Perform Quality Assurance
• Auditing the quality requirements and the results from
quality control measurements to ensure appropriate
quality standards and definitions
• Facilitates the improvement of quality processes
• Implements a set of planned and systematic acts defined
within the quality management plan.
• Should be used during quality planning and executing
phases
• Build confidence that a future output or unfinished
output or work in progress meets the specified
requirements and specifications
• Contributes to state of being certain about quality by
preventing defects through the planning processes or by
inspecting out defects during the work-in-progress stage
of implementation
Perform Quality Assurance
• Uses data created during plan quality management
and control quality processes
• Quality assurance work will fall under the
conformance work category in the cost of quality
framework
• Quality assurance department oversees quality
assurance activities
• Provides umbrella for continuous process
improvement, which is an iterative process, reduces
waste and eliminates activities that do not add value.
Perform Quality Assurance-Tools and
Techniques
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Affinity diagrams
Process decision program charts (PDPC)
Interrelationship digraphs
Tree diagrams
Prioritization Matrix
Activity Network Diagrams
Matrix diagrams
Quality Audits
Process Analysis
Affinity Diagrams
Ideas are grouped together by similarities and appropriate titles are given to
group
Help to organize and group the results of root cause analysis
e.g: determine the cause of variance, product defects, deliverables not meeting
requirements and group together. Helpful in 80/20 rule
Process Decision Program Charts
• Use in conjunction with tree diagrams
• Decompose a goal into steps required to achieve it
• e.g: To increase the accuracy of estimates to 88%, breakdown the steps to
achieve that goal and , brainstorm ideas that what could go wrong and
contingency plan
Interrelationship digraphs
Analyze the relationships among numerous different issues
e.g: to establish the root cause of schedule variance to determine if
organizational process need to be improve
Tree Diagrams
Steps: Organize data, map out relationships, decompose process to
find out a solution to a problem and arrive at corrective or preventive
action
Matrix Diagrams
• Used for data analysis
• Visual representation of the relationship between
two or more set of items
• Selection of Type of Matrix diagrams depends on
information that needs to be conveyed
• L-Type
• T-Type
• Y-Type
• X-Type
• C-Type
• QFD Type
Project Schedule Network Diagrams
• In Perform Quality Assurance, network
diagrams can be used to improve time
management process
– Activity on Arrow
– Activity on Node
Prioritization Matrices
• Useful for decision analysis about process
improvement and quality management plan
components (policies, processes and
requirements) that may need to change
• Need to prioritize both issues and solutions for
implementation
• Helps to analyze most beneficial solutions to the
most critical issues
• The criteria defined in the Plan Quality
Management are given scores and the issues or
solutions are ranked
Control Quality
• The process of monitoring and recording results of
executing quality activities to assess performance and
recommend necessary action
• Identify the causes of poor process or product quality
and recommending and/or taking action to eliminate
them
• Validating that project deliverables and work meet the
requirements specified by key stakeholders necessary
for final acceptance
• Uses a set of operational techniques and tasks to verify
that the delivered output will meet the requirements.
• Should be used during the project executing and
closing phases
– Prevention vs Inspection
– Attribute sampling vs variable sampling
– Tolerances and control limites
Control Quality-Tools and Techniques
• Seven Basic Quality Tools
• Statistical Sampling
• Inspection
– Examination of a work product to determine if it
conforms to documented standards
– Reviews, peer reviews, audits, walkthroughs
• Approved Change Request Review
Product Design - Quality Function Deployment
• Critical to ensure product design meets customer
expectations
• Useful tool for translating customer specifications into
technical requirements is Quality Function Deployment
(QFD)
• QFD encompasses
– Customer requirements
– Competitive evaluation
– Product characteristics
– Relationship matrix
– Trade-off matrix
– Setting Targets
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Quality Function Deployment
(QFD) Details
Process used to ensure that the product meets customer specifications
Voice of the
engineer
Customer-ba
benchmark
Voice
of the
customer
Source: Operations Management – An Integrated Approach Fourth Edition by Reid and Sanders
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QFD - House of Quality
Source: Operations Management –
An Integrated Approach Fourth
Edition by Reid and Sanders
Technical
Benchmarks
Trade-offs
Targets
Adding trade-offs, targets & developing product specifications
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Reliability
• The probability that a product, service, or part will
perform as intended for a specified period of time
under normal conditions
• The reliability of a product is a direct function of the
reliability of its component parts
• If all parts in a product must work for the product to
function, the reliability of the system is computed
as the product of the reliabilities of the individual
components
• Rs =
(R1)(R2)(R3)….(Rn)
• Rs =
(0.90)(0.90)(0.90) )(0.90)(0.90) = 0.59
Reliability
• One way to increase product reliability is to
build redundancy into the product design in
the form of backup parts, serves to increase
reliability
• Redundancy is built into the system by placing
components in parallel so that when one
component fails the other take over.
• Rs = Reliability of 1st component +
[Reliability of 2nd component X Probability of needing 2nd
component]
Probability of needing 2nd component is
probability of failing 1st component
Reliability Example
• Reliability of system having two parts,
reliability of part-1 and part-2 are 80% & 90%
respectively. What is Rs?
• Two power generators provide electricity to a
facility’s main and backup generator. The main
generator has a reliability of 0.95 and the
backup a reliability of 0.90. What is Rs?