, among whom 1300 were certified service
providers. There are now 100 no-scalpel vasectomy trainers across various states in the
country. 11
Statistics indicates that men are reluctant to undergo sterilization although the
surgical procedure in the case of men is far more simple, painless and less risky than that
5
for women. This is borne out by statistics provided by male participation in family
planning that is No Scalpel Vasectomy is 0.617% while female participation in family
planning that is permanent method is 99.3%.12
According to WHO family planning is to be adopted voluntarily by the couple to
promote health and welfare of the family. Percentage of male adopting vasectomy is
about 2% in India and is only 0.1% in Karnataka. The latest data shows that in Karnataka
only 865 NSV were done to the total 3,99,166 of all sterilization done (as low as 0.2%). It
is also revealed that only in Chitradurga district, the larger of 2% of male sterilization
were achieved.13
A study was conducted in Ludhiana, India to assess the knowledge of and attitude
regarding contraception. The study population consisted of 50 men within five years of
married life. The mean age of subjects was 28.8 years and their income is 3,500/-.
Nuclear families accounted for 70% of the study population while three generation
families accounted for 22% and joint families 8%. All of them were aware of the
permanent methods of sterilization. All couples who completed their family practiced
“Tubectomy” as the permanent method of sterilization, vasectomy was not being
practiced by any the husbands of multipurpose ASHA workers after completing their
family. 14
Most of the population lives in the rural areas. However, family planning is not
widely advertised in rural areas. Also, in rural areas, social and religious norms are more
strictly followed. As a result, all the problems are even more intense in rural areas with
the addition of the lack of family planning facilities in those areas. In fact, from the
6
experts own experience, family planning is considered a sin in most of the tribal and rural
communities.2
Social stigma nearly always ensures the fairer sex is the subjugated lot, and this
male-centric view is further seen in birth control statistics in Dakshina Kannada,
Karnataka where women are more likely to go under the knife rather than men. While in
2011-12, 6,904 women underwent tubectomy (female sterilization), just 44 men came
forward for vasectomy (male sterilization). 15
Many men believe that birth control is a women’s problem and leave it to their
partners to take steps to prevent pregnancies. The government provides incentives for
those who undergo surgery for birth control and men receive a higher amount than
women. This extra incentive for men has clearly not drawn them to the operation table.
The government needs to supplement these incentives with information. ASHA workers
who motivate couples to undergo surgery for birth control must remove misconception
that people seem to have regarding various procedures and the risk involved. Men need to
realize that taking steps to ensure a healthy family is as much their responsibility as it is
that of women and that both parents must show a more responsible attitude and role in
child bearing and child rearing.16
At the village level, the ASHA plays a major role in building the community’s
awareness of their healthcare entitlements, in providing health education, in facilitating
the community’s access to essential health services, and in delivering preventive,
promotive and first contact curative care. ASHA would be trained in skills to provide a
limited package of Providing Family planning services. This actually enables a better
realisation of the continuum of care.17
7
The above facts and studies said rural people were having poor knowledge and
motivation in Family planning services. By giving extra training for the ASHA workers
in motivation and preparation of rural men for Male sterilization will results in additional
success rates of NSV in our country. So the investigator plans to undertake this study on
ASHA workers.
6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Reviews are classified into
1. Reviews related to General information on NSV.
2. Reviews related to knowledge and attitude of people regarding
Vasectomy
3. Reviews related to motivation and involvement of public for
Permanent Family planning Techniques.
1. Reviews related to General information on NSV.
A community-based case control study was conducted in Karim Nagar, Andhra
Pradesh. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to evaluate the socio-demographic,
family characteristics, contraceptive history and predictors of contraceptive choice in 116
NSV acceptors and 120 other contraceptive users (OCUs). Postoperative complications
and experiences were ascertained in NSV acceptors. Results revealed that Age (χ2=11.79,
P value = 0.008), literacy (χ2=17.95, P value = 0.03), duration of marriage (χ2=14.23, P
value = 0.008) and number of children (χ2=10.45, P value = 0.01) were significant for
acceptance of NSV. Among the predictors, method suggested by peer/ health worker (OR
8
= 1.5, P value = 0.01), method does not require regular intervention (OR = 1.3, P value =
0.004) and permanence of the method (OR = 1.2, P value = 0.031) were significant. This
study concludes that advocating and implementing family planning is of high
significance in view of the population growth in India, a similar achievement of higher
rates of this simple procedure with few complications can be replicated.18
A mega vasectomy camp was organized by Bangalore urban district under Health
department, 65 men undergone non surgical/ scalpel vasectomy (NSV) at K.R.Puram
General Hospital. The total number of NSV done in June has touched 72. No Scalpel
Vasectomy is a simple peripheral procedure, where a male patient can go home the same
day. Men can rejoin work the next day itself after No Scalpel Vasectomy. However,
women have to take a week rest after having undergone the sterilization surgery this is
not only a burden for the hospital but also causes inconvenience for her family. No
Scalpel Vasectomy had no side effect unlike the invasive surgery done on women and it
is the biggest service man can do for his wife.19
A cross sectional study was conducted in New Delhi concluding that sixty percent
(N-263) of the sample population reported that they had been exposed to the promotional
material and messages about vasectomy i.e., there are 40 men who reported that they had
heard or had read about the operation for men to stop them having more children regard
less of the source of information. Many of the remaining 172 respondents reported
hearing or reading about family planning during the same period; they may have heard or
read about the operation but for some reasons it did not register in the mind; The
9
subgroup which noted hearing or seeing the vasectomy promotion messages differs
significantly (P<=0.5).20
A study was conducted in India to assess the adoption of no scalpel vasectomy as
a method of family planning over a period of four years by department of family welfare;
Ministry of Health and family welfare India with support of UNFPA. 18 states are being
covered by No Scalpel Vasectomy Projects, of which Andhra Pradesh is most successful
state. During the first year 27,661 males underwent the no scalpel vasectomy operations
all over the country. Andhra Pradesh accounts for 25,203 no scalpel vasectomy
operations. As compared to the corresponding years the acceptance of No Scalpel
Vasectomy was increasing. The results revealed that the higher acceptance of sterilization
by males has been proved through the adoption of no scalpel vasectomy technique, which
is safer, involves lesser complication and more economical than conventional incisional
vasectomy.21
2. Reviews related to knowledge and attitude of people regarding
Vasectomy
A study was conducted in Nigeria to assess the attitude of men in Nigeria towards
no-scalpel vasectomy as a method of family planning. This was a cross-sectional study,
using self-administered pre-tested questionnaires containing mainly close-ended
questions. The questionnaires were given to 146 randomly selected men. The responses
were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Ten (6.8%) may accept no-scalpel vasectomy
with the knowledge they have while 130 (89.0%) will not. Eighty-eight (67.7%) believe
10
sterilization procedures should be left for women only. There was a lack of knowledge of
no scalpel vasectomy and attitudes towards it were based on myths and misconceptions
regarding the procedure; some may accept it if they understand the safety of it.
Interestingly, level of education does not improve vasectomy uptake. A concerted effort
to involve men in reproductive health is needed. The study concluded that Interpersonal
communication and counseling will greatly improve no scalpel vasectomy uptake in
developing countries. 22
A study was conducted in India to assess the knowledge of the married men on
no-scalpel vasectomy (NSV) in a selected ward under Bangalore Mahanagara PalikeSouth at M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Nursing Education and Research, Bangalore. the
sample size was 200 married men Out of 200 samples, only 64 were aware of NSV and
they were further asked certain questions with regard to NSV (n=64).Area wise analysis
of knowledge reveals that out of 64 married men only 42 of them had knowledge on
meaning of NSV and 53 of them knew meaning of traditional vasectomy (TV), the mean
score was 1.48 (74.0%) from the maximum obtainable score of two. 64% of them had
knowledge on place of service where the maximum obtainable score was only one.23
A descriptive study on the attitude of rural men towards vasectomy as means of
contraception was conducted in southwestern Ethiopia. A total of 200 men who came to a
rural health centre either for treatment or to accompany a patient were included for
interview. The mean age of the interviewees was 30.9 and the main occupation was
farming (67.5%). The mean number of offspring born to the respondents was 3.5 with
70% of the respondents wanting more children. Results revealed that 55% had heard
11
about contraception before and in this group 31% of the wives used or were using one of
the common methods. None of the respondents was against the use of contraceptives and
none of them had heard previously of vasectomy as means of contraception. The
acceptance of vasectomy as means of contraception was 79%. Twenty-one per cent
opposed vasectomy because of the problem of possible loss of children due to death or
divorce. This study concludes the high acceptance rate of vasectomy indicates an unmet
need for surgical contraception and the training of health personnel on the 'no scalpel
vasectomy' technique. Making this service available, starting at health centre level, is
recommended.24
A study was conducted in Maharastra, India on Contraceptive knowledge,
attitude and practices of men in rural areas. 3072 men from a tribal Primary Health
Centre (PHC) area in Thane district of Maharashtra State participated in the survey.
Participants in India were surveyed with special emphasis on investigating the reasons for
not accepting male methods. Among the men, 53.7% had positive views about their role
in family planning while 66.2% of men stressed the need to improve the acceptance of
male methods by providing knowledge and information through sources such as radio,
television, door-to-door campaigning and interpersonal communications. This study
revealed a pressing need for effective intervention strategies, both at the community and
the clinic level, backed with efficient counseling, motivation and provision of services in
rural and remote areas.25
3. Reviews related to motivation and involvement of public to adapt
Permanent Family planning techniques.
12
A cross sectional community based survey was conducted in North Ethiopia from
March 9-20, 2011. Multistage sample technique was used to select the participants for the
quantitative methods whereas purposive sampling was used for the qualitative part of the
study. Results revealed that 64% of the married men heard about Long Acting and
Permanent Contraceptive methods (LAPMs). More than half (53.6%) of the married men
had negative attitude towards practicing of LAPMs. The overall prevalence of LAPMs
use was 12.3% however; there were no users for male sterilization. This study concludes
that a significant amount of the participants had low knowledge on permanent
contraceptive particularly vasectomy. More than half (53.6%) of married men had
negative attitude towards practicing of LAMPs. Information education communication
should focus on alleviating factors hinder from practicing of LAPMs.26
A study was conducted in Ghana with an objective to improve client and provider
knowledge on no-scalpel vasectomy over a period of two years 2003 to 2004 and 2007 to
2008 in the Ghana R3M project, Engender Health, Accra, Ghana through the data from
baseline and follow up panel survey and the results revealed that awareness of no scalpel
vasectomy among panel respondents doubled from 31% to 59% in 2003 to 2004 and
remained high (44%) in 2008. Author concluded that provider training in client centered
services, coupled with target promotion, improved client and provider knowledge of no
scalpel vasectomy in an African context. 27
A study was conducted in India with an objective to understand the involvement
of scheduled tribesmen in reproductive health and barriers to their involvement among
15-40 years old men in Sidhi districts, Madhya Pradesh, India through the data from a
pre-designed interview schedule and the results revealed that 59% of the males were
13
aware of family planning but only 13% were using any method. The author concluded
that male scheduled tribe population’s lack of knowledge and misinformation regarding
male sexual health issues, the gender inequality in India.28
A study was conducted in India on No scalpel vasectomy advocacy and
community mobilization. During the study they found that the so called myths and taboos
among the people of India are obstacles in controlling population explosion and thereby
the nation is being handicapped with economic development. To propagate awareness
and information, the NSV Resource Center took up organizing mega camps for the
acceptance of NSV as the method of family planning and male participation. Awareness
messages are generated through the inputs from socio cultural, economic, ethical,
hygienic and administrative acumen. The materials were prepared through display
hoardings, wall writings, distribution of pamphlets, audiovisual clips, face to face
counseling, etc. During the last 5 years, a significant surge has been noticed in terms of
access to new communication technologies, which helped to implement family planning
programme successfully.29
A study was conducted in Kayseri on married men opinion and involvement
regarding family planning in rural areas. During the study, in order to determine the
attitude and behavior of married men concerning family planning, a questionnaire was
presented to 123 married men. Study revealed 99.9% of men approved of family planning
but only 54.4% actually used any contraceptive method. Approximately 1/4th of the men
had never heard about voluntary sterilization. Only 17.5 % of men in the study group had
contacted a doctor or a health foundation to obtain information regarding family
14
planning. Study suggested, in order to encourage men’s involvement in family planning,
the use of mass media and continual training programme would be very useful.30
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
“A study to assess the effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme (PTP)
on knowledge of ASHA workers regarding motivation and preparation of rural men
for NSV in selected Community health centers at Hassan District.”
6.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
•
To assess the knowledge of ASHA workers regarding motivation and
preparation of rural men for NSV before the administration of PTP.
•
To prepare and administer PTP on Motivation and preparation of rural men for
NSV.
•
To assess the knowledge of ASHA workers regarding motivation and
preparation of rural men for NSV after the implementation of PTP.
•
To compare pre and post test knowledge scores of ASHA workers.
•
To associate the gained knowledge scores of ASHA workers with their
selected socio-demographic variables.
15
6.4 HYPOTHESIS
H1:
There will be significant difference between the pre and post test
knowledge scores of ASHA workers regarding motivation and preparation of
rural men for NSV.
H2: There will be significant association between socio demographic variables
and gained knowledge scores of ASHA workers.
6.5 ASSUMPTIONS
This study assumed that
1. ASHA workers having less knowledge regarding motivation and preparation
of rural men for NSV before the administration of PTP.
2. The PTP will effectively increase the knowledge level of ASHA workers
regarding the motivation and preparation of rural men for NSV.
6.6 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
•
ASSESS:-It refers to the determination of the knowledge of ASHA workers
regarding motivation and preparation of rural men for NSV.
•
EFFECTIVENESS: - It refers to significant increase in the level of
knowledge of ASHA workers regarding motivation and preparation of rural
men for NSV, which is measured from the response of pre and post test scores.
•
PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME (PTP): -It refers to systematically
developed health education design for ASHA workers to provide information
about NSV and how to motivate and prepare the rural men.
16
•
KNOWLEDGE: - It refers to the understanding and awareness of ASHA
workers regarding motivation and preparation of rural men for NSV.
• ASHA WORKERS: - In this study ASHA Literally means AccreditedRecognized by the community, Social-From the community, By the
community and For the community, Health Activist- Spreading awareness for
health concerns and those who are working in selected Community Health
centers of Hassan.
•
MOTIVATION: In this study it refers to an action taken by ASHA workers
that arouses rural men to act towards a desired goal.
•
PREPARATION: In this study it refers to a preliminary measure taken by
ASHA workers for rural men that serves to make ready for something.
• RURAL MEN: - In this study they refer to the married men who have 2 or
more children residing in rural areas at Hassan.
• NO SCALPEL VASECTOMY (NSV):- In this study it refers to a surgical
procedure for male sterilization or permanent birth control which is an
alternative solution to this problem with minimum surgical intervention, it is
safer, requires less time and more benefits than to a female sterilization.
6.7 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF SAMPLE
INCLUSION CRITERIA
•
ASHA workers in selected Community Health Centers of Hassan.
17
•
ASHA workers who are available during data collection.
•
ASHA workers who are willing to participate in this study.
EXCLUSION CRITERIA
•
ASHA workers who are not willing to participate in this study.
•
ASHA workers who are not available during data collection.
6.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY
•
This study is limited to ASHA workers of selected CHC’s at Hassan.
•
This study is limited for a period of 4-6 weeks.
•
Sample size is limited to 60 ASHA workers of selected CHC’s at Hassan.
•
This study design is limited to Pre-experimental design.
6.9 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This study will
•
Promote knowledge of ASHA workers regarding motivation and preparation of
rural men for NSV.
•
Helps to give awareness regarding the essentiality of Motivation and
preparation of rural men for NSV and population Control.
•
Helps the ASHA workers in future to assist in Motivation and preparation of
rural men for NSV.
6.10 CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK
This study is based on “General system theory”. (Modified Ludwig von
Bertalanffy General system Theory 1968)
18
7. MATERIAL AND METHODS OF STUDY
7.1 SOURCE OF DATA
Data will be collected from ASHA workers in selected CHC’s of Hassan.
7.2 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
7.2.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
Pre experimental single group pre test- post test design.
Schematic plan of the study
GROUP
E
PRE TEST
INTERVENTION
X
01
POST TEST
02
Key Words
E- Experimental Group (60 ASHA workers)
01- Observation of ASHA workers knowledge before administration of PTP.
X- Planned Teaching Programme on Motivation and preparation of rural men
for NSV
02 - Observation of ASHA workers knowledge after administration of PTP.
7.2.2. RESEARCH SETTING
The study will be conducted in selected CHC’s at Hassan.
7.2.3 POPULATION
19
Target Population:- All the ASHA workers of Community Health Centers,
Hassan .
Accessible Population: - ASHA workers in selected Community Health
Centers at Hassan who meets inclusion criteria.
7.2.4. SAMPLE
All the ASHA workers who fulfill the inclusion criteria.
7.2.5. SAMPLE SIZE
Sample size comprises of 60 ASHA workers in selected CHC’s of Hassan.
7.2.6. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Non Probability Convenient sampling.
7.2.7. COLLECTION OF DATA
Data will be collected from ASHA workers at selected CHC’s of Hassan.
7.2.8 SELECTION OF TOOL
Part A- Socio demographic profile.
Part B- Collection of data is done by using semi structured questionnaire on
knowledge of ASHA workers regarding Motivation and preparation of rural
men for NSV
7.2.9 RESEARCH APPROACH
Evaluative approach
20
7.3 VARIABLES
Independent variable: PTP on Motivation and preparation of rural men for
NSV
Dependent variable: Knowledge of ASHA workers.
Extraneous variable: Age, Religion, Years of Experience, Educational status,
Type of Family, Previous exposure to topic, Source of health information, Inservice education programme.
7.4 PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS
Descriptive
statistics:
-The
descriptive
statistical
analysis
includes
frequencies, percentages, mean, and Standard deviation for the ASHA workers
regarding the knowledge on motivation and preparation of rural men for NSV
Inferential statistics: - Difference in knowledge score will be analyzed by
using student’s paired t-test and an association between demographical
variables of ASHA workers and level of knowledge regarding motivation and
preparation of rural men for NSV will be analyzed by using Pearson’s Chisquare test.
7.5 PILOT STUDY
The pilot study is planned with 10% of the sample size which will be
conducted in selected CHC’s of Hassan. That sample will be excluded in main
study.
7.6 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
21
•
DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INTERVENTIONS TO BE CARRIED
OUT ON PATIENTS OR OTHER HUMANS?
Yes...Study will be conducted on ASHA workers in selected Community Health
Centers and consent has been obtained.
•
HAS ETHICAL CLEARANCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM YOUR
INSTITUTION?
Yes... Permission has been obtained from the research committee of the Nisarga
college of Nursing, Hassan.
•
HAS ETHICAL CLEARANCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM DHO?
Yes... Permission has been obtained from the DHO.
22
8. LIST OF REFERENCES
1. Erik and Elena Brewer's Weblog. “The role of the family in society.” Available From:
http://erikbrewer.wordpress.com/2012/02/12/family-society-important/
2.
Population
Explosion
in
India.
Available
From:
http://www1bpt.bridgeport.edu/~darmri/population_explosion.html
3.
India's
Population
2012.
Available
From:
http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/india-current-population.html
4. V.Haza RM, More men go for Hassle-Free sterilization; Indo Asian News Services.
2006. Jan; (23). 7.
5. Chaterjee PJ B. A study on reason for decline in the demand for vasectomy in
Karnataka Population centre government of Karnataka.
6. Bajpai, N., and R.H. Dholakia. 2011. Improving the Performance of Accredited Social
Health Activists in India. New York: Columbia University. Available From:
http://transition.usaid.gov/in/newsroom/pdfs/ashaplus_rpt.pdf
7. ASHA. State Institute of Health & Family Welfare, Jaipur. Available From:
http://www.sihfwrajasthan.com/ppts/full/ASHA.pdf
8. Family planning: a global handbook for providers. Baltimore and Geneva: World
Health Organization and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health/ Center for
Communication Programs (CCP), INFO Project; 2007.
9. Dr. Shunqiang Li. “The History of No-Scalpel Vasectomy (NSV).” Available From:
https://www.cornellurology.com/clinical-conditions/no-scalpel-vasectomy/history/
23
10 Editor Decan Hrebal. 65 men undergo vasectomy at K. R. Puram Camp. 2010; Nov.
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