MAITLAND TRIATHLON CLUB www.mtc.org.au PO BOX 475 Maitland 2320 POLICIES AND PROCEDURES MANUAL Table of Contents MISSION STATEMENT ......................................................................................................... 3 RACE / AGE CATEGORIES .................................................................................................. 4 CLUB RACE RULES (Compulsory Reading) ......................................................................... 5 DRAFTING /BLOCKING POLICY .......................................................................................... 7 STOP SIGN POLICY ............................................................................................................. 8 APPEALS FORM................................................................................................................... 9 GUIDELINES FOR COMPETITORS AND MARSHALS....................................................... 10 VOLUNTEERING TO MARSHAL/PROXY MARSHAL ......................................................... 11 MARSHALL LOTTERY ........................................................................................................ 12 POINT SCORE – AGE CATEGORIES ................................................................................ 12 TIMING................................................................................................................................ 13 SUB JUNIOR/JUNIOR RACE BRIEFING ............................................................................ 14 SUB JUNIOR/ JUNIOR RACE COURSE ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. INTERMEDIATE / SENIOR RACE BRIEFING ..................................................................... 15 TRANSITION MAP ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. TRANSITION AREA MAP ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. SENIOR/ INTERMEDIATE BIKE COURSE ........................................................................ 16 SENIOR/INTERMEDIATE RUN COURSE........................................................................... 17 REQUESTS FOR FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE ..................................................................... 18 APPLICATION FORM ......................................................................................................... 19 NEWSLETTER ADVERTISING .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. SPONSORSHIP PACKAGE ALSO AVAILABLE .................................................................. 20 Contact for Enquiries and Proposed Changes ..................................................................... 20 Appendix A .......................................................................................................................... 22 Club Information .................................................................................................................. 22 MTC MANUAL 2016 -2017 Page |2 MISSION STATEMENT To promote fitness, fun and friendship for club members and families by way of providing triathlon races that are safe and enjoyable. MTC MANUAL 2016 -2017 Page |3 RACE / AGE CATEGORIES st Age for all categories is determined by competitor’s age on DEC 31 in that season. Any person may race down their age category but will be ineligible for points in that race towards end of year trophies. We do have a SPLASH N DASH event for children under 7yrs, which consists of a swim across the width of the pool and a run around transition concluding through the finish chute. Note: According to TA race distances a 14 year old may race the Senior distance. Please be aware that racing up in these circumstances the competitor will be competing against the older age groupers. Juniors wishing to race need to seek and gain approval by the Junior Development Officer a minimum of 7 days prior to the event being contested (points cannot be transferred between categories). RACE AGE DISTANCE Sub Junior 7,8,9, 100m Swim 2km Bike 500m Run Junior 10,11,12 150m Swim 6km Bike 1km Run Intermediate 13,14 250m Swim 12km Bike 2km Run Seniors 15y + 450m Swim 18km Bike 4km Run Race Day Registration Registration Starts at 6.15am Sub Junior/Junior Cut off 6.45am Intermediate/Seniors Cut off 7.00am Race Times Sub Junior 7.00 am Junior 7.15 am Splash n Dash 7.30 am Intermediate/Seniors 7.45 am MTC MANUAL 2016 -2017 Page |4 CLUB RACE RULES (Compulsory Reading) These rules have been set for the improved safety and enjoyment of all participants in club events. Please adhere to all rules as outlined in Triathlon Australia race competition rules. Participants who breach race rules could be subject to penalties or disqualification. Only financial members of the Maitland Triathlon Club Inc. are eligible to compete in club events and receive points. All members must register prior to the race and check in on race day. Members should note that club insurance does not cover them for personal injury. Only Triathlon Australia members have personal injury insurance. GENERAL 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. All competitors must attend the compulsory race briefing prior to the pool swim start. The information provided at this briefing will be important for your safety on race day. If you any questions about the race, please discuss with one of our Race Directors Responsibility to understand the course and all rules rests with the competitor. Our club race is conducted under the rules and regulations set out by Triathlon Australia’s “Race Competition Rules & Policies” Our course map is available from our Chief Marshal and also on the club website in our club manual. You must be body marked with your competitor number prior to race briefing. All bags are to be placed in the designated bag area for safety reasons MTC promotes good sportsmanship and encouragement at all times. If at any point throughout the day you are feeling unwell, marshals are on course with mobile phones if you need assistance, we ask that you withdraw from the race and report your race number to the timekeeper at transition. Do not litter out on course. Rubbish vessels are available at transition. No MP3 players of any description are to be used during any leg of the race. Obey all directions from marshals, and remember they are giving up their time to enable you to race. Have a safe race and Good Luck. THE SWIM LEG 1. You must be ready to enter the water when your wave is called 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Wetsuits are prohibited We ask that competitors only start in your allocated wave. Do not drag the turning buoys. Swimming caps may be worn, but are not compulsory. Competitors may stop and hold the side of the pool or stand, HOWEVER, you must not walk or use the pool edge to make forward progress. Competitors in difficulty should raise their arm and call for assistance. Any artificial propulsion devices eg. Fins, gloves, paddles etc. will only be permitted with the approval of the race director. MTC MANUAL 2016 -2017 Page |5 THE CYCLE LEG 1. Helmets must be securely fastened on the head before the bike is removed from the rack, and must remain fastened at all times on the course until the bike is replaced on the rack at the completion of the bike course. 2. All competitors must have their torso covered before removing your bike from the transition rack and must remain on until the end of the race. 3. Competitors must mount and dismount at the designated area. 4. Our course is open to local traffic, you must obey all NSW traffic laws 5. Ensure that you do not short cut any intersections on course. 6. Obey all directions of marshals and police. 7. Competitors MUST STOP, and unclip if necessary, at the Louth Park STOP sign in BOTH directions. Failure to do so may result in disqualification 8. It is the responsibility of the competitor to check to see if it safe to proceed at the stop sign, not the marshal. 9. Competitors must have their torso covered at all times. 10. Be aware of the NARROW bridge that you arrive to shortly after the stop sign at Louth Park. This is a one way “GIVE WAY”, and you are required to obey the road rules. 11. We ask that you rack your bike at the same place as you unracked and that it does not impede any other competitors. 12. You must always pass on the right hand side of fellow competitors and vehicles; illegal passing is a very dangerous practice, and cause for disqualification. 13. Keep in mind whilst on the bike course that DRAFTING * IS CHEATING and places yourself and your fellow competitor in a potentially unsafe position on the road. 14. It is the responsibility of an overtaken competitor to fall back 7 metres before attempting a new passing manoeuvre. Please refer to TA Race Competition Rules (on MTC web site) for details (*Travelling behind a forward competitor to gain a slipstream advantage). THE RUN LEG 1. 2. 3. 4. Always obey marshals’ directions and signage. Keep traffic cones to your left. Competitors may run or walk, but may not crawl. Competitors may not run with a bare torso or without shoes. A drink station will be available at the start – water only PENALTIES / APPEALS 1. 2. 3. 4. Any rule or instruction breach by competitors will be reported to the race director at the time of race completion. If proven, the race director will penalise, or disqualify that competitor. The competitor in question has 30mins to lodge an appeal. The club executive committee will then dismiss, or uphold the appeal. All penalties/ appeals shall be finalised on the day of the race, and all parties informed of the outcome. MTC MANUAL 2016 -2017 Page |6 DRAFTING /BLOCKING POLICY DRAFTING A bicycle draft zone is a rectangle, 7 metres by 3 metres wide that surrounds every bicycle. The front edge of the bicycle front wheel defines the centre of the leading 3 metre edge of that rectangle. To avoid drafting, a competitor must remain at least 7 metres behind and 3 metres to the side of a leading competitor on the bicycle course. Once this distance is reduced, the draft zones overlap and the passing competitor has 15 seconds to move past the leading competitor and must be moving forward at all times. A competitor is deemed to have been overtaken once the leading edge of the front wheel of the overtaking bicycle has moved in front of the leading edge of the front wheel of the bicycle being overtaken. Once overtaken, a competitor must, immediately move to the rear (i.e. 7 metres behind) …before attempting to re-overtake.” BLOCKING All competitors must keep as far to the left of the lane as practicable unless passing another bicycle. Any competitor who has established the right of way may not block others by riding in the centre or right side of the lane. Drafting and blocking is not permitted in any of the Maitland Triathlon Club Races. Any competitor found to be engaging in drafting or blocking during the race will be penalised. POLICY: PROCEDURE: Race Director to inform competitors that the Maitland Triathlon Club Race is a no-drafting/blocking event during the race briefing at each monthly club race. All club members have a responsibility for upholding the above policy. Any breaches should be reported to the race director within 30 minutes of race finish. The race director will discuss the issue with those parties concerned and decide if a penalty is applicable. If a penalty is to be applied, the race director will inform: a) the competitor in question and make an appeal form available to them b) the results official The competitor being penalised has the right to appeal the decision and must do so on the day of the race by submitting an appeal form. Any competitor found to be drafting or blocking would incur a 2 minute penalty (i.e. 3 minutes to be added to the offending competitor’s final race time) MTC MANUAL 2016 -2017 Page |7 If any competitor is found to be, and penalised for drafting or blocking on more than one occasion, during a season, that competitor shall be disqualified from racing at the Maitland Triathlon Club until they have completed marshalling duties for one race. (With no marshalling points being allocated). STOP SIGN POLICY For the purpose of the policy, the stop sign in question is located at the junction of Louth Park and Trappaud Rd, Louth Park. It is approached on both sides of the cycle course (i.e. when commencing and finishing the bicycle course) POLICY: All competitors must stop at the stop sign when approaching from both directions on the cycle course (i.e. 2 stops per race) Any competitor found to be breaching this rule during the race will be penalised. PROCEDURE: Competitors must follow road rules at all times Race Director to inform competitors that they must stop at the stop sign on the bicycle course during race briefing at each monthly club race. Club marshals located at the stop sign on the bike course to be responsible for enforcing this policy. This will be done by observation of cyclists at this point. Marshals are to wave the red flag and alert competitors of the stop sign. Competitors may proceed when they have followed the road rules (i.e. once a stop has been completed and they have given way to oncoming traffic. It is not the responsibility of the marshal to indicate when it is safe to proceed. Vehicular traffic has the right of way at all times). Marshals are to report any competitor who does not stop to the race director within 30 minutes of race finish. The race director will discuss the issue with those parties concerned and decide if a penalty is applicable. If a penalty is to be applied, the race director will inform: a) The competitor in question and make an appeal form available to them b) The results official The competitor being penalised has the right to appeal the decision and must do so by contacting the race director within 30 minutes of the competitor crossing the finish line on the day of the race. Any competitor found to be infringing this policy will be disqualified from that race. If any competitor is found to be, and penalised for not stopping on more than one occasion, during a season, that competitor shall be disqualified from racing at the Maitland Triathlon Club meet until they have completed marshalling duties for one race. (With no marshalling points being allocated). Further actions may be enforced at the discretion of the MTC Committee. MTC MANUAL 2016 -2017 Page |8 APPEALS FORM OFFENCE : Blocking / Drafting / Stop Sign Breach / Other (Circle applicable breach) Competitors Name: ________________________ Race No:_______ Officials Name: __________________________ Date___________ Description of Breach: Race Directors Decision: Race Director: ___________________ Signature:____________________ MTC MANUAL 2016 -2017 Page |9 GUIDELINES FOR COMPETITORS AND MARSHALS Role of Race Marshals Maitland Tri Club takes all possible precautions to provide a safe course on race days. This includes the provision of race marshals along the course. Safety however also depends to a large degree on the actions of individual competitors. In order to ensure all competitors understand the situation with respect to race marshals, as well as their own responsibilities, outlined below is an explanation of the role of race marshals during our club races. At our Club races, marshals are responsible to maintaining the flow of the race, providing guidance and directions to competitors, monitoring compliance with race rules and supervising safety. Although we supply marshals on all three legs, in terms of safety, our principal area of risk is where competitors travel along public roads, particularly the cycle course. As we are unable to provide a “sterile” or traffic free course, all normal road rules apply to competitors on public roads. It is very important for competitors to realise this and act accordingly. Race marshals do not have the authority to stop traffic. In an emergency situation they may have to, but such situations are exactly what we are endeavouring to avoid. During the cycle leg we station marshals at locations that we have assessed as locations of potential risk. The main role of the marshal is to alert competitors of danger and direct them to slow down, or stop when required (for example the stop sign). It is the responsibility of the marshal to keep competitors on the course and alert the race director of any issues or breaches of road rules by competitors. At the stop sign, it is compulsory to stop. On public roads, normal road rules apply and must be adhered to. In addition, they also need to comply with any directions given by a race marshal. Marshals also play a major role in our emergency response procedure and need to have a mobile phone with them. By phoning the numbers on the Marshal Instruction sheet they will be able to ensure that the duty committee member is informed of any emergency and call an ambulance if required. A safety initiative encourages competitors to carry a mobile phone in their bike bag. This will allow a quick response to any accident that occurs somewhere between marshal locations and increase our incident response capability to the whole course. MTC MANUAL 2016 -2017 P a g e | 10 COMPULSORY MARSHALLING Marshals are essential for the running of our club triathlons and in fact, races cannot commence without the required number of marshals in place. It is compulsory for members to marshal at least one race per season (or supply a proxy marshal). Points are allocated for marshalling up to two senior/intermediate races. Marshals must be over 18 years old. Under 18s could assist at the drink station or possibly with time keeping. Members wishing to marshal either the junior or senior/intermediate races need to report to the Chief Marshal prior to 6.00am on race day. You can then discuss with them the various locations available and decide on suitable position. For example, if you don’t have transport, you can’t go to the far turn around point. Once allocated a marshalling location, all race marshals need to note and comply with the guidelines below: Make sure you know exactly where to go and then ensure your name is recorded on the marshal list for the day, so that you can be allocated the race points. Ensure you collect the Marshalling Instruction Sheet and take it with you to the marshalling location. Collect a safety vest and flag if required from the trailer. The vests need to be worn once you take up your position. Please bring a mobile phone. Our course communication system is based on mobile phones. The Marshalling Instruction Sheet will list phone numbers to ring in various circumstances. At the conclusion of the race please report any incidents, near misses or suggestions to the Race Directors/Chief Marshal. Proxy Marshall You are able to elect another person to marshal on your behalf. However, electing a Proxy Marshal only fulfills your marshalling duties. The primary purpose for electing a proxy marshal is to enable a member to compete in a club event. Competitors only receive their respective points for race results, they do not receive additional points for marshalling. Proxy marshals will not incur any points towards the member’s total point score. (Any member required to perform a marshalling duty as a result of a penalty are not eligible to appoint a proxy marshal for this penalty.) MTC MANUAL 2016 -2017 P a g e | 11 MARSHALL LOTTERY At times when marshal numbers are required, those racing will be placed in a lottery draw to fill required positions. The draw will be cumulative so that the more you race the more frequently your number goes in the draw. First race free of obligation. Those that have already marshalled or registered to marshal in a future race will be omitted from the draw. This is for senior marshalling only and does not apply to junior events. Please volunteer to marshal at your convenience so to avoid the responsibility being allocated upon you. POINT SCORE – AGE CATEGORIES AGE CATEGORIES DATE OF BIRTH AT 31ST DEC OF TRI SEASON Male Female Subjunior 7,8,9 C D Junior 10,11,12 E F Inter 13,14 G H Senior 15+ U18 I J 18-34 K L 35-44 M N 45+ O P st Age for all categories is determined by competitor’s age on DEC 31 in that season. The Maitland Triathlon Club point score system. Sub Juniors/Juniors/Intermediate must race a minimum of five races. Seniors must race and/or marshal a minimum of six races to be eligible for any trophies in any category. Seniors must have completed 1 compulsory marshal in that season to be eligible for trophies Competitors aged 15 – 18 who are racing in the senior category may marshal non-technical points (drinks station, run turn) to complete the marshalling requirement for award eligibility. MTC MANUAL 2016 -2017 P a g e | 12 PLACE POINTSCORE SYSTEM Points are awarded over eight (8) races as follows: st 1 place = 30points nd 2 place = 25 points rd 3 place = 22 points th rd 4 place = 20 points / 19/18/etc. to 23 place. th 24 place onwards = 1 point 30 points awarded for marshalling (Max twice/season) Competitors drop their worst result or 1 non attended race. Where points tie positions, DNFs will be awarded 1 point. No points awarded for team entries. The member with the maximum points at the end of the season is the winner. Handicap Race To be eligible for the Handicap trophy award, members must race FOUR senior club races and marshal ONE race in the current season. The handicap race is to be the last race on the season calendar. TIMING All MTC Race competitors have the option of receiving a “timed” race result which includes transition/split times. To be eligible for end of season awards all competitors will need to wear a “timing chip” which is worn around the lower left ankle. The timing chips are available from the MTC Registrar at a non-refundable cost. Prior to the race start the Timekeeper will ask all competitors to group in their respective categories and wave starts. It is the competitor’s responsibility to remember their wave, as racing in the wrong group could result in incorrect times or even disqualification. It is also the responsibility of the competitor to treat their timing chip as they would any other racing attire they use. The timing chip allocated at membership registration will be your identification in the Membership Database for the entire season. If you forget or mix your chip with others temporary timing chips will not be loaned, however, this is at the discretion of the Timekeeper and Registrar. Loaned and mixed up chips can cause Membership Database errors. However, special arrangements can be organized with the Timekeeper & Registrar for Sub-Juniors & Juniors prior to the race commencing. All competitors will be required to do an initial walk across the timing mat adjacent to the Finish Line. This first mat walk enters each competitor’s number into the race timing data. It effectively enters the competitor into the race. The mat walk is compulsory for all competitors whether they are wearing a timing chip or not as important Race Briefing details are also carried out at this time. MTC MANUAL 2016 -2017 P a g e | 13 SUB JUNIOR/JUNIOR RACE BRIEFING Swim Sub Junior -100m 2 laps of the Maitland Pool. Enter pool at deep end swim to shallow end turn around buoy and back to deep end and exit past the witch’s hat. Junior- 150m 3 laps of the Maitland Pool. Enter pool at shallow end swim to deep end turn around buoy and swim to shallow end turn around buoy and swim back to deep end and exit past the witch’s hat. Cycle Sub Junior - 2 km (One anti-clockwise lap of Maitland Park.) Junior - 6 km (Three anti-clockwise laps of Maitland Park.) Upper torso must be covered (i.e. Singlet, shirt.) Before removing bike from rack helmets must be on and clipped up. Bikes must be pushed to the mounting area. Ride towards the Walker St (Main gate) and turn left into Elgin St. Follow Elgin St around into Park St ride along the back of the park and turn left into Gipps St to the nd end and then left into Blomfield St. and back past transition to start the 2 lap. On rd return of 3 lap finish at the dismount area. Slow down for the dismount and push bike into transition. Rack the bike before your helmet is removed. Always ride on the left of the road. Run Sub Junior - 500m (first turnpoint on the path) Junior – 1km (second turnpoint on the path) Runners will run out of transition and run anti clockwise around the park adjacent to the pool/ transition then head out to the concrete path next to the Highway to their respective turnaround point then making their way back to transition and through finish chute. MTC MANUAL 2016 -2017 Sub Junior turnpoint is located just behind the pool complex on the path. Junior turnpoint is located on the bend in the path near the western entry to the park. P a g e | 14 INTERMEDIATE / SENIOR RACE BRIEFING SWIM Intermediate – 250m Senior – 450m Start at the shallow end, swim to deep end then swim (4 clockwise loops – seniors, 2 clockwise loops – intermediates) keeping the 4 marker buoys on your right exiting past the witch’s hat at the deep end. CYCLE Intermediate - 12 kms (1 Lap) Senior – 18 kms (1 full lap, second lap is a repeat of the hill section of the course)) Upper torso must be covered (i.e. Singlet, shirt.) Helmets must be on and clipped up before removing bike from rack. Bikes must be pushed to mounting zone. Ride from transition into Devonshire St. turn right into Cross St. to the end the turn right into Louth Park Rd. This is a major intersection and competitors are not to cut the corner and must give way to vehicles. Follow Louth Park Rd to the end of the showground to the first Stop sign. WHERE ALL COMPETITORS MUST STOP, LOOK FOR ONCOMING TRAFFIC AND ONLY PROCEED IF IT IS SAFE TO DO SO. st Continue straight ahead following Louth Park Rd to the 1 turnaround point at nd the top of the 2 hill. nd Return along the same path to the 2 turnaround point at the end of the long straight. (Intermediate competitors continue straight ahead) Senior competitors make a U turn for one more lap of the same course. nd After the 2 lap ride back to the stop sign ONCE AGAIN STOPPING Continue along Louth Park Rd and turn left into Park St. Ride around the back of the park to the entrance at Walker St and back to transition. Slow down for the dismount and push bike into transition. Rack the bike before your helmet is removed. RUN Intermediate - 2 kms (1 Lap) Senior – 4 kms (2 Laps) Runners will run from transition turning left following the footpath towards the Walker St entrance. Turn at the witches hat on the footpath near the overhead foot bridge and follow the path back around the park in a clockwise direction, crossing Blomfield and Devonshire Streets with care. Intermediate runners utrn at the intermediate turn point adjacent to the netball courts. Senior runners continue following the path to the turn around point adjacent to the Walker St entrance gates. MTC MANUAL 2016 -2017 P a g e | 15 SENIOR/ INTERMEDIATE BIKE COURSE MTC MANUAL 2016 -2017 P a g e | 16 SENIOR/INTERMEDIATE RUN COURSE MTC MANUAL 2016 -2017 P a g e | 17 REQUESTS FOR FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE POLICY: Maitland Triathlon Club members may apply for various amounts of financial assistance, when competing in triathlons covered by the three levels listed in the policy. These three levels are as follows: Junior Level: Junior club members may apply for reimbursement of entry fees for one outside race per season eg, Weetbix, All schools. Application and reimbursement anytime during the season up until April end, of season. National Representative Level: Club members may apply for financial assistance of up to $250 per season to cover expenses when competing at a National representative level. National representative level means nomination or selection by a State controlling body to represent the State in a particular event at a National level, such as Australian all schools. Applications close by April end, of season. International Representative Level: Club members may apply for financial assistance of up to $500 per season to cover expenses when competing at an international representative level. International representative level means representing Australia. Applications close by April end, of season . PROCEDURE Non junior’s requests for financial assistance must fill out the application form attached and forwarded to the club secretary. All requests will involve the committee reviewing all applications at the end of the season. Decisions will be based on the criteria listed below and at the discretion of the committee. The club secretary will make written responses to requests for funding. CRITERIA Each request will be considered on an individual basis and decisions on granting requests will be made using the criteria below. Requests will only be considered if applicants are current Maitland Triathlon Club members who have nominated Maitland Triathlon Club as their principal club. The nomination of Maitland Triathlon Club does not apply to juniors. Other factors for consideration pertaining to the applicant will be: history of club membership, attendance at club races, clubpersonship of applicant or family (contribution to the operating and promoting of the club). MTC MANUAL 2016 -2017 P a g e | 18 APPLICATION FORM Application for Club Assistance National Representative Level International Representative Level Name Membership Years Contribution to the Club eg committee/race preparation bbq/drink station/pack up/social events. Club Races Dates Raced Dates Marshalled List outside Races (Indicate races attended in MTC uniform.) Level of financial request. Please attach any applicable receipts and or expenses incurred.. MTC MANUAL 2016 -2017 P a g e | 19 SPONSORSHIP PACKAGE ALSO AVAILABLE See Sponsors on the web &/or contact Sponsorship Coordinator. Contact for Enquiries and Proposed Changes If you have any questions regarding this document contact: MTC President / Secretary Name: President Ted Anderson Secretary Geraldine Blake E-mail : [email protected] [email protected] MTC MANUAL 2016 -2017 P a g e | 20 Record of Issues Issue No Issue Date 1 27/5/09 Nature of Amendment Draft 2 1/6/09 Change to Swim Diagram 1/6/09 Club Information moved to Appendix A 3 26/8/10 13/8/13 4 27/10/15 5 6 7 5/7/16 10/9/16 MTC MANUAL 2016 -2017 Course maps updated Course maps and junior course description updated Change to swim diagram (reverted back to original) Membership pricing adjusted in Appendix A Trophy eligibility Minor changes to wording/grammar throughout Changes to race rules in line with TA Changes to marshalling rules Change to course maps and briefing information Adjustment to financial assistance request form Minor changes to eligibility rules for intermediate/senior racers. Insert eligibility rules for Handicap Trophy winner P a g e | 21 Appendix A Club Information Race Season Race season is 8 races from September until April, usually on the fourth Sunday of the Month MTC MANUAL 2016 -2017 P a g e | 22
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