Chapter 6 – Early Childhood:
Psychosocial Development
Psychosocial Development
 Emotions
 Initiative versus guilt
 The self
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3H50llsHm3k
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kScfcXOjdIo
 Guilt versus shame
 Motivation
 Play
Play Play is the most productive and enjoyable activity that
children undertake
 Play is universal
 Form of play changes with age and culture
Peers and Parents
 Peers:
 People of about the same age and social status
 Provide practice in emotional regulation, empathy, and social
understanding
 Children usually prefer to play with each other rather than with
their parents
 Types of play
Changing Social Circumstances
Types of Play (Midred Parten, 1932)- as social awareness increases, so
do types of play.
1. Solitary play:
2. Onlooker play:
3. Parallel play:
4. Associative play:
5. Cooperative play:
Active Play
 Rough-and-tumble play: Play that mimics
aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but in
which there is no intent to harm.
Sociodramatic Play
 Sociodramatic play: Pretend play in which children act
out various roles and themes in stories that they create.
Play
 Based on the work of
 Take PRIDE in your play!!
parent child interaction
therapy
 Quality play criteria:
 Parents make no demands
 P-
 No
 No
 No
 Follow lead of children
 Engage under the direction
of children
 R-
 I D–
 E-
Parenting Styles
Diana Baumrind (1967, 1971). Parents differ on four
important dimensions:
1. Expressions of warmth
2. Strategies for discipline
3. Communication
4. Expectations for maturity
Figure 8.4
Control, Acceptance, Parenting Style
© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers
Baumrind’s Patterns of Parenting
 Authoritarian parenting
 Permissive parenting
 Authoritative parenting
 Neglectful/uninvolved parenting
Authoritarian
Permissive
Authoritative
Neglectful
Children, Parents, and the Media
The Significance of Content
 Violence on TV is often depicted as morally acceptable.
 Children who watch televised violence become more violent
themselves.
 Racial and gender stereotypes are still evident in children’s
programs.
 Educational television may have positive effects.
 Experts recommend that parents limit their young children’s
television viewing and spend more time talking and playing
with them.
Moral Development
 Decrease in egocentrism leads to the development
of:
 Empathy
 Antipathy
 Empathy ideally leads to prosocial behavior
Types of Aggression
1.
Instrumental aggression
2.
Reactive aggression
3.
Relational aggression
4.
Bullying aggression
Discipline and Children’s Thinking
Remember theory of mind.
2. Remember emerging self-concept
3. Remember fast-mapping.
4. Remember that young children are not logical.
1.
Punishment
 Physical
 Define
 Why it is used
 Outcomes
 Psychological
 Time Out
 Sensitive Discipline
 Ineffective discipline
Becoming Boys and Girls
 Sex/Gender/Sexuality- define
 Continuums
 Doing gender
 Age 2:
 Age 4:
Theories of Gender Development
 Psychoanalytical Theory
 Phallic stage
 Oedipus complex
 Superego
 Electra complex
 Identification: An attempt to defend one’s self-concept by taking
on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else.
 Behaviorism
 Gender differences are the product of ongoing reinforcement
and punishment
Theories of Gender Development,
cont.
 Social learning theory:
 Children notice the ways men and women behave and internalize
the standards they observe
 Cognitive Theory
 Gender schema: A child’s cognitive concept or general belief
about sex differences, which is based on his or her observations and
experiences.
 Young children categorize themselves and everyone else as either
male or female, and then they think and behave accordingly.
 Systems theory
 Genes and culture, parents and peers, ideas and customs all interact,
affecting each child.
Androgyny
 Androgyny: A balance within one person of traditionally
masculine and feminine psychological characteristics.