PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 21
SOCIAL INTERACTION
Section 1: Group Behavior
Section 2: Conformity
Section 3: Obedience
Section 4: Aggression
Section 5: Altruism
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Journal 1: How do individuals’ behavior change in a group
setting compared to being alone? Give an
example.
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Chapter 21
Section 1: Group Behavior
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: How can membership in a group influence
individual behavior?
GROUP MEMBERSHIP AND BEHAVIOR
 Social Facilitation – people often perform better
when others are watching them rather than when they
are alone
 Evaluation apprehension – concerned about other’s
opinions
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Social Loafing – slacking off and not trying as hard because
other members of the group are slacking off too
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 Risky Shift – the
tendency for people to
take greater risks
when they are a part
of a group than they
would individually
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PSYCHOLOGY
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Time To Start Vocab
Due Tomorrow
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Stamp Your Vocab
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PSYCHOLOGY
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REMINDERS
 Ch. 20 Packets Due Tomorrow
 Ch. 21 Review Qs and Ch. 21 Packets Due on
Friday
 Ch. 21 QUIZ on Friday
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PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Journal 2 – All groups have leaders. Describe your ideal
leader. What qualities would that leader possess?
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PSYCHOLOGY
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Leaders
 Leaders tend to be more self-confident, outgoing, and
in some cases more knowledgeable than other group
members.
 Different leadership styles:
 Authoritarian – absolute control, military
 Democratic – encourage group participation, seek a
consensus
 Laissez-Faire – encourage group participation,
leader takes a less active role in decision making
even if the group is headed in the wrong direction
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Chapter 21
Section 2: Conformity
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What factors lead people to conform to social
norms?
CONFORMING TO SOCIAL NORMS
 Presence of a collectivistic culture
 The need to be liked and accepted by others
 Unanimity of opinion in a group of up to eight
members
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Milgram’s Study of Obedience
 Psychologist Stanley Milgram’s experiment
to determine whether the average person
would obey the commands of an authority
figure.
 Tells teacher/participants the experiment is to
investigate the effects of punishment on
memory.
 Teach the students (part of the experiment),
shock them when they answer incorrectly.
 Each time the “student” answered
incorrectly, the teacher/participant was
required to administer a progressively higher
electric shock.
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Results
 As the electric shocks increased to 300 volts, “students”
screamed and pounded in make-believe pain.
 35 of 40 teacher/participants continued with the
experiment
 Participants were not insensitive, they did show signs of
great distress and even said they wanted to stop.
 Why did they continue to administer the shocks? Why
do people obey?
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Chapter 21
Section 3: Obedience
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: Why do most people tend to obey authority
figures?
WHY PEOPLE OBEY
 Socialization – people have been socialized
from childhood to obey. Milgram’s researchers
were seen as authority figures.
 Foot in the Door Effect – tendency for people to
give in to major demands once they have given
in to minor ones. Start off with small shocks so
it was easier to take things a step further and
further . . .
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Chapter 21
Section 3: Obedience
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: Why do most people tend to obey authority
figures?
WHY PEOPLE OBEY (continued)
 Confusion about Attitudes – people who are aware of their
attitudes are more likely to behave in accordance with those
attitudes. Participants became distressed about the situation
and their own attitudes of the situation as they heard screams.
 Buffers – when people are protected from observing the
consequences of their actions they are more likely to follow
orders – even immoral ones. Milgram’s experiment had
teacher and students in separate rooms.
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P
Chapter 21
SYCHOLOGY
Brain Games Notes - Follow the Leader
(Ep. 3-10)
PRINCIPLES
IN PRACTICE
 Title a sheet of paper,
“Brain Games Notes”
 This is Video 1: “Follow
the Leader” and take notes
on 3 explanations as to why
people follow and lead.
 Keep this paper. I have one
more video for you!
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Section 4: Aggression
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Chapter 21
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Journal: What is aggression? Can it be prevented, avoided
or treated?
 A range of behaviors that can result in both
physical and psychological harm to oneself,
other or objects in the environment
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Chapter 21
Section 4: Aggression
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What are the various views on the causes of
aggressive behavior?
VIEWS ON AGGRESSIVE
BEHAVIOR
 Biological View – brain and
hormones appear to be
involved in aggression
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 Psychoanalytic View – aggressive urges are
unavoidable reactions to the frustrations of
daily life
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 Cognitive view –
influenced by people’s
values, the ways in which
they perceive events and
the choices they make.
 According to this view,
people choose to act
aggressively because they
believe it is justified and
necessary.
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Chapter 21
Section 4: Aggression
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What are the various views on the causes of
aggressive behavior?
VIEWS ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR (continued)
 Learning Views – people learn to repeat behaviors
that are reinforced
 Sociocultural View – some cultures encourage
independence and competitiveness and this, in turn,
promotes aggression
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Chapter 21
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Anger can be a part of aggression. What is the psychology
of anger? What happens in your brain?
 Continue your Brain Games Notes
 This is Video 2: Brain Games – Anger
 Write down three interesting facts about anger
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Journal 4: What is altruism?
 Altruism is selfless concern for the welfare of other
people.
 Journal continued . . . What is an example of
altruism?
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Chapter 21
Section 5: Altruism
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What is altruism, and what are the factors that
promote and the factors that inhibit altruistic
behavior?
ALTRUISM
 Factors Promoting: being in a good mood, being
sensitive to the problems of others, being empathetic,
being competent to help, needing the approval of
others, and having a sense of personal responsibility
for others
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Chapter 21
Section 5: Altruism
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What is altruism, and what are the factors that
promote and the factors that inhibit altruistic
behavior?
ALTRUISM (continued)
 Factors Inhibiting: being unsure that another person
needs help, believing that there is nothing one can do
to help, being afraid of making a social blunder, and
being afraid of getting hurt
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 Bystander Effect: People are
less likely to give aid when
other bystanders are present.
 Experiment - Darley and
Latane (1968) When the
participant believed only they
could hear the person having a
seizure, 85% helped. When
they believed others could
hear, only 31 percent helped.
Diffusion of responsibility
limits altruistic behavior.
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The Brain: Why Do I Need You?
View on May 25
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