Trait Emotional Intelligence
K.V. Petrides
London Psychometric Laboratory
University College London, UK
E-mail: [email protected]
www.psychometriclab.com
Google: trait EI
Session aims
K.V. Petrides
• To present a brief overview of the theory and applications
of the trait emotional intelligence research program
– The programme has been continuously active for
almost 20 years, so we will inevitably skip some slides
– All papers are downloadable from
www.psychometriclab.com
• To provide an introduction to the Trait Emotional
Intelligence Questionnaire
Overview
K.V. Petrides
• Fundamentals – Trait Emotional Intelligence, TEIQue
• Education-Related Studies
• Business-Related Studies
• Other Important Studies
• Comparisons of EI Measures
• Your Questions
K.V. Petrides
Part 1:
Fundamentals
Trait emotional intelligence theory I
K.V. Petrides
• Trait emotional intelligence is a constellation of emotional
perceptions assessed via questionnaires and rating scales
(Petrides, Pita, & Kokkinaki, 2007).
• Trait EI essentially concerns people’s perceptions of their
emotional world.
• The trait EI sampling domain aims to provide comprehensive
coverage of the emotion-related aspects of personality.
• Trait EI rejects the notion that emotions can be artificially
objectified in order to be made amenable to veridical scoring,
along IQ lines.
• An alternative label for the construct is “trait emotional selfefficacy”.
Trait emotional intelligence theory II
K.V. Petrides
• Trait EI/trait emotional self-efficacy is a theory.
– It is testable because it leads to specific predictions (e.g., scores
should increase with age).
– It is falsifiable (e.g., low test-retest correlations).
– It is general and allows us to predict the behaviour of many
different measures.
– It is extendable (trait SI encompasses the social aspects of
personality).
• Trait EI/trait emotional self-efficacy theory is consistent with
established individual differences theories.
– It lies wholly outside the realm of cognitive ability.
– It can be integrated into hierarchical models of personality.
TEIQue
•
•
•
•
•
K.V. Petrides
The Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue) is a product of the
world-renowned London Psychometric Laboratory based at University College
London (UCL), the birthplace of psychometrics.
It is among a very small number of psychometric instruments still under the
control of its original developer and linked to an active scientific research
program.
It is the most extensively validated EI measure in the scientific
literature. Research has been reporting strong findings in many different fields
(including medical applications) over a period of about 20 years.
The TEIQue has outperformed all EI measures against which it has been
compared in independent peer-reviewed studies, including one major metaanalysis by Martins et al. (2010).
The TEIQue is available in over 20 languages worldwide. Thousands of
TEIQues are completed each month and the instrument is in the process of
being rolled out globally through Thomas International.
Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire
(TEIQue , TEIQue-SF, TEIQue-ASF, TEIQue-CF,TEIQue 360o)
•
153 items, 15 facets, 4 factors, global trait EI score.
•
TEIQue translations exist in over 20 languages, including:
– German
– Greek
– French
– Spanish
• Theory-based
– Chinese
– Portuguese
• Research-based
– Dutch
– Norwegian
• Peer-reviewed
– Croatian
– Serbian
– Italian
•
TEIQue-SF
–
30 items, global trait EI score
•
TEIQue 360o
•
Adolescent TEIQue-ASF, Child TEIQue-CF
K.V. Petrides
Graph 1
K.V. Petrides
Trait EI
Well-being
Self-control
Sociability
Hap
Con
Man
Opt
Est
Imp
Str
Ass
Emotionality
Soc
Emp
Per
Exp
Rel
Ada
Mot
Trait EI factor structure
K.V. Petrides
TEIQue interpretations I - Points to remember
K.V. Petrides
• Trait EI is about perceptions NOT about abilities, or
competencies, or skills.
• High scores are not necessarily adaptive (good) and low
scores are not necessarily maladaptive (bad). Adaptive value
depends on context and situational demands.
• The same facet score may be considered as too high in a
particular situation (over-supply), but too low (under-supply) in
another.
• Trait EI self-perceptions are generally stable during adulthood.
• TEIQue scores are highly reliable, but are affected by severe
moods on the day of testing.
TEIQue interpretations II - Percentiles
Percentages represent
relative percentiles. For
example, a score of 5% on
emotion management,
indicates the respondent
has scored higher than 5%
of the normative sample (or
lower than 95% of the
normative sample).
K.V. Petrides
TEIQue interpretations III - applying Trait EI
K.V. Petrides
• Trait EI is NOT a cognitive ability, it is NOT a skill, and it
is NOT a competency.
• High scores on the TEIQue are not necessarily desirable
and low scores are not necessarily undesirable.
– Potential negative implications of high scores on the 15 TEIQue
facets are mentioned in slides V – VII.
• In selection and recruitment (and, to some extent, in
development too), the goal is to match specific TEIQue
profiles to specific job roles.
TEIQue interpretations IV
TEIQue Person Specification Form
IMPORTANCE
TEIQue
Emotionality
Emotion expression
Emotion perception
Empathy
Sociability
Sociability
Self-control
Emotionality
Relationships
Emotion regulation
Impulse control
Stress management
Assertiveness
Emotion management
Social awareness
Independent
Well-being
Well-being
Happiness
Optimism
Self-esteem
Adaptability
Self-motivation
U
M
V
SCORE
L
A
H
K.V. Petrides
Faking?
K.V. Petrides
•
Faking (dissimulation or impression management) has very limited effects on the
predictive validity of scientific personality instruments (McGrath et al., 2010;
Ones et al., 1996, 2007).
•
The issue of faking with particular reference to the TEIQue is discussed in
Petrides (2009) and Petrides (2012).
•
Faking is impossible in scientifically correct applications of the TEIQue because
the respondent would need to have prior knowledge of the required person
specification and also be able to fake the corresponding profile.
•
In addition, the TEIQue includes the following safeguards (see Petrides, 2009):
–
Self-reported honesty index
–
Central tendency index (identifies ‘guarded’ responding)
–
Random responding index
–
Veracity index (identifies impression management)
–
Multi-rater forms (TEIQue 360° and 360°-S)
K.V. Petrides
Part 2:
Education-Related Studies
Trait EI and behavior at school
K.V. Petrides
• Pupils with high trait EI scores tend to have fewer unauthorised
absences (truancy).
• Pupils with high trait EI scores are less likely have been expelled
from their school for serious breaches of discipline (exclusions).
<.05
Petrides, Frederickson, & Furnham, 2004; PAID
<.05
Trait EI in children
Mavroveli, Petrides, Shove, & Whitehead, 2008; ECAP
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Trait EI in children III
Mavroveli, Petrides, Sangareau, & Furnham, 2009; BJEP
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K.V. Petrides
Part 3:
Business-Related Studies
For business case-studies, go to www.psychometriclab.com :
Trait EI and work variables
Inter- and intra-organizational variation
Interpreting Correlations
0.0 - 0.2 low
0.2 - 0.3 medium
0.3 - 1.00 high
Petrides & Furnham, 2006; N = 167; JASP
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Trait EI and job performance – meta-analysis
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O’Boyle Jn. et al., 2011; OB; Job performance operationalized via supervisory ratings, customer
ratings, sales performance
Interactions with job performance and leadership
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Walter & Bruch, 2007; REO
Butler & Chinowski, 2006; JMinE
Trait EI, entrepreneurship, and workplace engagement
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Ahmetoglu et al., 2011; N= 528 (students, employed, selfemployed); PAID
Akhtar et al., 2015; N= 1050 (working adults); PAID
Trait EI and work-related burnout
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Santos et al., 2015; N= 143 (HR professionals in financial institution); ManagResReview
Dark side of trait EI and CWB
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Jung & Yoon, 2012; IJHM; N = 319 employees in 5* hotel
CWB
Machiavellian
Non-Machiavellian
Petrides et al., 2011; TRHG
Trait EI
Correlates of the TEIQue
K.V. Petrides
• Correlates of the TEIQue
– Positive
 Conscientiousness, mental health, job satisfaction, organizational
commitment, seniority, pro-social behaviour, popularity, sensitivity and
susceptibility to affect, over-prediction of affective reactions in decisionmaking, narcissism, social desirability, hubris.
– Negative
 Anxiety, introversion, psychopathology, turnover, maladaptive coping,
truancy, job stress, rumination, affective judgment accuracy,
straightforwardness, humility.
• The TEIQue provides comprehensive emotionality profiles and can
be recommended for the reliable assessment of emotion-related
individual differences in a variety of contexts (occupational,
educational, clinical, medical, forensic, etc.).
KV Petrides
Part 4:
Other Important Studies
K.V. Petrides
Gender differences in trait EI
Petrides, Furnham, & Martin (2004); N = 224; JSP
•
K.V. Petrides
Overall, small or non-existent gender differences in global trait EI scores.
TEIQue data; N = 351; p = ns
Modified EQ-i data; N = 166; p < .01
TEIQue-SF data; N = 668; p < .01
Schutte et al. scale data; N = 260; p = ns
Trait EI training
K.V. Petrides
18-hour training regime on undergraduate volunteers. Nelis
et al., 2011; Emotion. See also Nelis et al., 2009; PAID
7-week CB intervention on 22 disruptive adolescents.
Ruttledge & Petrides, 2012; SPI
www.psychometriclab.com
Trait EI and body image
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Swami et al., 2009; PAID
Trait EI and big five – Genetic analysis
N
E
O
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A
Vernon, Villani, Aitken-Schermer, & Petrides, 2008; TRHG
C
Trait EI and humor styles – Genetic analysis
Vernon et al., 2009; JID
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Trait EI and teen self-harm
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Mikolajczak, Petrides, & Hurry, 2009; BJHP
Trait EI and pathways to psychopathology
Petrides, García Gómez & Pérez-González, submitted; N = 121 psychiatric patients
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Trait EI in Asperger’s syndrome and ASD
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Petrides et al.,
2011; Autism
Gokcen, Petrides, et al., 2014; BJP
Costa, Petrides, & Tillmann, 2014; PHM
Trait EI and inflammatory disorders
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Trait EI and the Diagnostic Pathway of Cancer
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Moderated Multiple Regressions with Psychological Impairment as the Criterion
B
Model 1
Trait EI
Significant Others
-.248
.303
Trait EI x Significant Others .020
State Anxiety
SE
β
Worry – Appointment
B
SE
β
B
Worry – Results
SE
β
.068
.316
-.403***
.114
-.060
.087
.014
.065
-.469***
.157
-.065
.178
.014
.064
-.504***
.320**
.011
.196
.002
.002
.086
.002
.002
.082
Model 2
Trait EI
Family
Trait EI x Family
-.223
-.048
.009
.069
.374
.014
-.362**
-.015
.074
-.057
.072
-.001
.014
.076
.003
-.445***
.109
-.041
-.055
.077
.000
.014
.077
.003
-.424***
.117
.008
Model 3
Trait EI
Friends
Trait EI x Friends
-.254
.121
.021
.067
.287
.014
-.409***
.046
.161
-.059
.045
.001
.014
.060
.003
-.452***
.082
.044
-.055
.050
.001
.014
.060
.003
-.427***
.090
.045
Model 4
Trait EI
Social Support
Trait EI x Social Support
-.252
.074
.008
.068
.119
.005
-.408***
.070
.191
-.061
.033
.000
.014
.025
.001
-.477***
.151
.053
-.061
.047
.001
.014
.025
.001
-.479***
.215
.063