
Terms of Use
Thank you for your purchase! By purchasing this product, you are agreeing
that the products are the property of Chelsea Barberi and licensed to you
only for classroom/personal use as a single user. I reserve all rights to the
product.
You May:
Use items for your own classroom students or personal use.
Reference this product in blog posts or professional development
conferences as long as there is credit given to myself, and a link back to my
TPT store on your post or presentation for your audience to reference
You May Not:
Claim this work as your own in any way
Sell the files or combine them into another product
Provide the product for free to anyone on the Internet or in person
Make copies to share with others who have not purchased the document
Obtain this product through any of the channels listed above
Thank you for your support!
Environmental Ethics &
Economics
AP Environmental Science
Review #19
Name the Term
 The
knowledge, beliefs, values,
and learned ways of life by a
group of people
Culture
 Beliefs about the meaning and
operation of the world
Worldview
What is ethics?
 Ethics
is a branch of philosophy
that relates to the study of right
and wrong. It involves moral
principles and values held by a
person or by society.
Contrast the views of relativists
and universalists.
 Relativists
believe that ethics varies
with social context and cultures.
Universalists believe there are
objection notions of right and
wrong that are held by all cultures.
Name the Ethical Standard
 Treat
others as you would wish to be
treated
Categorical imperative (golden
rule)
 Something is right when it produces
the greatest practical benefits for the
most people
Principle of utility
True/False
 Culture
and religion may affect a
person’s sense of morality.
True
 Ethics, psychology, economics,
and public policy are all aspects
of environmental studies.
True
Utilitarian or Inherent Value?
A
forest is preserved for its beauty
Inherent value
 All life has a right to exist
Inherent value
 Sustainable forestry practices provide
long-term monetary gains to a
company
Utilitarian value
True/False
 Many
traditional non-Western
cultures have traditionally granted
nonhuman entities ethical standing.
True
 Science demonstrates that humans
are a part of nature.
True
Name the Ethical Perspective
A
human-centered view of a relationship
with the environment
Anthropocentrism
 Judges actions based on their effect on
ecological systems
Ecocentrism
 Ascribes intrinsic value to organisms and
the environment
Biocentrism
How does environmental ethics
relate to theology?
 Some
argue that Christianity,
Judaism, and Islam have resulted in
an anthropocentric view of the
environment. Others say that sacred
texts encourage compassion and
stewardship towards the planet and
its organisms.
What is transcendentalism?
A
philosophical movement started
during the 1840s in the U.S. which
inspired a reconnection to nature.
Ralph Waldo Emerson, Walt
Whitman, and David Thoreau
were all authors which popularized
this movement.
Preservation or Conservation Ethic?
 We
should keep the natural
environment in an unaltered state.
Preservation ethic
 People should use natural
resources, but in a sustainable
way.
Conservation ethic
Preservation or Conservation Ethic?
 Gifford
Pinchot is associated with
this value.
Conservation ethic
 John Muir is associated with this
value.
Preservation ethic
Describe Aldo Leopold’s land
ethic.
 Functioning
ecosystems depend
on the interaction of all of their
parts. Humans should view
themselves as one of these
interconnected parts, and are
therefore obliged to treat the
environment ethically.
What is environmental justice?
A
discipline related to the
equitable treatment of all
people, regardless of their
ethnicity, rate, or income, with
respect to environmental policy
and practice
Provide an example of a protest
related to the environmental justice
movement.
 In
the 1980s residents of Warren County,
North Carolina protested a toxic waste
dump in their community.
 The controversial Dakota Access Pipeline is
being protested by the Standing Rock Sioux
tribe since it was first proposed in 2014,
primarily because the pipeline would cross
under their primary drinking supply.
Name the Term
 The
study of how people provide goods
and services that are in demand
Economics
 Material
commodities made for
purchase
Goods
 Word done for others in exchange for
money
Services
Contrast subsistence and
capitalist market economies.
 Subsistence
economy is the oldest type
of economy. People accommodate their
needs by gathering resources from
nature directly or producing them on
their own. In a capitalist market
economy, people accommodate their
needs and wants by purchasing goods
and services.
Contrast centrally planned
economies and mixed
economies.
 Centrally
planned economies are also
known as state socialist economies. The
government determines how to allocate
resources.
 In mixed economies, there is a mix of
public and private ownership and free
markets.
Provide examples of
environmental resources which
are sold as goods.
 Lumber
and paper products,
crops and livestock, precious
metals, fossil fuels, medicinal
compounds from certain plants
Provide examples of ecosystem
services the environment
provides us with.
 Climate
regulation, water filtration,
ecotourism, nutrient cycling,
carbon storage, decomposition of
waste, coastal protection from
storm surges etc.
Describe Adam Smith’s ideas
about classical economies.
 When
people pursue their
economic interests the
marketplace will behave as if
guided by an “invisible hand” to
benefit society, if their behavior is
constrained by laws within a
competitive marketplace
Name the Term
 Examines
the psychological factors
which drive consumer choices
Neoclassical economics
 Meant to reflect how humans grand
more importance to present
conditions than future ones
Discounting
Why is creating a cost-benefit
analysis difficult when
considering the environment?
 It
is very difficult putting a price tag
on ecosystem services. For example,
how much should we value a stable
climate? What price tag should we
put on conserving an ecosystem?
Provide examples of external
costs related to fossil fuel
extraction.
 Degradation
of habitat,
decreased respiratory health of
residents in the area, carbon
dioxide emissions, contaminated
water near mining sites, etc.
Name the Term
 An
increase in the production and
consumption of goods and
services
Economic growth
 The idea that material possessions
often fail to bring happiness
Affluenza
Contrast the thinking between
Cornucopians and Cassandras.
 Cornucopians
believe that
improvements in innovation and
technology will allow us to
overcome environmental
limitations. Cassandras do not.
True/False
 Steady-state
economists often
advocate economies that neither
grown nor shrink.
True
 The environmental costs are always
considered when making economic
decisions.
False
Name the Term
 An
analysis method which uses surveys to
determine how much individuals are
willing to pay to protect or restore an
aspect of the environment
Contingent valuation
 Values not reflected in the price of a
good or service
Nonmarket values
Contrast Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) with the Genuine
Progress Indicator (GPI).
 GDP
measures the annual total financial
value of goods and services. GPI includes
all positive contributions to the economy,
and then subtracts negative
environmental, social, and economic
factors.
What is full cost accounting?
 Full
cost accounting subtracts all
negative social, environmental and
economic factors from the value of
a product or service. It also adds all
of the positive social, environmental,
and economic factors to the value
of a product or service.
Provide a criticism of full cost
accounting.
 Some
argue it is subjective and
too easily driven by personal belief
systems.
Provide pros of ecolabeling.
 Pros:
allow consumers to make
environmentally-conscious decisions,
encourages socially responsible
investment, encourages companies
to make sustainable choices so that
consumers will buy their products,
sustainable business actions benefit
the environment
Provide cons of ecolabeling.
 Cons:
companies might not follow
through with promises, “greenwashing”
may misinform consumers into thinking
the company is being more sustainable
than they actually are, making
sustainable choices might cost the
company money if consumers are not
willing to pay more for their product
Which three goals are
encompassed by the triple
bottom line?
 Economic
advancement,
environmental protection, and
social equity
Name the School of Thought
 We
can allow natural capital to
decline as long as human-made
capital increases to compensate
for it
weak sustainability
 Human-made capital cannot
substitute for natural capital
strong sustainability
As fossil fuel resources become
depleted, how can we expect
prices to change?
 If
demand remains constant, then
prices will rise. This may also lead
to conflict over limited resources.
Explain the difference between
environmental science and
environmental studies.
 Environmental
science uses the scientific
method to learn how the environment
functions and how our actions are affecting
it. Environmental studies focuses on how
economics, public policy, ethics, and
sociology relate to the environment and our
effects on it.
What is environmentalism?
 Environmentalism
is a social movement
dedicated to the conservation of Earth
and its resources. Activists for
environmentalism may protest
companies responsible for large
amounts of air pollution, for example.