Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies following spinal

Diagnostic and therapeutic
strategies following spinal cord
and brachial plexus injuries
Amar Karalija
Department of Integrative Medical Biology
Section for Anatomy
Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences
Section for Hand & Plastic Surgery
Umeå University, Sweden, 2016
.+*).$' +0'$.# -0) -2 $.#'2A/# )*!/# $'0'/4
#$.2*-&$.+-*/ / 4/# 2 $.#*+4-$"#/ "$.'/$*)L/W_\VA]X_M
A_]^C_WC]\VWC[^[C^
AVYZ\C\\WX
*1 -A-$)?.+$)'*-;.+$)') -1 .B4 -*( BB($/#?BBLW^ZWMB
' /-*)$'1 -.$*)1$'' /#//+AII0(0B$1C+*-/'B*-"I
-$)/ 4A(-4&. -1$ ?( 7?2 )XVW\
( 7?2 )XVW\
Lutaj nebom i traži put do mjeseca i zvijezda. […] I ne pitaj se da li ti to
možeš. Možeš, idi... hodi.
(Za Almu, da nikada ne zaboravi)
"%%$*$*)
,
,
,
.
##$**$$&2),$)!
D
$*(%+*%$
D
D9"$"!(%+$
WBW+$)'*-$)%0-4L
M
WBX-#$'+' 30.$)%0-4L
M
W
W
F
E9*%&/)%"%/%*
*)-4 " ) -/$*)!/ -
XBW
XBWBW /-*"- " ) -/$*)*!) 0-*).; /#*!"'$' ''.
XBWBX 0-*$)!'((/$*)
XBWBY .$*).-!*-(/$*)
XBX3$/$1
(" !/ -
XBXBW3$/$1 ./- ..?!*-(/$*))/# -$' ! ). .4./ (
XBXBX$+$+ -*3$/$*)
XBXBY3$/*/*3$$/4
XBXBZ
-*) + ) )/#4-*34'-$'!*-(/$*)
XBY
" ) -/$*)!/ -
XBZ# -+ 0/$./-/ "$ .!/ -
XBZBW0-"$'/# -+4
XBZBX ''/# -+4
XBZBY#-(*'*"$'/# -+4
XBZBZ)/$*3$)/.
XBZB[ /4'CC-)$/$) XBZB\C /4'C4./ $) Y
Y
[
\
_
_
WW
WX
WY
WZ
WZ
W[
W[
W\
W_
XV
XX
F9*%&/)%"%/%&(&("$(,$
YBW
-1 $)%0-4/4+ .
YBX# " ) -'+/#*+#4.$*'*"4*!
YBY-#$'+' 30.$)%0-4
YBYBW$")*./$.*!
i
+(/@
A
EH
X[
X[
X\
X^
EL
FC
FC
-$( )/')$('.;) ./# /$+-* 0- .L++ -.
?
;
M YV
ZBX3+ -$( )/'(* '.*!
L++ -.
;
M
YV
ZBY3+ -$( )/'(* '.*!
L++ -
M
YW
ZBZ /-*"- ) 0-'' ''$)"0.$)"./'0 L++ -.
;
M
YW
ZB[)/$*3$)//- /( )/L++ -.
C
M
YX
ZB\
$(" ,0$.$/$*)L++ -
M
YX
&#)
*(")$#*%)
G9&(*,4(%"%"&(%+()
ZBW3+
H9))+&(%))$$""+"*+(
FF
[BW$..0
YY
YY
Y[
Y[
Y\
Y\
#-1 ./L++ -.
?
;
M
[BX ./ -)'*//$)"L++ -.
?
;
M
[BY ''0'/0- L++ -
M
[BZ,CL++ -
M
[B[)54( '$)& $((0)*.*- )/..4L
ML++ -
M
[B\
((0)*#$./*# ($'./$)$)".L++ -.
?
;
M
I9$"/*"&(%+()
FJ
\BW*0)/.*!./'0 ' '' (*/*) 0-*).L++ -.
C
M
\BX
((0)*#$./*# ($')'4.$.L++ -.
?
?;
M
\BY ./ -)'*/L++ -.
?
;
M
\BZ
(" +-* ..$)"L++ -.
C
M
\B[
$(" )'4.$.L++ -
M
\B\//$./$')'4.$.L++ -.
C
M
Y]
Y]
Y^
Y^
Y_
Y_
GC
)+"*)
J9*)%$*%.$**(*#$**(
]BW0-1$1'*!.+$)'(*/*) 0-*).L++ -
M
]BX0-1$1'*!-0-*.+$)') 0-*).L++ -
M
]BY3+- ..$*)*!+*+/*/$(-& -.L++ -
M
]BZ3*)') )-$/$ " ) -/$*))3*)'.+-*0/$)"
L++ -.
;
M
]B[!! /.*!)/$*3$)/.*)"'$' ''- /$*).L++ -.
;
M
ii
GC
ZV
ZV
ZW
ZW
ZX
K9*)%*(*#$*%$+"*+(+#$#(%"
@&&(
A
^BW# !! /*!*)/# +-*'$! -/$*)*!Y ''.
^BX!! /.*!*)/# +-*0/$*)*!) 0-*/-*+#$!/*-.4
Y ''.
^BY# !! /*!*)+#*.+#*-4'/$*)*!
+#*.+#*$)*.$/$ YC&$). L
YM
L9*(%($(*%$*(
@&&(
A
_BW3*)'/ -($)'.) )-$/ .
_BX'$' ''- /$*).
_BY# 1 )/-'#*-)- *)#$./*'*"$'+- +-/$*).
_BZ# 1 )/-'#*-)*)
_B[*(+-$.*)*!#$./*'*"$'!$)$)".)
( .0-( )/.
)+))%$
GG
ZZ
ZY
Z[
GI
Z\
Z]
Z]
Z^
Z^
GL
DC9$*%.$**(*#$*%""%-$
@&&()
4
A
GL
WVBW 0-*+-*/ /$1 !! /.*!)/$*3$)//- /( )/!/ -
Z_
L++ -.
;
M
WVBX;( '$*-/ ) 0-*$)!'((/$*)!/ -
L++ -.
;
M [X
WVBY; 3 -/)**1$*0. !! /*)./-*"'$'.-!*-(/$*)
[Y
L++ -
M
DD9*(*#$*%#(%""""+"*+()@&&(
A
HG
WWBW./$(0'/ .($-*"'$'. - /$*)*!) 0-*/-*+#$).$" [Z
WWBX-+$'4$)- . ./# /$1/$*)*!
Y[[
DE9
$+)*%($**&(:4&%)*$"%$
HJ
$ +(/@&&(
A
WXBW
*!/# .+$)'*-$)/# 3+ -$( )/'(* '*!) -1 $)%0-4 []
WXBX*..$' +-/$'++'$/$*).*!.+$)'*-
[_
IE
IF
IG
II
%$"+)%$)
+*+(&(%)&*)
!$%-"#$*)
($)
iii
-0(/$$)%0-$ ./*/# .+$)'*-)-#$'+' 30.$)0 .$")$!$)/
$)!'((/*-4- .+*). $)/# ) -1*0./$..0 2$/#+-*"- ..$1 " ) -/$*)*!
) 0-*).)"'$' ''.?)0. *).$ -' +#4.$')( )/'.0!! -$)"
$)!! / +/$ )/.B#$./# .$.$)1 ./$"/ ./# !! /.*!/# )/$*3$)/.C
/4'C4./ $) LM ) /4'CC-)$/$) LM *) /# .0-1$1' *!
(*/*) 0-*). $) /# -$)./ ( ) .+$)' *-? /# 3+- ..$*) *! +-*C
+*+/*/$ ) +-*C$)!'((/*-4 '' (-& -.? 3*)' .+-*0/$)" ) "'$' ''
- /$*). !/ - .+$)' # ($. /$*) $) 0'/ -/.B ) $/$*)? )*1 ' +-*/**'#. ) 1 '*+ /*)'4. /# 3/ )/*!) 0-*)' " ) -/$*)$)
/# .+$)'*-B
0-*.+$)' ) 0-*). ) /$$' (*/*) 0-*). 2 - +- C' '' 2$/# /# !'0*- . )/ /- - ./ '0 *) 2 & !*- -1$' Y *- '0(- [ .+$)'
*-# ($. /$*)B# $)/-/# '/- /( )/2$/#/# )/$*3$)/.LXBZ
("I4M *- LVB_ ("I4M 2. $)$/$/ $(( $/ '4 !/ - $)%0-4 0.$)"
'5 /XVVX*.(*/$($)$+0(+.B+$)'*-$)%0-4$)- . /# 3+- ..$*)*!
+*+/*/$ ''(-& -.).+. Y?$)0 .$")$!$)/ " ) -/$*)*!
-0-*.+$)' ) 0-*). ) .+$)' (*/*) 0-*). 2$/# ..*$/ - . $)
$((0)*- /$1$/4 !*- ($-*/00' C..*$/ +-*/ $)CX LXM $) )-$/$
-)# .?.4)+/*+#4.$)$)+- .4)+/$*0/*).)) 0-*!$'( )/.$)) -1 !$ -.B
((0)*./$)$)"!*-/# ./-*"'$'(-& -"'$'!$-$''-4$$+-*/ $)
) ($-*"'$' (-& -. ZX ) W 2. (-& '4 $)- . B - /( )/
2$/# ) // )0/ ' 1 '. *! ? .+. Y? ZX ) W
3+- ..$*) !/ - X 2 &. +*./*+ -/$1 '4B !/ - ZC^ 2 &. *! *)/$)0*0.
$)/-/# ' /- /( )/? ) - .0 ++-*3$(/ '4 #'! *! /# -0-*.+$)' ) 0-*). ) .+$)' (*/*) 0-*). ./$) /* $ ? +-*(*/ 3*)' .+-*0/$)"? - ./*- /# ).$/4 *! X ) .4)+/*+#4.$)
$((0)*- /$1$/4)- 0 /# ($-*"'$'- /$*)B*2 1 -? )/$*3$)/
/# -+4 $ )*/ !! / /# - /$1 ./-*4/ . $) /# /-0( 5*) B # $)!'((/$*)(*0'/$)"+-*+ -/$ .*!2 - '.*./0$ 0.$)"0'/0- .
*! #0() ($-*"'$' ''.B $)- . /# ($-*"'$' +-*0/$*) *!
$)/ -' 0&$)
C\)?/# - 4+*..$'4( $/$)"/# )/$C$)!'((/*-4
)+-*C- " ) -/$1 !! /..#*2)$$B
* ./04 " ) -/$*) $) /# .+$)' *- !*''*2$)" +- C")"'$*)$ ) +*./C
")"'$*)$ -#$' +' 30. $)%0-$ .? 0'/ -/ (* '. *! 1 )/-' -**/ 10'.$*)
) + -$+# -' ) -1 $)%0-4 2 - 0. B )*1 ' +-*/**' 2. (+'*4 ) /# $(" . 2 - *(+- /* (*-+#*'*"$' #)" . !*0) $)
#$./*'*"$' +- +-/$*).B )/-' -**/ 10'.$*) 0. " ) -/$*) *!
)-$/$ -)# . ) 3*)' / -($)'. $) /# .+$)' *-? !*''*2 4
iv
.$")$!$)/ .#-$)&" *! /# 1 )/-' #*-)B 3/ ).$1 ./-*"'$' ) ($-*"'$'
- /$*). 2 - / / $) /# #$./*'*"$' +- +-/$*).B -$+# -' ) -1 $)%0-4- 0 /# ).$/4*! )-$/$-)# .0/$)*/0. .#-$)&" *! /# 1 )/-' #*-)B 0)/$//$1 )'4.$. *! $(" . (*)./-/ #)" . $) /# 1 )/-' #*-) !*''*2$)" 1 )/-' -**/ 10'.$*) *)'4? /#0.
1'$/$)" /# 1 '*+ / #)$,0 . +*..$' /**' !*- /# $!! - )/$/$*)*!+- C")"'$*)$)+*./C")"'$*)$) -1 $)%0-$ .B
/-%()8 +$)' *- $)%0-4? -#$' +' 30. $)%0-4? /4'CC-)$/$) ? C
/4'C4./ $) ?
?(*/*) 0-*).B
v
#$./# .$.$.. *)/# !*''*2$)"++ -.?2#$#- - ! -- /*$)/# / 3/
4*())0( -'.B
B 0-*+-*/ /$1 !! /. *! C /4'C4./ $) ) /4'CC-)$/$) !/ -
.+$)'*-$)%0-4$)0'/-/.B
(" ? *1$&*1 ? $)"#( ? $ -" ? *1$&*1 B B
XVWX@]L]M
B # !! /. *! C /4'C4./ $) ) /4'CC-)$/$) *) ) 0-' .0-1$1'?
) 0-*$)!'((/$*))- " ) -/$*)!*''*2$)".+$)'*-$)%0-4B
(" ?*1$&*1?$)"#(?$ -"?*1$&*1B
# !B
XVWZ0)\@X\_AWZYC[WB
B # !! /. *! /4'CC-)$/$) /- /( )/ *) ) 0-*$)!'((/$*)A ) $" ./04
(" ? '&?$ -"?$)"#(B
)0.-$+/
B $!! - )/$/$*) *! +- C ) +*./")"'$*)$ ) -1 $)%0-4 0.$)" *! /# .+$)'*-B
(" ?*1$&*1?-6?$ -"?*1$&*1B
)0.-$+/?.0($// /*
B
'' +0'$.# ++ -. - - +-*0 2$/# /# + -($..$*) *! /# *+4-$"#/
#*' -.B
vi
ZC
[C
CX
#
W
-&
4-*34)*) )'
[C#4-*34/-4+/($) ( -$)..*$/$*)*! 0-*'*"$'0-" *).
)*.$) $+#*.+#/ /4'CC-)$/$) )'4.$.*!1-$) )*.$) /-$+#*.+#/ CXC..*$/ +-*/ $)
'**-$)--$ -
C '''4(+#*(X
-$) -$1 ) 0-*/-*+#$!/*-
-#$'+' 30.$)%0-4
*1$) . -0('0($)
#*)-*$/$). )/-') -1*0..4./ (
*(+' ( )/-4
*)/-*'
- -*.+$)'!'0$
#*)-*$/$).0'+#/ +-*/ *"'4)
*(+0/ -/*(*"-+#4
*(+0/ /*(*"-+#$(4 '*"-+#4
ZF?\C$($$)*CXC+# )4'$)*' /
("$)")*((0)$/$*).$) $$) *34-$*)0' $$
$0/4'+#/#'/ 34' ) *-.'-**/10'.$*)
*-.'-**/")"'$*)
*-.'-**/-#$5*/*(4
)#) # ($'0($) . ) )/$C\^)/$*4
/#4' ) $($) / /- /$$
/#4' ) "'4*'/ /- /$$
)54( C'$)& $((0)*.*- )/..4
3/- ''0'-.$")'J- "0'/ &$). ' /-*)/-).+*-/#$)
./'0 $ '*!1$ 2
((C($)*0/4-$$
vii
Y
CWQ
C\
X
CP
(
0
CY
f
`
ZX
)
Y
.
C
'$' '''$) C -$1 ) 0-*/-*+#$!/*-
'$'!$-$''-4$$+-*/ $)
0()($-*"'$''*) Y
*-. -$.#+ -*3$. )/ -' 0&$)W /
)/ -' 0&$)\
$+$+ -*3$/$*)
$+*+*'4.#-$ $-*/00' ..*$/ +-*/ $)X
$)$(0( .. )/$'( $0(C'+#
$/*" )C/$1/ +-*/ $)&$). .
/#4'+- )$.*'*) ") /$- .*)) $("$)"
.. )" --$*)0' $$
. )#4('./ ( ''.
C /4'4./ $) 0-*)')0' $)/$" )
-1 "-*2/#!/*-
$/-$*3$ $/-$*3$ .4)/#. 0-'./ ( ''.
0-*/-*+#$)CY
0+ -*3$ )/$CWWI)/$*4'*) )) 0-*!$'( )/
#*.+#/ C0!! - .'$) *'4( -. #$)- /$*)
-!*-(' #4 $+ -5$) C?′C$.LXC /#) .0'!*)$$M
#*.+#*$)*.$/$ YC&$). -$+# -') -1 $)%0-4
-$+# -') -1*0..4./ (
$' ! ). .4./ (
"$*)*!$)/ - ./
/$1 *34" ).+ $ .
+$)'*-
#2)) ''.
+$)'*-$)%0-4
*$0(* 4'.0'!/ +*'4-4'($ " ' ' /-*+#*- .$. /)- --*-*!/# ( )
$")'C/*C)*$. C-/$*
4)+/*+#4.$)
-0(/$-$)
)%0-4
viii
C
CP
-&
0-*
-$.0!! - .'$) 2$/#2 )
#*/$( "" $(" !$' !*-(/
0(*-) -*.$.!/*-'+#
+ /$/$*)/$( -*+*(4*.$)- +/*-&$). 0-*-+$,0.$/$*)2$/#- '3/$*) )#) ( )/
.0'- )*/# '$'"-*2/#!/*-
./ -)'*/
ix
##$**$$&2),$)!
!(+$
/#1())! 6- ) (4& / ''1-'$" /4+ 1 .& .*( !-6(./ --
4)"- (6)*#*-.&-./*-/!4.$.&/*#+.4&$.&/'$) B6-/$''' -.&)
/$''!' -+*/ )/$ ''/'$1.#*/) !8'%/$''./7)B-*/.*(!//) *#(7)"7-$"
!*-.&)$)" .&). $" ) /' - #)'$)".( /* !8- -4""(6-"..&*-B
#$'$/ -$)" *# !8- 4"") 7/"6- - 6- 6-!8- *!/ / ) .*( &)
-%0.+/$ )/ -)B
) $)$/$' .&) *-.&- (*/*-$.& *# . ).*-$.& *-/!'' 1 1-$ -) "-B ( '' -/$ !8'%. )) *&.7 1 ) . &0)6- +-* .. .*( $)) 6-
./-0&/$*) 1 161) &-$)" / +-$(6- .& *(-7 /? -) *(&-$)"'$"") . "( )/B 6-/$'' $'. // 6-- $ *(-7 /? .*( !8-#$)--
7/ -163/ 1 ) -1!$- - *# 7/ -&*(./ 1 )*-(' !0)&/$*) -B &)$.( -)
&*( ) . &0)6- .&) 6- (4& / &*(+' 3B 7"- )/-'
&*(+*) )/ - 6- ( /*' -0)$)"? *3$/$1 ./- ..? ) 0-*$)!'((/$*) .(/
!8-'0./ 1 ) 0-*)? "'$ '' -? )-$/ - *# 3*) -B '0/- .0'// / '$- )
*(!//) *#+ -() )/!8-6)-$)"1-4""(6-" ).-&$/ &/0-.(/!8-'0./
11$&/$"!0)&/$*) -B17)/$*3$)/ -?C /4'C4./ $)LM*# /4'CC
-)$/$) LM? #- 1$./ "* - .0'// 1$ #)'$)" ) 1 *'$& ) -1.&*-
*#) -1.%0&*(-B ./0$ -.*(+- . )/ -.$ ))1#)'$)".4!/-/$''
// 0/- ) (8%'$" )4//) 1 /17 )/$*3$)/ -) 1$ #)'$)" 1
-4""(6-"..&B
".+)("))!@
A$)) 6-.&+7) -1!'6/).*().1--!8-
-( ). &6). ' *# -8- '. !8-(7"B '$&# / ( -4""(6-"..&) --
61 ) )) .& /4+ !-6(./ 4)"- (6)? *-.&) ( - '' - ($)- *(!//) *-/!'' $ -( ). *# #) ). !0)&/$*)B -* ) +7 .& /4+
#)'. ( ''/ !-7) 3+ &/). /$'' 1) - &$-0-"$B -$)$+$ ''/
$) '. +' 30..&) $ +- C *# +*./")"'$*)6- .&*-? .*( .&$'% - .$"
#)'$)".(6..$"/ *# +-*")*./$.&/B ".'6" / .&). ( '' -/$ ) $& C
$)1.$1 ( /* !8- // ( .6& -# / .&$'% /17 .& /4+ -) !-7) 1-)-B
/0$ ) .*( +- . )/ -. $ )) 1#)'$)" #- .*( (7'.6//)$)" //
0) -.8& #0-01$ ) )4 ( /*? .*( /$''6(+- (") /- .*).)./*(*"-!$
L
M 1 -4""(6-" )? &) )16). !8- )$17$")*./$& 1 .. /17
!0)( )/'/ *'$& ) -1.& /4+ -B ) '7)".$&/$" (7'.6//)$)" ) 6- //
0/1 &' // '$&)) C+-*/*&*'' !8- +/$ )/ - .*( .&0'' 0) -'6//
$")*./$& )*#6-( *&.71' /1'6(+'$" #)'$)"B
x
*("4#*%
/0$ -) 1 )/$*3$)/ #)'$)" ). !! &/ - !/ - -4""(6-"..&
" )*(!8- . $ -7//(* ''? /$''6(+) .6-.&$' '6& ( '.+0(+- .*(
&*)/$)0 -'$"/ !-$.// .0./). -) $ -4""(6-".16/.&)B /0$ ) .*(
0) -.8&/ A.$)1 -&)+7($&-*"'$.0/.8)-$)"1) 0-*/-*!$.&!&/*- -
" )*(!8- . $ ''&0'/0- - 1 !8- 6)(7' / - +- . )//$1 '' - !-7)
(6))$.&B /0$ ) 1 )$17$")*./$& 1 ) -1.& ( #%6'+ 1 " )*(!8- . $ -7//(* ''? /$''6(+) ) &-!/!0'' (") /&( - !8-
0) -8&)$)"1<.(7%0-B
)+"**
#)'$)"1-4""(6-"..&( *#$-*"/$''8&81 -' 1)
1 7 '*&' (*/*-) 0-*) *# ) 0-*) '6") '7)"/ !-7) .& *(-7 /B
#)'$)" ) ($).& *&.7 &-!/$"/ ) 0-*$)!'((/$*) )B !! &/ -) +7
) -1 ''.81 -' 1) *# ) 0-*$)!'((/$*) 1- / &/ -- - ) !/ - /17
1 &*-*#&1-./* !/ -!4-*#7//1 &*-B*#$-*"6-/$''/$''
!8-6//-81 -' 1)1 )-$/ -*#3*)*#$-*" ..0/*(/$''/$''163/
1 3*) $ .& *(-7 /B #)'$)" ) # ( '' -/$ $)" ) $)1 -&) +7
6-- /$.& *(-7 /?*#$)") -1!$- -&0) . .+.. -" )*(6-- /$)$
)!-$.&161) )B
) -8&)$)" )1A. !! &/ -+7#0()($&-*"'$$ ''&0'/0-1$. //
#)'$)" ( 8& 0/.8)-$)" ) 1 !' - !&/*- - ..*$ - ( !8-6//-) -1 ''.81 -' 1)B
1-4""(6-" )!8-)$17$")*./$&1) -1.&1$. //17-( /*( (4& / #8" "- 1 .6& -# / &0) )16). !8- // .&$'% /17
.& /4+ -) !-7) 1-)-B 6/)$)"-) 1 C$' -) *# (*/.1-) -4""(6-".. "( )/$161).+-*1 -1$. #8""-1.(./6(($"# /B
)!+))%$4)"+*)*)(
'0/./. )1-4""(6-"..& ./0$ -)6-//7 *##-+*.$/$1
!! &/ - 1$ #)'$)" 1 -4""(6-..&? *# // )/$*3$)/ -) .&0'' &0)) 1- 1 16- !8- &'$)$.& #)'$)"B / 6- ( '' -/$ *.))*'$&/ //
)-/ )/$*3$)/ #)'$)" &*(( - // -6& !8- // &6(+ .(/'$"
.&'$"+-* .. - !/ --4""(6-"..&B*#&)*&/6)&.1-
$)/- ..)/ .*( ) ' $ ) !-(/$ &*($)/$*)./ -+$B /0$ ) .*( -8-
C0) -.8&)$)"1-4""(6-" ) !/ -*'$&/4+ -1) -1.&*-1$.- )# '/
)4( /*!8-) -1.& $")*./$&B /* ).&0'' &0))1-1)4//!8-//
!8'%) 0-*'*"$.&.%0&*(-*# #)'$)". !! &/ -$+- &'$)$.&./0$ -B//
)+../+-*/*&*''?/$''6(+-/!8-+/$ )/ -?.&0'' ..0/*(&0))$-/$''
!8-6//-$")*./$& !/ -
B
xi
$*(%+*%$
D9"$"!(%+$
D9D &$"%($ +(/@
A
!! /.X[VBVVVC[VVBVVV+ *+' ))0''42*-'2$ ?2$/#/-0(/$.+$)'
*-$)%0-4*(+-$.$)"++-*3$(/ '4_Vd*!/# . .L0$)* /'B?XVW[MB
-0(/$
$.($)'4)!!'$/$*)*!/# 4*0)"(' ?2$/#/# ( )" /
*! $")*.$. $)" ++-*3$(/ '4 YV 4 -. L4) ' ) 4) ' ? XVV\MB
4!-/# (*./*((*)0. .*!$)%0-4- /-!!$$ )/.?*0)/$)"!*-
-*0)[Vd*!$)%0-$ .B# (*-/'$/4-/ !*''*2$)"
$.-*0"#'4[Vd$)/# -'4 +#. ? 2$/# ) $/$*)' W[CXVd *! +/$ )/. 4$)" $) /# #*.+$/' / '/ -/$( +*$)/L-& 4 /'B?XVVYMB*- /#)#'!*!/# $)%0-$ .*0-/
/# -1$'' 1 'B'(*./[Vd*!''$)%0-$ .- *).$ - *(+' / "- $)%0-$ . *-$)" /* /# .*-$)" .4./ (? ( )$)" *(+' / '& *!
(*/*- ) . ).*-4 !0)/$*) *2 /# ' 1 ' *! $)%0-4 L &#*) ) #'$)".?
XVVWMB # .0-1$1$)" +/$ )/. - ' !/ 2$/# + -() )/ (*/*-? . ).*-4 )
0/*)*($4.!0)/$*)?- .0'/$)"$)$1 -. .+ /-0(*!*C(*-$$/$ .B# ($) - +*-/ . *)-4 (*-$$/$ . - 0-$)-4 ' - 4.!0)/$*) 2$/#
0-$)-4 . +.$.? / ' /.$. 2$/# +) 0(*)$? 0$/' .*- . ) + 1 $)
/#-*(*.$. L &#*) ) #'$)".? XVVWMB 0-- )/'4 )* " ) -''4 +/ /- /( )/ 3$./. !*- /-0(/$ ? 2$/# - #$'$//$*) ) /- /( )/ *!
. *)-4$.*- -. $)"/# *)'4/-" /.!*-/# -+4B
0 /* /# $)- .$)" $)$ ) *! /-0(/$ ? /# '*2 ( ) " *! /# +/$ )/.?/# . -$*0.)+*/ )/$''4' /#'..*$/ $. . .?)/# '&*!
0.'/# -+4?"- /) !*-/# -+ 0/$1) .+ -.$./.B
D9E ("&".+)$ +(/@
A
+-$)$+''4*0-. $/# -$)) *)/ ..*(+'$/$*)/*#$'$-/#?*-$)
0'/.?0.0''4.+-/*!/# /-!!$$ )/(0'/$/-0(L$. - /'B?XVWX?
05*0)$)?XVWZMB0#'$& $)/# . *!
?4*0)"(' .- /4+$''4/# *) . !!'$/ L& ''-$*0 / 'B? XVWZMB + )$)" *) /# /4+ ? ' 1 ' )
3/ )/*!$)%0-4?/# (4- .0'/$)(*- *-' ... 1 - '*..*!0++ -'$(
!0)/$*)B # ++-*+-$/ /# -+ 0/$ ++-*# . ) 3+ / +-*")*.$.
(41-4"- /'4 + )$)"*)/# . !/*-.B-'4- +$-$.$)$/ $).*( . . *! ? #1$)" ) .#*2) /* $(+-*1 ) 0-*)' .0-1$1' $) +- '$)$'
/-$'..2 ''.!0)/$*)'*0/*( $)'$)$'./0$ .L /'B?XVVY?0 /
1
'B?XVVZ?$1) /'B?XVV_MB
)*/# -. .?.+*)/) *0.- /0-)*!!0)/$*)$.
3+ / ?2--)/$)"2/#!0'2$/$)"!*-.$").*!- *1 -4B
1 -'$")*./$/**'.- 0-- )/'4'$)$''41$'' B# ($)(*'$/$ .
0. - ' /-*$")*./$ / ./$)"? 1-$*0. '$)$' / ./. ) $!! - )/
-$*'*"$'++-*# .0/$'$5$)"*(+0/ -/*(*"-+#4LM)I*-(") /$
- .*)) $("$)" L
M / #)*'*"4 L& ''-$*0 / 'B? XVWZMB * / #*2 1 -? )* .$)"' $")*./$ ( /#* *- *($)/$*) *! ( /#*. #. )
.#*2) /* .0!!$$ )/'4 - '$' B ) .*( . .? .0-"$' 3+'*-/$*) $. ./$''
2--)/ $)*- -/* ./'$.#/# *-- /$")*.$.)+-*1$ ++-*+-$/ /# -+4B
)*- -/**!! -/# *-- //- /( )///# ++-*+-$/ /$( +*$)/?
- '$' )*)C$)1.$1 ( /#* !*- -'4 ./'$.#( )/ *! /# /4+ *! $.
) B
2
E9*%&/)%"%/%*
-0(/$ ? - "-' .. *! /# /4+ *! ? $) 1$/'4 . /. $)
(*/$*) . *! - /$*). /-$( )/' /* /# (*-+#*'*"$' )
!0)/$*)' $)/ "-$/4 *! /# .+$)' *-B -( /# ? )
*(( )$)" *)'4 . *). !/ - $)$/$' /-0(? /# . 1 )/. 1 )/0''4
0'($)/ $)/# *!.+$)'*-$)%0-4?2#$#)'./!*-4 -.B
# . *)-4 $)%0-4 $. *)./$/0/ 4 2$ -)" *! *(+' 3 )
$)/ -/2$)$)" ./-0/$1 +#4.$*'*"$' ) $*# ($' +-* .. .B # . +-* .. . 0. +-*"- ..$1 /# *! ) 0-*). ) "'$' ''. 4 24 *!
+*+/*.$.?/# !*-(/$*)*!1$/4$)/# .+$)'*-/$..0 ?)/# - /$*)
*! "'$' .- +- 1 )/$)" 3*)' - " ) -/$*) -*.. /# /-0( 5*) L0(*)/ /'B?XVVW?2)* /'B?XVWX?$'1 /'B?XVWZMB
)4*!/# ( #)$.(.*!/# . *)-4$)%0-4- . '!C )#)$)"). '!C
+-*+"/$)"?/#0.0.$)"*2)2-.+$-'*!+- )#4(' ./-0/$*))
'*.. *! !0)/$*) /#/ 3/ ). /* ) $"#*0-$)" . "( )/. $)$/$''4 .+- !-*(
/# +-$(-4 $)%0-4B #/ (4 $)$/$''4 '*'$5 ) .('' .+$)' *-
' .$*)2$''*1 -/$( 1 '*+$)/*1$/4?2$/#.0. ,0 )/+-*"- ..$1 '*..*!
!0)/$*)B # . 1 )/. ) .-$ . *0--$)" *) ''0'- ' 1 '? 0/
- .. )/$''4 0. 4 . / *! *(+' 3? $)/ -*)) / ) $)/ -/$)"
(*' 0'-+-* .. .B
E9D%$(/$(*%$*(
E9D9D *(%( $(*%$ % $+(%$) 4 * % ""
"")
-0(/$
$) 1$/ '4$)0 ./# /#*!.+$)') 0-*).).0++*-/$)"
"'$' ''. $) /# 1$$)$/4 *! /# /-0( 5*) B / Y #*0-. !/ - $)%0-4? + )0(- *! ) 4$)" ''. ) *. -1 '*. /* /# ' .$*) .$/ ?
2$/# /# ''. $)$/$''4 .00($)" 0 /* /-0(C$)0 ) -*.$. L0.-/
)#2?W__ZMB# (%*-$/4*! ''./#/$ 2$''#*2 1 -*.*424*!
+*+/*.$. . +-/ *! /# . *)-4 $)%0-4 L*)) ''4 ) *+*1$#? XVV^MB
+*+/*.$.*(( ) ./Z#*0-.!/ -$)%0-4)+ -.$./.!*-++-*3$(/ '4Y
2 &.? *0-$)" */# $) ) 0-*). ) $) "'$' ''. L#)" / 'B? XVWXMB
*2 1 -? ''. $) ) -*0) /# $(( $/ /-0( 5*) - )*/ /# *)'4
*) . !! / 4 $)%0-4B $./)/ ) 0-*). +-*% /$)" 0' /* /# $)%0- .+$)' *- . "( )/.? .0# . (*/*) 0-*). '*)"$)" /* . )$)" (*/*-
+/#24.? '.* 0) -"* +*+/*/$ '' /# . *). ,0 ) *! L 0( ). /'B?XVV[MB#0.?)$)%0-4/#/$)$/$''40. .'*'$. '' /#
3
1 )/0''4$)0 ./# /#*!)*/*)'4) -4 ''.?0/'.* ''.!*0)!-
24!-*(/# $)%0-45*) B
(*)" /# ./C&)*2) /-$"" -. *! +*+/*/$ '' /# - 1-$*0. *3$)/.
+- . )/ $) /# $)%0-4 5*) B ) *! /# (*- 3/ ).$1 '4 ./0$ *3$)/. $.
XX?2#$#$. '$ 1 /*$- /'4$)0 +*+/*.$.B
/* ..**/#/#-*0"#
/# /#- +/*-.$")''$)"+/#24.*!/# ''.)/#-*0"#($/*#*)-$'
.$")''$)"+/#24.L#)" /'B?XVWXMB# )*3$*0. !! /.*!*/# -*3$)/.
.0# . )$/-$ *3$ LM ) - /$1 *34" ) .+ $ . LM *) /# ($/*#*)-$? ( (-) . ) '.* *)/-$0/ /* /# $)0/$*) *!
+-*"-(( '' /#B ) ? - . *! /# *3$)/C+-*/ /$1 "'0//#$*) ' 1 '. $).$ /# ''. #. ) .#*2) /* $)- . +*+/*/$
/$1$/4?2# - .)$)- . *!"'0//#$*) $.'$)& /*./-*)" -+-*0/$*)
*!/# )/$C+*+/*/$C '''4(+#*(XL'CXM+-*/ $)L#)" /'B?XVWXMB
#$' /-$"" -. .0# . *3$)/. $)0 /# ''F. +*+/*/$ . ? /# .0. ,0 )/ +-* .. $. ( $/ 4 *(+' 3 . / *! +-*/ $).B .+. .? "-*0+ *! +-*/ *'4/$ )54( .? - .*( *! /# ($) ( $/*-. *! +*+/*/$
1 )/. $) ((('.B -$*0. .+. . 3$./? 2$/# .+. Y $)" *) *! /# #$ ! 3 0/$*) -. *! +*/*.$.B .+. Y $. +' *! $)0$)" +*+/*.$. 4
!-"( )/$)" ) ( $/$)" /# - ' . *! 4/*#-*( !-*( /# ($/*#*)-$L*-/ -))$& ?W___?#)" /'B?XVWXMB..0#?$/+'4.
) $(+*-/)/ -*' $) /# +*+/*/$ +-* .. . $) /# )/-' ) -1*0. .4./ (
LM? $)"0+- "0'/ -'4!/ -
L+-$)" - /'B?XVVW?" -"?XVVZMB
'*&$)"*!.+. Y#.$) +- 1$*0.'4 ).#*2)/*( '$*-/ /# '*..
*!) 0-*).L#--$0/C-')"0 ?XVVZMB# /$*).*!.+. Y- $)/0-)
(*0'/ 4 /# /2* +-*/ $). CXC..*$/ +-*/ $) LM ) 'CX
L(.)*-4?W__^?0 '?W___MB
/$./# -/$* /2 )/# +-*C+*+/*/$
) /# )/$C+*+/*/$ 'CX +-*/ $) L'CXIM /#/ - "0'/ . /# +*+/*/$ +-* ..B ) $)- . -/$*? $B B $)- . 3+- ..$*) *! 'CX $)
- '/$*) /* ? $. '$)& /* "- / - .0-1$1' *! ''. L*0 / 'B? XVVY?
0&*% 1$ / 'B? XVV^? *)" / 'B? XVWYMB # -'4 ).0$)" ) +-*'*)" " ) -/$*)*!) 0-*).)"'$' ''.$.)$(+*-/)/*./' /**1 -*( .+-/*!!0/0- ) 0-*+-*/ /$1 )+-*- " ) -/$1 /# -+$ .B# .+. .
$)" ) -').+. Y$)+-/$0'-?2$/#$/$*)'+-*/ $).*)/-*''$)"$/.
!0)/$*)?(4 -0$'/-" /.*!/- /( )/B
+-/ !-*( /# /# *! ) 0-*). ) "'$' ''.? 2$'' '.* 0. /# ./-0/$*) *! )-$/ . ) 3*).B )!'((/$*) ) ( !*''*2$)" 0. . .2 ''$)" *! 3*). ) .# $)" *! (4 '$) -'4 !/ - $)%0-4 L*)) ''4
) *+*1$#? XVV^MB ) /# #-*)$ +#. *! '' -$) " ) -/$*)
*0-.? 0.$)" '*.. *! 3*). $) /# +-*3$($/4 *! /# /-0( 5*) B
0-/# -(*- ? 0. . " ) -' '*.. *! )-$/$ -)# . ) .4)+/$
*0/*).L -)./ $) /'B?W_^Z?$($ )/* /'B?W__[?*1$&*1 /'B?W__\MB
4
# $) 1$/' - .0'/*!.+$)'*-$)%0-4$./# - !*- $($)$.# !0)/$*)'
*)) /$1$/4*!/# .+$)'*-$-0$/-4B
E9D9E+(%$"##*%$
0-*$)!'((/$*)$.*) *!/# !*- (*./#''(-&.*!/# ?*(( )$)"
'(*./ $(( $/ '4 !/ - /# +-$(-4 $)%0-4B )'$& $)!'((/$*) $) ()4
*/# -*-").?/# $)!'((/*-4- .+*). !/ -
$.)*/. '!C'$($/$)"?))
+ -.$./ !*- 4 -. L' 3) - ) *+*1$#? XVV_MB # '*' *-()/
($-*"'$' ''.- /# - .$ )/(-*+#" .*!/# ?)- .*( *!/# !$-./ ''./*- //*$)%0-4? $)"/$1/ )$)!$'/-/$)"/# /-0(5*) B
# /$1/ ($-*"'$. - / 1-$ /4*!$!! - )/4/*&$) .2#$#?(*)"
*/# - /$*).? *)/-$0/ /* /# - -0$/( )/ *! ' 0&*4/ . !-*( /# '**./- (B 0/-*+#$'. - /# !$-./ *! /# + -$+# -' ''. /* $)!$'/-/ /# /-0( 5*) ? *$)" .* '- 4 !/ - X #*0-.B # 4 - '/ - !*''*2 4
(*)*4/ .? 2#$# ./-/ /* $)!$'/-/ /# $)%0-4 5*) !/ - X 4.B # $)!$'/-/$)"(*)*4/ .2$''.**)$!! - )/$/ $)/*(-*+#" .L9DMB#$' ) 0/-*+#$'. 2$'' 1 )/0''4 $.++ - !-*( /# /-0( 5*) ? /# (-*+#" . - ($) !*- 4 -. $) /# #0() .+$)' *-? *)/$)0*0.'4
3 -/$)"/# $-$((0)*'*"$' !! /.L' 3) -)*+*1$#?XVV_MBC)
C'4(+#*4/ . - '.* +- . )/ $) /# $)%0-4 5*) ? '/#*0"# '$//' $. &)*2)
*0//# $--*' )$(+*-/) $)/# . *)-4$)%0-4L-$1 $ /'B?XVV\?
' 3) -)*+*1$#?XVV_MB
# +- . ) *! (-*+#" . $) /# 1$$)$/4 *! /# /-0( 5*) (4 $) $/.
*(+' 3$/4 .-$ .*0' C " .2*-? 3#$$/$)"*/# ./-0/$1 ) +-*C- " ) -/$1 ! /0- .B -$)$+''4? /2* !0)/$*)''4 $!! - )/ /4+ . *!
(-*+#" .- +- . )/!/ -
B
# W (-*+#" . - *).$ - +-*C$)!'((/*-4 ) ) 0-*/*3$B # 4
f
- 2 ''&)*2)/*. - / /# #$"#'4- /$1 )` ?.2 ''.1-$ /4
*! B W (-*+#" . '.* +-*0 /# +-*C$)!'((/*-4 ) +-*C
+*+/*/$4/*&$) ./0(*0-) -*.$.!/*-CPLCPM)$)/ -' 0&$)CWQL
C
WQM L)" ) ? XVW\MB 0. ,0 )/'4? /# 4 *)/-$0/ /* /# "-0'
- &*2) *! (4 '$)? ./-0/$*) *! )-$/ . ) 3*).? ""-1/ ($/*#*)-$' 4.!0)/$*) ) +-*"- ..$1 /# *! (*/*) 0-*). ) "'$'
''.L- 4- )#2?XVVYMB
# X (-*+#" .? $) *)/-./? - " ) -''4 *).$ - /* 3 -/ )/$C
$)!'((/*-4 ) +-*C- " ) -/$1 /$*).B # 4 . - / 1-$*0. 4/*&$) .
..*$/ 2$/# /# +-* .. *! - " ) -/$*)? (*)" */# -. -$)C -$1 ) 0-*/-*+#$ !/*- LM? ) -1 "-*2/# !/*- LM ) /# +*/ )/$''4
+-*C- " ) -/$1 $)/ -' 0&$) \ L
C\M L . / 'B? W__]? *0'' / 'B? XVV[?
5
# '' - / 'B? XVWW? #)" / 'B? XVWXMB #$. .0. / *! ($-*"'$' ''. #.?
(*)"*/# - ) !$$'! /0- .? ).#*2)/*+-*(*/ /# - " ) -/$*)*!
3*).!/ -
L$" -' /'B?XVV_MB
*/# W ) X (-*+#" . - +- . )/ -'4 $) /# . *)-4 $)%0-4B
*2 1 -? /# W - .+*). $. *).$ - /* /# (0# ./-*)" - *) B
*- *1 -?*)/--4/*2#/$." ) -''4*. -1 $)2*0)# '$)" '. 2# - ?
X (-*+#" . $.++ - -'4? 2#$' W (-*+#" . (4 - ($)
$) !$)$/ '4 !/ - L$" -' / 'B? XVV_MB #$. ! /0- *0)/.? / ' ./ $)
+-/? !*- /# #-*)$ )/0- *! /# ) 0-*$)!'((/*-4 - .+*). !/ - $)%0-4B
# - !*- ?$/(4 +*..$' /-" /!*-/# -+ 0/$()$+0'/$*)B
9D
''0./-/$*).#*2$)"/# /$( *!--$1'*!$!! - )/$((0)*'*"$''4/$1 ''./*/# 5*) B -*+#" . -$1 !-*( (*)*4/ . 2$'' )*/ . +-' !-*( /$1/ ($-*"'$?
*)/-$0/$)"/*/# /*/'+**'*!/$1/ (-*+#" .B#$' */# -$((0)*'*"$''4/$1 ''.
2$'' 1 )/0''4 ' - !-*( /# $)%0-4 5*) ? /# (-*+#" . ) - ($) $) !$)$/ '4? 0.$)"
#-*)$$)!'((/$*)B
E9D9F)%$)(%(#*%$
0# '$& ($-*"'$? /# ./-*"'$ / . '*' ($)/$) -. *! #*( *./.$. $)
/# .+$)' *-B 0. ,0 )/'4? /# 4 - .*( *! /# !$-./ ''. /* - .+*) /*
B (*)" /# !/*-. /-$"" -$)" ./-*"'$' /$1$/4 - CW ) !$-$)*" )?
*/# -$1 !-*( 3/-1./ +'.( !/ - (" /* /# '**C-$)C
6
--$ - LM L- "" / 'B? XVWZMB # .0. ,0 )/ $)!'((/*-4 - .+*). ?
'$$/ 4 $)%0-4 ) ( $/ 4 ($-*"'$ ) ) 0/-*+#$'.? -$1 . /# ./-*4/ .24!-*(/# $(( $/ $)%0-45*) B# ./-*4/ .2$''. //' $)
/# + -$+# -4*!/# /-0(5*) ?!*-($)"/#$)'4 -*!- /$1 ./-*4/ .$)
+-* .. / -( "'$*.$. L$/# / 'B? W___? $'1 - / 'B? XVWZMB # .-
!*-(/$*)$)1*'1 .*)'4'$($/ +-*'$! -/$*)*!./-*"'$?2$/#/# ''.($)'4
0) -"*$)"#4+ -/-*+#4)!*-($)"( .#C'$& ./-0/0- B# "'$*/$'4 -
2$'' 1 )/0''4 - ./-0/0- ? 2$/# /# ./-*"'$' ''. '$")$)" /# (. '1 .
+ -+ )$0'-'4 /* /# '*)" 3$. *! /# .+$)' *-? /# - 4 1 -4 !! $$ )/'4
'*&$)" /# +.." *! - " ) -/$)" 3*). L$'1 - / 'B? XVWZMB /$1/ ./-*"'$' ''. +-*0 1-$ /4 *! .+ $!$ $)/ -( $/ !$'( )/ +-*/ $).?
(*)" */# -. /# "'$' !$-$''-4 $$ +-*/ $) LMB ) +-'' ' 2$/# /# ./-*"'$'- /$*)?!$-*'./.!-*(/# (" ( )$)" .'.*$)!$'/-/ /# /-0(5*) B# !$-*'./.+-*'$! -/ ). - / 1-$ /4*! 3/- ''0'-
(/-$3(*' 0' ..0#.!$-*) /$)?'($)$))/4+ *''" )?- .0'/$)"
$)/# !*-(/$*)*!/# !$-*/$.-/$..0 L2)* /'B?XVWXMB# "'$')
!$-*/$ *(+*) )/. /*" /# - !*-( /# ' .$*) .-? 2#$# $(+ .
- " ) -/$*)/#-*0"#/# /-0(5*) B
+-/!-*(/$)".+#4.$'--$ -?/# "'$' ''.*!/# .-+-*0 )
0(0'/ #*)-*$/$) .0'+#/ +-*/ *"'4). L.M $) /# 3/- ''0'-
(/-$3B # +*.$/$*) *! . *(( ) . 2$/#$) XZ #*0-. !/ - $)%0-4?
2$/#*).$ -' *) )/-/$*). $)"!*0)$)/# .-/$..0 (*)/#.!/ -
/-0(B # . !!$$ )/'4 +- 1 )/ 3*)' - " ) -/$*) /#-*0"# /# .-
L- "" /'B?XVWZMB+-/!-*(/# .?*/# -+-*/ $).$)/# "'$'.-'.*
*)/-$0/ /*/# $)#$$/$*)*!3*)'- " ) -/$*)B) *!/# (*- !!$$ )/
"-*2/#C$)#$$/$)"+-*/ $).2*-/#( )/$*)$)"$.- /$0'*)ZL*"*M?2#$#$.
+*/ )/'*& -*!) 0-$/ *0/"-*2/#$)/# L-)- /'B?XVVVMB
0# '$& /# $)!'((/*-4 - /$*)? /# "'$' .- !*-(/$*) $. *(+' 3
+-* ..2$/#*/# ) !$$') /-$( )/'$(+'$/$*).!*-- *1 -4B
) /# *! /# . *)-4 $)%0-4 /# $(( ). $)!'((/*-4
f
- .+*). ?$)'0$)"/# +- . ) *!?)` ?/#- / )./# $)/ "-$/4
*! .0--*0)$)" .+$)' *- . "( )/.B 4 '*.$)" *! /# $)%0-4 5*) ? /# ./-*"'$ +- 1 )/ !0-/# - .+- $)" *! )*3$*0. *(+*0). ) .0. ,0 )/
+- )#4(' ./-0/$*) L*''. / 'B? XVV_MB $/$*)''4? /# - /$1 ./-*4/ .+-*1$ +-*/ /$*)!-*(L# ) /'B?XVVWM?.1 )" "'0/(/ L0$ /'B?XVVWM?*)/-$0/ /*/# - +-/$*)*!/# L C$0 /'B?XVWYM?
).0++*-/- " ) -/$*)4. - /$)"L C$0 /'B?XVWYMB
)/# *!/# . *)-4$)%0-4?/# .*'$./-*"'$'.-. '$)"*!
/# $)%0-4 5*) ? *( . ) *./' !*- ) -1 - " ) -/$*)B # ($''4
7
-/# - /#) +#4.$''4 /# .? *"* ) */# - (*' 0' . $)/ -! - 2$/#
3*)' - " ) -/$*)? 0.$)" *''+. *! /# "-*2/# *) ) - /-/$*) *!
/# ) 0-$/ L*''. / 'B? XVV_? #2? XVWVM L9 EMB # ./-*4/ . '.*
+- 1 )/ /# $!! - )/$/$*) *! ) 0-' ./ ( ''. ) +-*" )$/*- ''.? !0-/# -
*)/-$0/$)" /* /# +- 1 )/$*) *! - " ) -/$*) L C$0 / 'B? XVWYMB .+$/ $!! - )/ ./-/ "$ . /* - (*1 *- '/ - /# .- $) *- - /* !$'$// /# -*..$)" *! "-*2$)" ) 0-$/ .? )* '$)$''4 ++'$' ( /#*. #1 4 / )
!*0)B#0.?/# "'$'.-+*. .*) *!/# "- / ./#'' )" .$)/# +-* ..
*!.+$)'*-- " ) -/$*))- /0-)*!!0)/$*)B
9E# (/$$''0./-/$*)*!/# . *)-4 1 )/.!*''*2$)"
B# $)$/$'/-0(/$$)%0-4$.
!*''*2 4 ) $)!'((/*-4 - .+*). ? 3+)$)" /# ' .$*) 1$/4 $) /# -*./-' ) 0'
$- /$*).B 0-*).!*0)$)/# 1$$)$/4*!/# /-0(5*) 0) -"*) 0-* " ) -/$*)?2#$' /# $- 3*). .0./$) . *)-4 (" 0. 4 /# $)!'((/*-4 - .+*). ? *)/-$0/$)" /*
3*)' '*.. ) (4 '$)/$*)B # $)!'03 *! $)!'((/*-4 ''. 0. . ./-*"'$' ''. /* '$")
'(*./+ -+ )$0'-'4/*/# $- /$*)*!/# 3*).?). - / 1-$ /4*!$)#$$/*-4+-*/ $).B
# ./-*"'$'.* )/ -/# ' .$*)1$/4?!*-($)""'$'.-B# 3*)..+-*0/$)"!-*(.0-1$1$)"
) 0-*). - +- 1 )/ !-*( -*..$)" /# $)%0-4 5*) ? /# - 4 $(+ $)" !0)/$*)' - *1 -4B
+/ !-*(L$/#)$'1 -?XVV^MB
8
E9E.*,#*(
-0(/$
$)0 .. -$ .*! 3/- ( '4*(+' 3)$)/ -/$)"# ($'
+-* .. .? - .0'/$)" $) "-0' ./-0/$*) *! /# .+$)' *- +- )#4(B
# . +-* .. . - $)/$(/ '4 ..*$/ 2$/# /# /-$( )/' +-/ *! /# ) 0-*$)!'((/*-4 - .+*). B #$' .-$ . +-/ '4? /# # ($'
+-* .. . - .. )/$''4 $)/$(/ '4 ..*$/ ? ) - *!/ ) (0/0''4
- $)!*-$)"B
E9E9D .*, )*())7 %(#*%$ $ * ("
$))/)*#
$/*#*)-$- /# ''0'-+*2 -+')/.?)- - +-$)$+''4*(+*. *! /2* ( (-) '4 -.B # *0/ - ( (-) $. + -( ' /* )0/-$ )/.?
)*.$) $+#*.+#/ LM? )*.$) /-$+#*.+#/ LM ) $*).B # $)) -( (-) ?*)/# *)/--4?*)'4''*2.!- +.." *!-*)$*3$ ?
*34" ) ) 2/ - (*' 0' .? 2#$' - "0'/$)" /# + -( $'$/4 !*- '' */# -
(*' 0' .B # ($/*#*)-$ +-*0 (*- /#) _[d *! /# $)
((('$) ''. /#-*0"# *3$/$1 +#*.+#*-4'/$*)B 3$/$1 +#*.+#*-4'/$*)0/$'$5 .-*#4-/ .?!//4$.)+-*/ $)...0./-/ .
!*-+-*0/$*)B# +-* ..$. + ) )/*)/# ' /-*)/-).+*-/#$)
LM?$)2#$#*34" )$.- ,0$- /*+-*0 ?2$/#-*)$*3$ )
2/ - $)"/# 4C+-*0/.L2 ) /'B?XVWWMB$/#/# /-$-*34'$4' ) QC*3$/$*) *0--$)" $) /# ($/*#*)-$? ) (%*-$/4 *! *34" )
$)" *).0( $) ($/*#*)-$' - /$*).? /#$. *-") '' *0)/. !*- '-" +-/*!/# /*/'*34" )*).0(+/$*)L$ /'B?XVWXMB
#$' /# *34" ) (*' 0' $. )/-' !*- '' ((('$) '$! ? $)*(+' / '4
3$/ *- - 0 !*-(. *! *34" ) L$B B M - #$"#'4 - /$1 )
("$)" /* /# *-")$.(B ? $! )*/ !!$$ )/'4 ) 0/-'$. 4 /# ''F.
-$' ! ). .4./ ( LM? (4 0. "- / (" B ) /*/'? / ' ./ / )
$!! - )/.*0- .*!#1 )$ )/$!$ $)/# ((('$)($/*#*)-$
L)- 4 1 / 'B? XVV[? (C$5$ ) #$)*+*0'*.? XVV\M? 2#$' )0( -*0.
*/# -.*0- .) !*0)$)/# ''$)" ) -'B*( *!/# ($)*3$)/.
f
+- . )/ $) /# '' - .0+ -*3$ L` M ) /# *(+*0). " ) -/ 4
*($)$)" *34" ) 2$/# /# 0))/'4 +- . )/ #4-*" )? )( '4 /# f
#4-*34'-$'L M)#4-*" )+ -*3$ LXXMB# #4-*" )-$'.
- .*( *! /# (*./ +*/ )/ -$'. $) )/0- ? +' *! *3$$.$)" ()4
*(+*0).BXX$.)*/-$' !?0/$.#$"#'4- /$1 )+' *!
4$ '$)"!- -$'.B
9
) - )*-(' +#4.$*'*"$' ) ( /*'$ *)$/$*).? /# '' $. +' *!
*)/-*''$)" /# 0- ) *! *3$/$1 ./- .. 4 (+'*4$)" . / *! )54( .
'*)"$)" /* /# B #- *! /# ($) )54( . - /# .0+ -*3$ $.(0/. )54( .LWCYM?"'0//#$*) + -*3$. ?)/'. L/-&*1?
XVV^?$ /'B?XVWXMB
W $. +- . )/ $) /# ($/*#*)-$? 2#$' X ) Y - !*0) $) /# f
4/*.*'B$./# /'4./*!/# - /$*)$)2#$#` $.$.(0// /*XX
f
f
e
)XL` e` eX XXe`MB
# !0)/$*)*!/'. $./*!0-/# - "- #4-*" )+ -*3$ /*2/ -)
*34" ) LX XX X X e `M L$ / 'B? XVWXMB '0//#$*) $. +- . )/ $) - 0 .// LM ) $) ) *3$$5 .// ? '' "'0//#$*) $.0'+#$ LMB
'0//#$*) *)/$). /#$*' "-*0+? +' *! *)/$)" ) ' /-*)B # )
*)/ /*!- -$'?/# ' /-*)) 0/-'$5 ./# -$'?2#$' $/. '!
*( . - /$1 B 2* - /$1 (*' 0' . *($) ? !*-($)" ./' (*' 0' L+'*2$/5?W_^W?$ /'B?XVWXMB+-/!-*() 0/-'$5$)"!- -$'. $.? (*)" */# - - /$*).? +' *! "-$)" XX /#-*0"#
/# "'0//#$*) C.*-/ 4' L*/*- ) *4 -? W__^MB '/*" /# -? /# $1 -. /$*).*!(& /# (*' 0' )$)./-0( )/'/**'!*-/# *)/-*'
*!*3$/$1 ./- ..$)'''$1$)" ''.B
) '' 0) - #*( *./.$. /# +- 1$*0.'4 .-$ ! ). ( #)$.(.
"$)./2$'' .0!!$$ )//**)/-*'*3$/$1 ./- ..B*2 1 -$)/# . *!) 0-*/-0(?/# $'$/4*!/# ''/*($)/$)#*( *./.$.) !!$$ )/'4
+-*/ / $/. '! !-*( $. "- /'4 $($)$.# B #$. $. 0 /* )0( - *!
*(+'$/ ) $)/ -/2$)$)" - /$*).? /# .0( *! 2#$# +'0)" . /# ''
$)/**2)2-.+$-'*!*3$/$1 ./- ..)/$..0 $)%0-4B
)%0-42$''?(*)"
*/# -/#$)".?$)/ -0+//# '**.0++'4/*/# /$..0 ?+- 1 )/$)"/# '$1 -4
*! *34" ) ) '$($)/$*) *! XB #$. $) /0-) (4 ' /* ($/*#*)-$'
4.!0)/$*) 2$/# 4.!0)/$*)' *3$/$1 +#*.+#*-4'/$*) ) 0$'C0+ *!
?.2 ''.- ' . *!'$0(!-*(/# (" ($/*#*)-$L0(*)/
/ 'B? XVVWMB $/*#*)-$' 4.!0)/$*) $) *($)/$*) 2$/# 3$/*/*3$$/4?
'$+$ + -*3$/$*)? $-*) + ) )/ #4-*34' -$' !*-(/$*) ) */# -
$)%0-4( #)$.(.?0. -(+)/+-*0/$*)*!B
1 -'./0$ .#1 (*)./-/ /# 3 +/$*)'!-"$'$/4*!/# .+$)'*-
$)- '/$*)/*. 1 -'*!/# ( )/$*) ( #)$.(.*!+-*0/$*)B+$)'
($/*#*)-$ #1 ) .#*2) /* WVC!*' (*- . ).$/$1 /*
#4-*34)*) )' LZCM? /# 4C+-*0/ *! '$+$ + -*3$/$*) LM? /#)
-$) ($/*#*)-$ L$.#)1 / 'B? XVWVMB $/*#*)-$ *! /# .+$)' *-
+-*0 (*- ?0. (*- *3$/$1 (" )#1 - . $'$/4
*!+ -!*-($)"($/*#*)-$'- .+$-/$*)*(+- /*($/*#*)-$!*0)$)
10
/# -$)B+$)'($/*#*)-$'.*+-*0 ' ../#)-$)($/*#*)-$
L*)0/. / 'B? XVW[MB 0-/# -(*- ? /# +$/4 *! .+$)' *- ($/*#*)-$
/* . ,0 ./ - '$0( $. *)'4 WVCXVd *! /# +$/4 *! -$) ($/*#*)-$?
2#$' /# /*/'(*0)/*!/$..0 '$0($.^/$( ."- / -L)*1 /'B?XVWWMB
. .0#? /# .+$)' *- $. /$..0 3 +/$*)''4 .0. +/$' /* *3$/$1 ./- ..B
E9E9E&&(%.*%$
$+$. - ) .. )/$' +-/ *! /# ((('$) *-")$.(? $)" /# ($)
*(+*) )/*!/# #0() ''( (-) .B# $)/ "-$/4*!/# ''( (-) $. +- ,0$.$/ !*- *)/$)0 #*( *./.$. ) .0-1$1' *! /# *-")$.(B
*2 1 -? '$+$. - . ).$/$1 /* ? ) /# +-* .. $) 2#$# '$+$. - "- 4$./ -( '$+$+ -*3$/$*)LMB
# +-* .. #. /#- +-$)$+' +#. . *! # ($' - /$*).@ $**%$?
&(%&*%$)*(#$*%$L0// -!$ ') ?XVW\MB
)$/$/$*)*0-.2# )!- -$'.+ $ .LKM?.0#.!*- 3(+' K*-
K? //&. +*'40)./0-/ !//4 $ LMB ) /#$. +-* ..? /# !- -$'.+ $ .- (*1 .#4-*" )/*(L$B B+-*/*))) ' /-*)M!-*(
) ''4'$ -*) L -*) .0--*0) 4 /2* -*). *0) 1$ *0' *).M '*)"$)"/*/# +*'40)./0-/ !//4$B#$.- /$*)*)1 -/./# !//4 $ /* '$+$ -$' LKM? !/ - 2#$# /# +-*+"/$*) +#. *(( ) .B
# '$+$-$'//&.)*34" )(*' 0' X?/#0.- /$)"'$+$+ -*34'
-$'LKMB#$.- /$*)$.!*''*2 4- /$*)$)2#$#K//&.
+*'40)./0-/ !//4$?/ -$)") ' /-*)!-*($/?/#0.- /$)")*/# -
'$+$ -$'B ) /# +-* ..? K $. *)1 -/ /* '$+$ #4-*34' -$'
LML9FMB.. )/$''4?. '!C+-*+"/$)"#$)- /$*)*0-.?0.$)"
+-*"- ..$1 (" ($)'4 /* /# '' ( (-) B # *)'4 24 *! - &$)"
/# 1$$*0.4' *!'$+$+ -*3$/$*)$.4) 0/-'$.$)"/# !- -$'.B#$.
*0-. $) /# ./" *! / -($)/$*) L4' / 'B? XVWZ? 0// -!$ ' ) ?
XVW\MB
-($)/$*)$.#$ 1 4*($)$)"!- -$'2$/#)*/# --$'?/#0.
*)1 -/$)" */# /* ./' *(+*0)B *- /#$. - /$*) /* *0-
.+*)/) *0.'4 2$/# .$")$!$)/ !- ,0 )4? /# *) )/-/$*) *! !- -$'.
(0./ #$"#B #$. $.? !*- ++- )/ - .*).? )*/ ) *+/$*) $) /# '$1$)"
*-")$.(? 2#$# $. 2#4 /# '' (+'*4. )0( - *! )54( . /#/ /'4. /# ) 0/-'$./$*)*!!- -$'.B(*)"/# . - /# +- 1$*0.'4( )/$*) )54( . ? + -*3$. ) /'. B # *-")$.( ) '.* 0/$'$5 11
()4 3*" )*0.'4 +-*0 )/$*3$)/. /#/ ) / $) $!! - )/ 24. /*
*0)/ -/ /# ./-0/$1 +-* ..B (*)" /# . - 1$/($) ) ?
/4'CC-)$/$) ) 1-$ /4 *! */# - )/0-''4 *0--$)" *- -/$!$$''4
.4)/# /$5 )/$*3$)/.L4'*).)*0- /.?W___? +) /'B?XVW\MB
9 F # (/$ $''0./-/$*)
*!
/# $)$/$/$*)
)
+-*+"/$*) ./" . *! B K?
!- -$'@ K? '$+$ -$'@
? +*'40)./0-/ !//4
$@
K? '$+$ + -*34'
-$'@?'$+$#4-*34'
-$'B
$/# /# .+$)' *- *)/$)$)" +' )/4 *! !/? 2#$' '.* $)" #$"#'4
10') -' /**3$/$1 ./- ..?/# + -,0$.$/ .!*-/# - /$*)/**0-- *+/$('B
) ?#. ).#*2)/*+'4& 4-*' $)/# *3$/$1 ./- ..
- /$*) !*''*2$)" $)%0-4? +-/$0'-'4 $) /# . *! L4$)*? XVWW?
$).)''?XVWX?*-" ).)$0C)4 -?XVWX?($/# /'B?XVWYMB
E9E9F.*%*%.*/
3$/*/*3$$/4 $. / -( " ) -''4 0. /* .-$ /# ) 0-*/*3$ !! /. *!
3 ..$1 ./$(0'/$*) 0. 4 -/$) ) 0-*/-).($// -.? . 2 '' . .$($'-
# ($' *(+*0).B ) /# *)/ 3/ *! ) 0-*+/#*'*"4? $/ .+ $!$''4 - ! -.
/* /# #-(!0' !! /. *! /# ) 0-*/-).($// - "'0/(/ B # ) 0-*/*3$
/$*). *! "'0/(/ 2 - !$-./ )*/ $) - /$)' ) 0-*).? ) 2 - '/ -
*. -1 $)/# )/$- L') 4?W_\_MB0))/'4+- . )//#-*0"#*0//# -$) ) .+$)' *-? /# .*'0/ (%*-$/4 *! "'0/(/ $. ./*- $)/- ''0'-'4B- "'0/(/ $.-+$'4*)1 -/ 4./-*4/ ./*"'0/($) ?
)./*- $))$)/$1 .// $).$ /# ./-*4/ .L #/ /'B?XVWYMB$.$)"
3/- ''0'- ' 1 '. *! "'0/(/ 2$'' +-*(+/ /# ) 0-*). /* (+'*4 .+ $'
+0(+./*(*1 /# 3 .."'0/(/ !-*(/# 3/- ''0'-.+ $)/*/# ''
L*//'$ /'B?XVVYMB*2 1 -?/#$.- "0'/$)"( #)$.(#.$/.'$($/.B# .4./ ( $. 0)' /* *+ 2$/# !./ )I*- "- / $)- . . $) 3/- ''0'-
"'0/(/ ' 1 '.B 3 .. 3/- ''0'- "'0/(/ 2$'' *1 -'4 3$/ /# ''.?
e
Xe
0.$)" "- / $)!'03 *! /# $*). ) ? /# - 4 0.$)" .*( ''. /*
12
'4. 0 /**.(*/$#)" .B+-/!-*(*.(*/$ ./-0/$*)?'$0(0$'C
0+ $) /# ''. $)/ -! - . 2$/# ()4 $(+*-/)/ ''0'- +-* .. .B -#+.
(*./ $(+*-/)/'4? $)- . '$0( ' 1 '. $.-0+/ ($/*#*)-$' !0)/$*)?
/# - 40.$)"$)- . !*-(/$*)L #/ /'B?XVWYMB
) ?'$0(
$)!'03 $)/* /# ($/*#*)-$ #. ) .#*2) /* $)/ -! - 2$/# ) -"4
+-*0/$*) ) 0. /# !*-(/$*) *! L$+/*)? XVV^MB 0-/# -(*- ?
$)- . '$0( ' 1 '. !! / '$0(C + ) )/ )54( . ) )$/-$ *3$ .4)/#. LM? 0.$)" $/$*)' !*-(/$*) *! ) ""-1/$)" /# *3$/$1 ./- ..- /$*)B
0 /* /# +-*(*/$*) *! 0$'C0+ /#-*0"# 1-$ /4 *! ( #)$.(.?
3$/*/*3$$/4 $. *).$ - 4 ()4 - . -# -. /* /# ($) ( $/*- *!
*3$/$1 ./- .. $)/- ''0'-'4 $) $)%0-4 L #/ / 'B? XVWYMB ) ?
"'0/(/ 3$/*/*3$$/4 +'4. )/-' -*' $) /# +/#*+#4.$*'*"4 *! ?
*)/-$0/$)".$")$!$)/'4/*/# . *)-4$)%0-4*/#$)/# "- 4)2#$/ (// -L-& /'B?XVVZMB
E9E9G
(%$&$$*/(%./"("%(#*%$
-0(/$ (" . /# .0++'4$)" '** 1 .. '.? 0.$)" *34" ) )
)0/-$ )/ +-$1/$*) C 2$/# .0. ,0 )/ !*-(/$*) J . 2 '' .
# (*--#" B+ -#+.*1 -'**& 0/- ' 1)/+-/*!/# . *)-4$)%0-4
Xe
$. /# -*' *! 3/-1./ $-*) L M $) /# !*-(/$*) *! B -*) $.
0))/$)/# .+$)'*-? $)"+-$)$+''4+- . )/$)/2*!*-(.B
Xe
-*)$)$/.- *3/$1 !*-(?$B B ?$.*0)/*/# +-*/ $)/-).! --$)$)/# '** +'.( ) ! --$/$) $).$ /# ''B # $-*) $. /$"#/'4 *0) 0) -
+#4.$*'*"$' *)$/$*).B *2 1 -? 2# ) + !''. '*2 \BV? *- 2# ) /# C
+-*/ $)C$-*) *(+' 3 *( . $) *)// 2$/# X ? /# !!$)$/4 !*- $-*) -*+.
) /# #$"#'4 - /$1 $-*) $*) $. - ' . B *2 + ) /# +- . ) *!
*34" ) -$'. - */# #''(-&. *! /# .+$)' *- $)%0-4? - /$)" '' /# *)$/$*). ) !*- - ' . *! +-*/ $)C*0) $-*) $) /# $)%0- /$..0 L''?XVWWMB
-*)$.'.*+- . )/.+-/*!/# # (*"'*$)+-*/ $)B*-(''4)$)/ "-'
+-/ *! /# +-*/ $)? /# $-*) $. - $'4 - ' . 2# ) # (*"'*$) *( . $)
*)// 2$/# '$+$ #4-*+ -*3$ . *- XX? */# 0))/'4 +- . )/ $)
$)%0- /# .+$)' *-B $/# '$+$ + -*3$/$*) $)" -$# .*0- *! */#
*(+*0).? /# - ' . *! $-*) !-*( # (*"'*$) $. *)./)/'4 *0--$)"
+-* ..L''?XVWWMB
- $-*)*)/-$0/ ./*""-1/$*)*!*3$/$1 ./- ..)'$+$+ -*3$/$*)?
).0. ,0 )/'4$)- . /$..0 (" B#$.*0-./#-*0"#/2*- /$*).B
13
•
•
# )/*) - /$*)? 2# ) $-*) - /. 2$/# #4-*" ) + -*3$ ?
Xe
Ye
C
4$ '$)"#4-*34'-$'A eXX→ eKe B
# .$(+' - /$*)*!$-*)2$/#*34" )4$ '$)"/# - /$1 *34" )
ee
eee
KC
KC
eX L$0 /'B?XVVZ?''?XVWWMB
(*' 0' X A eX→
#$' )*/ $)" /# +-$(-4 .*0- *! ? /# $-*)C + ) )/ #4-*34'
-$' !*-(/$*) ./-*)"'4 +*/ )/$/ . $)%0-4 $) /# (" .+$)' *-B
) ? /# . ).$/$1$/4 *! $!! - )/ +-/. *! /# /* *3$/$1 ./- .. $.
..*$/ 2$/#$-*)' 1 '.!*0)$)/# /$..0 L' .&)'*4?W_^[MB
E9F$(*%$*(
# +*/ )/$' *! /# .+$)' *- /* .+*)/) *0.'4 - " ) -/ !*''*2$)"
/-0(/$ $)%0-4 1-$ . "- /'4 /2 ) $!! - )/ .+ $ .B # ((('$)
.+$)'*-?*(+- /*!$.#)(+#$$).?#.+**-- " ) -/$1 $'$/$ .B
0-*" ) .$.?$B B/# $- /$*)*!"'$' ''.)) 0-*).?(4*0-$)
-/$)+-/.*!/# .0#./# #$++*(+0.)/# *'!/*-40'L C
$0 / 'B? XVWYMB *2 1 -? /# $'$/4 *! /# .+$)' *- /* - " ) -/ !/ -
. 1 - $)%0-4$)24/#/ )' .- *)./$/0/$*)*!!0)/$*)$.1 -4'$($/ B
#$.$.+-/$0'-'4/-0 !*''*2$)"# ($. /$*)I/-). /$*)*!/# .+$)'*-B
*2 1 -? *)'4 ($)*-$/4 *! +/$ )/. !!'$/ 4 .0!! - # ($. /$*)I/-). /$*)? 2$/# (*./ $)%0-$ . $)" $)*(+' / B - 1$*0.
./0$ . #1 !*0) /#/ /# +- . -1/$*) *! .('' +*-/$*). *! -/$) .+$)'
/-/.(4 .0!!$$ )/!*-/# - *1 -4*!'**(*/*-!0)/$*).?.0#.#$)
'$( !0)/$*) $) -/. L'' -()) ) *0? XVV\MB /- /( )/ +' *!
$)0$)" ) 0-' .+-*0/$)" (4 /# - !*- *! "- / 1'0 $) /# !0)/$*)'
- *1 -4*!(*/*-!0)/$*).B
E9G(&+*)*(*)*(
$/# /# $- *). ,0 ) . *! $)" - *")$5 4 +#4.$$). !*-
)/0-$ .? "- / )0( - *! +*/ )/$' /# -+ 0/$ ++-*# . #1 )
$)1 ./$"/ B # /# -+ 0/$ ./-/ "$ . ) +-$)$+''4 $1$ $) *) *!
/# /#- !*''*2$)" / "*-$ .A .0-"$'? ''0'- *- +#-(*'*"$'
/- /( )/.B # *% /$1 L.M *! .0 ..!0' /# -+4 .. )/$''4 - .. /# .$ +/#*'*"$' +-* .. . *! /# . *)-4 $)%0-4B ) *+/$(' /# -+4
$)'0 .A +-*/ /$*) *! ) 0-*). ) "'$? *(/$)" *! /# ./-0/$1 *(+*) )/. *! ) 0-*$)!'((/$*)? +- . -1/$*) *! /# ) 0-' $-0$/-4?
$)0/$*) *! 3*)' .+-*0/$)" ) - (*1'I()$+0'/$*) *! /# "'$' .-?
/# - 4 + -($//$)" 3*)' - " ) -/$*) /#-*0"# /# /-0( 5*) )
)'$)"!0)/$*)'- *1 -4B
14
# *-/$*./ -*$( /#4'+- )$.*'*) #.+- 1$*0.'4 )/# -0"*!#*$ $) /# /- /( )/ *! ? .#*2$)" .$")$!$)/ $(+-*1 ( )/ *) . ).*-4 )
(*/*- !0)/$*) $! ($)$./ - -'4 !/ - $)%0-4 L-& )? XVWXMB
/#4'+- )$.*'*) #. #*2 1 - " ) -''4 !'' ) *0/ *! !1*0- 0 /* #$"#
*(+'$/$*) -/ .? +- *($))/'4 $)! /$*). L$/$2 ) #'$)".? XVW[MB
.+$/ 3/ ).$1 - . -# *)0/ !*- ()4 .? /# - - /*4 )*
'$)$''4 ++-*1 +#-(*'*"$' /- /( )/. !*- .+$)' *- $)%0-4
L2-4'0& /'B?XVV^?$'1 /'B?XVWZMB
E9G9D+("*(&/
-0( /* /# 1 -/ -' *'0() (4 $.-0+/ /# .+$)' )/*(4? 0.$)"
*(+- ..$*) *! /# .+$)' *-B )/- / *(+- ..$*) (4 ' /* +-*'*)" ) ""-1/ $)%0-4? 0.$)" 3/ ).$1 (" B 0-"$'
*(+- ..$*)!/ -.+$)'*-$)%0-4#.' -'4.#*2) ) !$$' !! /.$)
)0( - *! )$(' ./0$ .? - .$)" /# 3/ )/ *! . *)-4 $)%0-4 )
$(+-*1$)"!0)/$*)'*0/*( L$'1 /'B?XVWZMB/!-*('$)$'./0$ .*!
+/$ )/.#.#*2 1 -)*/ ) ,0''4*)1$)$)"B0-- )/'4?/# - $.)*' -
*). ).0. - "-$)" /# " ) -' ) !$/ *! *(+- ..$*) .0-" -4B # +*..$' 1'0 *!.0-" -4$. + ) )/*)/$($)"?- "$*)*!$)%0-4)*1 -''
# '/# .//0. *! /# +/$ )/B )'$& $) 3+ -$( )/' )$('.? /# # / -*" )$$/4 *! /-0(/$ $) #0(). *(+'$/ . .. ..( )/? ) *). ).0. - "-$)" ++-*+-$/ $)$/$*). !*- *(+- ..$*) ().
'-" -#$"#C,0'$/4./0$ .L$/$2) #'$)".?XVW[MB
E9G9E""*(&/
- / !!*-/#. )$- / /*2-.$ )/$!4$)")++-*+-$/ '$) *! ''.
!*-- " ) -/$1 '$)$'+0-+*. .B)0( -*!$!! - )/ ''/4+ .#1 )
./0$ ?$)'0$)"#2)) ''.?) 0-'./ ( ''.?( . )#4('./ ( ''.?
)*'!/*-4 ).# /$)" ''.B
%!L.M2 - /# !$-./ ''./* /-).+')/ !*-/# +0-+*. *!
- +$-B #$' '*)"$)" /* /# ) +-*(*/$)" 3*)' - " ) -/$*)
!*''*2$)" $)%0-$ .? . #1 1-$ /4 *! +-*+ -/$ . /#/ - +*/ )/$''4
1'0' $)/# - +$-*!/# $)%0- .+$)'*-B(*)"/# . $./# $'$/4*!
./*+-*0 $!! - )/) 0-*/-*+#$!/*-.?.0#.?)
L"'$' '''$) C -$1 ) 0-*/-*+#$!/*-MB-*($.$)"+- '$)$'./0$ .#1 .#*2)? (*)" */# - ! /0- .? $(+-*1 (4 '$)$./$*)? )#) 3*)'
- " ) -/$*))!0)/$*)'$(+-*1 ( )/B)'4! 2'$)$'/-$'.#1 )
+0'$.# #$/# -/*L$'1 /'B?XVWZMB
15
# !" ! LM (4 - $'4 "-*2) $" ? ) - +' *!
$!! - )/$/$)"$)/*) 0-')"'$' ''.B+-/!-*(/# +-*.+ /*!- +'$)"
'*./ ''.? . '.* 3#$$/ /# $'$/4 /* +-*0 1-$ /4 *! ) 0-*/-*+#$
!/*-.B (*)" /# . $. ? +*/ )/$''4 +-*1$$)" /-*+#$ .0++*-/ /* /# $)%0- - "$*)B 0# '$& 2$/# /# /-).+')//$*) *! */# - '' /4+ .? /# #'' )" 2$/# /-).+')//$*) #. ) $(+-*1$)" /# .0-1$1' *! ''.?
)*)/-*''$)"/# $-$!! - )/$/$*))($"-/$*)L$'1 /'B?XVWZMB
!' !" ! 01 - +- . )/ $) ()4 /$..0 . .0# . /# *) (--*2 ) $+*. /$..0 B # 4 - +' )/$!0'? .$(+' /* */$)? ) - *).$ - .! ) .4/*/-).+')/L #'$)".)2?XVWWMB + )$)"
*) /# /$..0 *! *-$"$) /# . (4 3#$$/ $!! - )/ +-*+ -/$ .B (*)"
*/# - ) !$$' ! /0- .? /# 4 - +' *! +-*0$)" )/$C$)!'((/*-4
4/*&$) .)) 0-*/-*+#$!/*-.B- 1$*0.'$)$'/-$'.#1 0)!*-/0)/ '4
!$' /*+-*1 )4.$")$!$)/!0)/$*)'$(+-*1 ( )/*!/- /( )/!/ -
L$'1 /'B?XVWZMB
" '!"!01+*.. ../# 0)$,0 $'$/4/*- " ) -/ !-*(
/# + -$+# -4)"$) ../*/# B..0#?/# 4- *!"- /$)/ - ./.
( $/*-.*!./-0/0-')!0)/$*)'$(+-*1 ( )/B#$' /# 3//$*).
*! . - ./$'' 0) -/$)? +- '$)$' ./0$ . #1 .#*2) ) !$$' !! /.
*)3*)'- " ) -/$*)) - . $)/# 3+- ..$*)*!.$)/# /-0(
5*) B '$)$' /-$'. #1 +-*1 ) /# .! /4 *! /-).+')//$*) L$'1 / 'B?
XVWZMB (0#C+0'$$5 . *! /-).+')//$*) $) +/$ )/ 2$/#
/-0(/$
#..#*2))/*($')!0)/$*)'$(+-*1 ( )/.L&*2
/ 'B? XVWZMB # ./04 $. #*2 1 - . *) *) +/$ )/? 2$/# -/$)
*% /$*).#1$)" )-$. - "-$)"/# - +- . )//$1$/4*!/# +/$ )/)
/# /# -+ 0/$) 1'0/$*)'+-* 0- .L0 ./)$ /-$#?XVW[MB*- - . -#$)/# !$ '*!/-).+')//$*)$./# - !*- 2--)/ B
E9G9F(#%"%"*(&/
) 0)) *! +#-(*'*"$''4 1 -4 $1 -. .0./) . #1 )
$)1 ./$"/ !*- /# /- /( )/ *! .+$)' *- $)%0-4B ) .. ) ? '' *! /# ./0$ *(+*0). *(/ *) *- (*- *! /# .$ +/#*+#4.$*'*"$'
*(+*) )/. *! /# . *)-4 $)%0-4B #$. -$ ! *1 -1$ 2 2$'' *(+-$. !-
!-*(''/ ./ .0./) .?$)./ !*0.$)"*)/# '$)$''4+-*($.$)"*) .B
)/$*3$)//# -+$ .2$'' . +-/ '4- .. B
"' !LM$.'$)$''4/# (*.//#*-*0"#'4./0$ .0./) !*- /- /( )/ *! 0/ B #. ) 1'0/ $) /#- '-" )/$*)'
./0$ ./ -( C
+ -!*-( $)W_^Z?W__V)W__]B# /2*'// -
16
#1 //-/ /# "- / ./$)/ - ./!-*('$)$'+-/$/$*) -.B''/#- 2 - (0'/$ )/- ? -)*($5 ? +-*.+ /$1 ) *0' C'$) ./0$ .B # /-$'.
1'0/ /# !! /.*!/- /( )/*)(*/*-?. ).*-4)!0)/$*)'- *1 -4?
. 2 '' . /# .! /4 .+ /. *! B )$/$' 1'0/$*) *! /# - .0'/. +-*1 $.++*$)/$)"? $ )/$!4$)" )* $(+-*1 ( )/ $) - *1 -4B !" )'4. . *!
;
?*)/# *)/--4?- 1 ' $(+-*1 !0)/$*)'*0/*( 2# )
/- /( )/ *(( ) 2$/#$) ^ # +*./ /-0(B *2 1 -? /- /( )/ '.*
--$ "- / --$.&*!$)! /$*)?+-$(-$'42*0)$)! /$*)?+) 0(*)$)
. 1 - . +.$.B0 /**0/.$)- "-/* !!$$ )4)/# +*/ )/$'-$.&.*!
$)! /$*)?/# ( -$)..*$/$*)*! 0-*'*"$'0-" *).LM$..0 - *(( )/$*)$)XVWY1$.$)"'$)$'+-/$/$*) -.)*//*0. !*-/# /- /( )/ *! B 0-- )/'4? $!! - )/ ./)-. - ++'$ $) $!! - )/
)/- .?2$/#.*( #**.$)"!*-/# /- /( )/*!. ' / . .L4*) /
'B? XVWZ? $'1 / 'B? XVWZ? $/$2 ) #'$)".? XVW[MB $)" 2 '' ./0$ )
.#*2$)" .*( /# -+ 0/$ +-*($. .? /# (*' 0'- .$. *! /# ) !$$'
!! /.*!/- /( )/$.*!"- /$)/ - ./!*-+*..$' !0/0- 1 '*+( )/*!
/- /( )/B # ($) !! / *! $) $. $)/ - ./$)"'4 )*/ ( $/ /#-*0"# /# *-/$*./ -*$ - +/*-? 0/ -/# -4 /# )/$*3$)/ +-*+ -/$ .
*! /# (*' 0' B (*)" */# - /$*).? *(/. '$+$ + -*3$/$*) 4
/$)" . .1 )" - *! !- -$'. ) ( '$*-/$)" ) 0-*$)!'((/$*)
L$5C0$5 /'B?XVVV?$'1 /'B?XVWZMB
#($.0-- )/'4/# *)'4) 0-*+-*/ /$1 -0"++-*1 4/# **
) -0" ($)$./-/$*)? 2$/# $)" /# .*' $)$/$*) !*- /- /( )/B
$'05*' /. . .*$0(C#)) ' '*& -? $(+ $)" /# 0)*)/-*'' )
/-$( )/' $)!'03 *! .*$0( $)/* ''. $) /# 5*) *! $)%0-4B !/ - .#*2$)"
+-*($.$)" - .0'/. *) (*/*- - *1 -4 !/ - $) +#. I
? +#. I
/-$'$.)*2*)"*$)"L$/$2) #'$)".?XVW[?#0% /'B?XVW\MB
!##!#1 1*& $)/ - ./0 /*/# $-$'$/4/*'*&/# - +/*-? /#0. /$)" /* +- 1 )/ (" $)0 4 "'0/(/ 3$/*/*3$$/4B - /( )/ +-*(*/ . /$..0 .+-$)" ) '' .0-1$1'? )
*(/.B#. )
/-$'.- *)C"*$)"L$'1 /'B?XVWZ?#0% /'B?
XVW\MB
! - ? 0 /* /# $- )/$C$)!'((/*-4 +-*+ -/$ .? /# *- /$''4
++ '$)" /# -+ 0/$ *+/$*)B *2 1 -? $) +- '$)$' /-$'. /# - .0'/. #1 )($3 ?2$/#/' ./*) *!/# *(+*0).""-1/$)"/# - /$*)B
0-- )/'4? $0+-*! ) $. /# ($) *).$ - /* #*' +-*($. . )
)/$C$)!'((/*-4" )/!*''*2$)"
L$'1 /'B?XVWZMB
17
' $. ) )/$$*/$ 2$/# )/$C$)!'((/*-4 ) ) 0-*$)!'((/$*)C
// )0/$)"+-*+ -/$ .?$(+-*1$)"/# .+-$)"*!.+$)'*-+- )#4()
./-*)"'4 - .$)" /# ($-*"'$' - .+*). !/ - $)%0-4B +#. /-$'
.#*2 +-*($.$)"- .0'/.$)- "-/*!0)/$*)'$(+-*1 ( )/?+-*(+/$)")
*)C"*$)"+#. /-$'L#0% /'B?XVW\MB
# " " ! *! $!! - )/ /4+ . #1 !*- *1$*0. - .*). ) 0) -
$)1 ./$"/$*)B# !! /.*!/- /( )/#1 ) 3/ ).$1 '4./0$ 4
*0- "-*0+ $) +- '$)$' (* '. *! ) $)%0-4B - /( )/ 2$/#
$)/-/# '4 ($)$./ - !/ - .'1" . (*/*) 0-*). $) " ) -'
L*1$&*1 / 'B? W__\M . 2 '' . (*/*) 0-*). '*)"$)" /* . )$)"
-0-*.+$)'(*/*-+/#24.$)-/.L*1$&*1 /'B?XVVVMB# ) 0-*/-*+#$
!/*- ) 0-*/-*+#$)CY LCYM #. ) .#*2) /* 3 -/ .$($'- !! /.
L*1$&*1 / 'B? XVVV? $'1 / 'B? XVWZMB -$*0. */# - ) 0-*/-*+#$
.0./) . #1 ) $)1 ./$"/ +- '$)$''4? 2$/# (*- *- ' .. +-*($.$)"
- .0'/.L-1 4 /'B?XVW[MB
#-(*'*"$'()$+0'/$*)*!/# ./-*"'$'.-$.)++ '$)"++-*#?
+*..$'4 #*'$)" /# +-*($. *! - " ) -/$*) /#-*0"# /# $)%0-4 5*) B ''
/#$)". *).$ - ? /# .- ++ -. /* -0$' #'' )" /* *1 -*( $!
$. /* .0 ..!0''4 /- / B "! L#M $. ) )54( +' *! "-$)" -/$) .? /# - 4 - (*1$)" .*( *! /# # ($'
$)#$$/*-.*!3*)'- " ) -/$*)B- '$)$'./0$ .#1 .#*2).#-$)&" *!
/# +*.//-0(/$1$/4)*!/# .-?.2 ''.(*/*-$(+-*1 ( )/!/ -
/# -+4B*'$)$'/-$'.#1 4 / )$)$/$/ ?.$) #0()$5 !*-($.
./$'' /* 1 '*+ L$'1 / 'B? XVWZ? #0% / 'B? XVW\MB "
%" " " .
/ #. ) +-*+*. . +*..$' *+/$*) !*-
/# -+4B 1 -')/$*$ .#1 ) 1'0/ ?(*)"*/# -./# "+
"'* )/$C*"* #. ) .#*2) /* +-*(*/ 3*)' "-*2/# )
!0)/$*)' - *1 -4 $) +- '$)$' /-$'.? 2$/#*0/ 0.$)" 1 -. !! /.
0.0''4..*$/ 2$/#0)*)/-*'' .+-*0/$)"L$'1 - /'B?XVWZMB# - .0'/.
*!)*)C"*$)"'$)$'/-$'- ./$''2$/$)"+0'$/$*)L$'1 /'B?XVWZMB
) *)'0.$*)? /# *0/./)$)" +/#*+#4.$*'*"$' *(+' 3$/4 *! /# ()./# -+ 0/$*(/$)"*!)0( -*!& 4!/*-.B
/$.0)'$& '4/#/
*) .$)"' .0./) *-++-*#2$'' .0!!$$ )/$).0 ..!0''4- ..$)"
/# 2#*' .+ /-0( *! +/#*'*"$' +-*' (.B # - !*- *) ) .+ 0'/ /#/ *($)/$*)' /- /( )/? $)1*'1$)" +#-(*'*"$'? ''0'- )
.0-"$'*(+*) )/.?2$'' ) /*- ./*- (*/*-?. ).*-4)0/*)*($
!0)/$*)!*''*2$)"
B
18
E9G9G$*%.$*)
# / -( G)/$*3$)/H $. !$) . .0./) /#/ $)#$$/. *3$/$*)
- /$*). 0. 4 *34" ) *- + -*3$ . L$B B *3$)/.MB $)" + ) )/ *)
*3$/$1 ( /*'$.( !*- ) -"4 +-*0/$*)? ((('$) ''. *)./)/'4
*(/ B # #*2 1 -? *) '$ 1 /* *! /-$( )/' !! /
*)'4? #1 '/ '4 ) .#*2) /* +'4 -*' $) )0( - *! $(+*-/)/
+#4.$*'*"$'+-* .. .?(*)"*/# -./$)"..$")''$)"(*' 0' . )'$)"
''. /* - / ) +/ /* #)" . $) /# $- )1$-*)( )/ L# ? XVV\? )"
) $# '$.? XVWVMB # - !*- ? $) *- - /* ($)/$) *+/$(' ' 1 '. *!
*3$)/.? /# ((('$) *-")$.( 0/$'$5 . */# )*" )*0.'4 )
3*" )*0.'4 .4)/# /$5 )/$*3$)/.B 3(+' . *! $(+*-/)/ )*" )*0.'4
+-*0 )/$*3$)/. - ( '/*)$)? 1$/($) ? "'0//#$*) ) /4'CC
-)$/$) LMB $/($) $. ) 3(+' *! ) )/$*3$)/ /#/? 2#$' .. )/$'!*-.0-1$1'?))*/ +-*0 4+-$(/ .)#0().?)(0./
.0++' ( )/ /#-*0"#/# $ /L($-)*!!?XVVWMB
$/#*3$/$1 ./- ..+'4$)"(*./ )/-'-*' $)/# +/#*+#4.$*'*"4*!/# ?/# -+ 0/$" )/+' *! !! /$1 '4()$+0'/$)"/# +-*0/$*)*!
(4 #$"#'4 1'0' B * / ? /# /2* *)'4 .0./) . +-*1 ) $)
'$)$'/-$'./*/.) 0-*+-*/ /)/.$)/# 0/ /- /( )/*!.+$)'*-
$)%0-4 * .* 4 /$)" . )/$*3$)/. L''? XVWWMB # ./C./0$ )/$*3$)/ /# -+4 !/ - /-0(/$ $. ( /#4'+- )$.*'*) B . $.0.. -'$ -? $/ $. /# *)'4 +#-(*'*"$' ++-*# /#/ #. ) ./0$ *) '-" - .' ? 4$ '$)" +*.$/$1 - .0'/.B *2 1 -? "- / )0( - *! */# -
)/$*3$)/.- $)"./0$ .+*/ )/$'/# -+ 0/$" )/.!/ -/-0(/$
B *( *! /# . #1 .#*2) +-/$0'-'4 +-*($.$)" - .0'/. $) +- '$)$'
/-$'.B
( ! 032+!" !1 - # ($''4 .$($'- /* ( /#4'+- )$.*'*) ?
'/#*0"# /# 4 * )*/ / . "'0**-/$*$ - +/*- "*)$./.B . .0#?
'5-*$. '& /# 1 -. !! /. ..*$/ 2$/# ? 2#$' - /$)$)" ) $)
.*( . . 1 ) 3 -/$)" ./-*)" - )/$*3$/$1 /$*).B 2* +-*($.$)"
*(+*0). 0-- )/'4 0) - $)1 ./$"/$*) - C]ZVV\ ) C^Y^Y\B */#
- 1 -4 +*/ )/ ( '$*-/*-. *! B $/$*)''4? /# 4 ()$+0'/ 3$/*/*3$$/4? ($/*#*)-$' 4.!0)/$*) ) /# '$0( ' 1 '. $) !1*0-' 24B C]ZVV\ #. ) .#*2) /* $(+-*1 !0)/$*)' *0/*( !/ -
$)+- '$)$'/-$'.L''?XVWW?$ /'B?XVWXMB
" LC /4'C[C( /*3$/-4+/($) M $. #*-(*) - "0'/$)" /# $-$)-#4/#(B# -0"#.! 21 -. !! /.)- $'4+.. ./# L()/-4 / 'B? XVV_MB / $. '.* $- / )/$*3$)/? .1 )"$)" /# + -*34' -$'. ) - /$)" 2$/# + -*34)$/-/ ? /# - 4 *(/$)" /# 19
!! /.*!B..0#?( '/*)$)#. )./0$ $)/# /- /( )/*!
B
/
#. ) .#*2) /* ( '$*-/ ? .1 (*/*) 0-*). ) $(+-*1 (*/*-
!0)/$*)L''?XVWWMB
" $. ) )*" )*0. )/$*3$)/? /$)" . $- / .1 )" - *! C
" ) -/ B
/#..#*2)+-*($.$)"- .0'/.$)+- '$)$'/-$'.$)- "-/*
$- /.1 )"$)"*!)+-*/ /$*)*!/# .+$)'*-!/ -$)%0-4L''?
XVWW?$ /'B?XVWXMB
'/#*0"# )* )/$*3$)/. - 0-- )/'4 ++-*1 !*- /# /- /( )/ *! ?
/# $- +-$)$+' /$*). *($) 2$/# 0-- )/ +- '$)$' - .0'/. 2--)/
!0-/# - $)1 ./$"/$*)B )4 '$)$' /-$'. #1 .0 ..!0''4 - .. /# +*/ )/$' ) !$/. *! )/$*3$)/ /- /( )/ !*''*2$)" )0( - *!
) 0-*'*"$'$. . .B# - !*- ?'$)$'/-$'.*!)/$*3$)//- /( )/2*0'
*!"- /$)/ - ./B
E9G9H*/"::($*$
/4'CC-)$/$) LM $. ) ./ - *! /# /-$( /#4'/ ($)*$ C
-)$/$) B$.0))/$)/# ((('$)*-")$.(?2$/#/# #*( *./.$.
*! /# -)$/$) . $)" ($)/$) /#-*0"# )*" )*0. +-*0/$*)? $ /-4
.*-+/$*) ) *)/-*'' '$($)/$*)B # .*-+/$*) *! /& . +' $)
/# .('' *2 ' L *0# ) $(? W__^M? 2#$' /# +-*0/$*) ($)'4
*0-. $) /# '$1 -? &$) 4.? ) -$) L *0# ? XVVZMB */# $)/-1 )*0.
)*-'($)$./-/$*)*!' /*-+$$)- . $)*) )/-/$*)
$) /# '** +'.( ) - -*.+$)' !'0$ LM? 2$/# /# + +/$ - $'4
-*..$)"/# L-) //$ /'B?W__XMB# )/$*3$)/$.!$'/ - /#-*0"#/# &$) 4.$)/*/# 0-$) ?2$/#*1 -_Vd $)"- .*- L -?XVV^MB
) ''0'- ' 1 '? $. ) $(+*-/)/ *(+*) )/ *! /# $)) -
($/*#*)-$' ( (-) B . .0#? $/ $. +-$(-$'4 ) $)/$(/ '4 $)1*'1 $)
. 1 -' .+ /. *! ''0'- $* ) -" /$.B # !0)/$*). *! $) /# ($/*#*)-$- .$(+*-/)/./# 4- $1 -. B# + +/$ ?*)/$)$)")
/4'"-*0+?)/.*)*-*! /4'/**2# ) /4'$..- B
)/# . ) *! +4-01/ ? 2$'' *)/-$0/ /* *)/$)0 +-*0/$*) *! /4'C
*? /#/ $) /0-) ) )/ - /# $/-$ $ 4' ) *)/-$0/ /* $)- . +-*0/$*) *! L2 ) / 'B? XVWWMB #$. $. +-/$0'-'4 $(+*-/)/ $)
/-0(/$
? ''0'-$* ) -" /$.2$'' "- /'4*(+-*($. B
/#. )
.#*2)/#//- /( )/*!($/*#*)-$$" $)/# . ) *!+4-01/ )- ./*- ' 1 './*)*-('?/#0.*(+' / '4- +'$)"+4-01/ L/ ' /
'B? XVWVMB /- /( )/ $) ) $$ -/ (* ' *! ($)/$) ($/*#*)-$' - .+$-/$*)? C' 1 '.? ) /# /$1$/$ . *! . 1 -'
( /*'$''4$(+*-/)/ )54( .?(*)"*/# -. #4-*" ). L/ '
20
/'B?XVWXMB# ($)*$-)$/$) $/. '!'.*+'4.-*' $)/# ( /*'$.(
*! !//4 $.? ($)'4 4 /-).+*-/$)" /4' (*$ /$ . !-*( /# !//4 $. /*
/# ($/*#*)-$!*-+-*0/$*)*!$)/# $/-$$4' B0. ,0 )/'4?
($)$./-/$*) 1 (4 $(+-*1 /# ( /*'$5/$*) *! !//4 $. $) .// *! ) -"4 +' /$*)L" ) /'B?W__^MB
0-/# -(*- ?+-/!-*(**./$)"/# ) -"4+-*0/$*)*!/# ''?'.*
!$'$// ./# +-*0/$*)*!/# *-")$.(F.*2))/$*3$)/"'0//#$*) B
* . .* 4 *)/$)" *) -*) !-*( /# /4' (*$ /4 L0- '$ / 'B? W___?
2 ) /'B?XVWWMB#0.?2$''+-*(*/ /# .4)/# .$.*!*) *!/# (*./
$(+*-/)/ - 0$)" " )/. $) /# #0() *-")$.(? - $'4 +' *!
.1 )"$)"B
+' /#*- *! +- '$)$' ./0$ . .#*2$)" /# ) !$$' !! /. *! /- /( )/ $. 1$'' B 0- "-*0+ #. +- 1$*0.'4 $)1 ./$"/ /# )/$C
+*+/*/$)+-*C- " ) -/$1 +-*+ -/$ .*!$)- '/$*)/*
B #1 .#*2) /#/ ($)$./-/$*) *! !/ - *'$.# . . ).*-4 ) 0-' /#?
./$(0'/ . ) -1 - " ) -/$*)? ) *)/-$0/ . /* - $)) -1/$*) *! /# /-" /
(0.' L-/ /'B?XVVX?4-/ /'B?XVVX?$'.*) /'B?XVWVMB
) - "- /* ? /# $* ) -" /$ ) )/$*3$/$1 ! /0- . *! /# + +/$ /# *- /$''4 (& ) $)/ - ./$)" /# -+ 0/$ " )/ $) /# #$"#'4
( /*'$''4 . ).$/$1 ) *3$/$1 ./- ..C+-*) $)%0- .+$)' *-B .
( )/$*) +- 1$*0.'4? / ' / 'B #1 (*)./-/ /#/ /- /( )/
($)/$)./# ($/*#*)-$'!0)/$*)XZ#!*''*2$)"$)%0-4?)$(+-*1 ./# !0)/$*) *! . 1 -' $(+*-/)/ ( /*'$ )54( . $) -/.B # .( ./04
.#*2 /#/ ($)$./-/$*) *! /2$ $'4 !*- ] 4. !/ - *)/0.$*)
$)%0-4 /* /# .+$)' *- .$")$!$)/'4 .+- /# "- 4 (// - L/ ' / 'B?
XVWVMB
)!*''*2C0+./04?/# .( "-*0+*)!$-( /# +- 1$*0. !! /.*)
($/*#*)-$' !0)/$*)B $/$*)''4? /# 4 !*0) /#/ C/- / -/.
.#*2 .$")$!$)/'4 - . 1*'0( . *! /# /$..0 $)%0- $) ) -*0)
/# $(( $/ /-0( 5*) /#) +' * /- / .0% /.B 0-/# -(*- ? /# .+-$)" *! */# "- 4 ) 2#$/ (// - -*./-' ) 0' /* /# /-0(
+$ )/- 2. )*/ ? . 2 '' . $(+-*1 '**(*/$1 !0)/$*) L/ ' / 'B?
XVWXMB/0$ .*!F. !! /.*)($/*#*)-$'!0)/$*)!/ -
#1 .#*2)
- . $) ($/*#*)-$' (" !/ - /- /( )/B /- /( )/ '.*
- 1 -. . /# *2)- "0'/$*) *! /# )/$C+*+/*/$ +-*/ $) 'CX )
0+- "0'/$*) *! ? /# - 4 *(/$)" +*+/*.$. L#)" / 'B? XVW[MB # C( $/ $(+-*1 ( )/ *! (*/*) 0-*) ) . ).*-4 ) 0-*) .0-1$1' $)
/# $)%0-4 5*) + )0(-? . 2 '' . $(+-*1 (*/*- !0)/$*)? #. - )/'4
)*)!$-( L2))""?XVW\MB
21
.+$/ 4 / )*/ $)" ) ++-*1 -0" !*- /- /( )/ *! $. . )
$)%0-4? /# 1$ ) *! /# ) !$$' !! /. *! /- /( )/ - 0(0'/$)"B# -0"#. )0. $)#0()./0$ .!*-2$ 1-$ /4*!
" ) -/$1 $. . .))$)%0-$ .B-*($.$)"./0$ .#1 .#*2)+*.$/$1 !! /.$)/# /- /( )/*!L "#$ /'B?XVWYM?) 0-*+/#4
L$ / 'B? XVW[M? '5# $( - L'$*. / 'B? XVWWM? ./-*& L#)" / 'B?
XVWXM? /-0(/$ -$) $)%0-4 L
M L!$$ / 'B? XVWVM? L#)" / 'B?
XVV[M)+ -$+# -') -1 $)%0-4L
MB
$. " ) -''4 *).$ - .! -0"? 2$/# ! 2 1 -. !! /. 1 ) /
#$"# - *." .B ) #0() '*)"C/ -( ./04? +0- 2. ($)$./ - $)
*." .0+/*W"-(+ -4!*-W4 -?2$/#)*1 -. !! /. $)"- *- L#' /'B?XVVVMB0()./0$ .+ -!*-( 2$/#*." . 3 $)"X"-(.
+ -4.#*2 "**/*' -) *!/# -0"L$ /'B?XVW[MB# ($)- +*-/ 1 -. !! /.- )0. )1*($/$)"L -)$.?W__^MB
) .0((-4? /- /( )/ !*''*2$)" ( '$*-/ . '' /# ) /$..0 ./-0/$*)? ) $(+-*1 . !0)/$*)' *0/*( $) +- '$)$' /-$'.B . .0#?
/# *(+*0)$.*!"- /'$)$'$)/ - ./B
E9G9I:*/":/)*$
C /4'C4./ $) LM$./#$*') -$1/$1 *!/# ($)*$4./ $) B
) .4)/# /$5 4 /# *-")$.( *- ($)$./ - . -0" *-''4?
$)/-1 )*0.'4 *-? $) 3+ -$( )/' +- '$)$' (* '.? $)/-/# '4B # )
$)" ./ *-''4? $. .*- $) /# ./*(# ) .('' *2 '? 2$/# $*1$'$'$/4 *! \ /* WVd 0 /* !$-./C+.. ( /*'$.( L*'$) ..? W__WMB
*0) /* +'.( +-*/ $).? $. /-).+*-/ /* /# '$1 - 1$ /# +*-/'
.4./ (? 2# - $/ $. 1$-/0''4 )/$- '4 *)1 -/ /* /# ($)* $ 4./ $) L*/"- 1 ? W__]? *.5' / 'B? XVVVMB # .4)/# /$5 4./ $) /# ) !- '4
+.. . *1 - $*'*"$' ( (-) .B ).$ /# ''.? 4./ $) $. /# (*./
+-*($) )/+- 0-.*-*!"'0//#$*) L/&0-$ /'B?XVV]MB
-*( # ($' +*$)/ *! 1$ 2 /. . $- / )/$*3$)/? ) - $'4
- 0 . 1-$*0. -$'. L'$)$ #*0$ / 'B? XVW\MB 0-/# -(*- ? )
+ -#+. (*./ $(+*-/)/'4? $. +- 0-.*- /* "'0//#$*) ) . .0# +*/ )/$' **./ - *! /# "'0//#$*) ' 1 '. $) /# *-")$.(B ) - "- /* /# )/-' -*' *! "'0//#$*) $) /# ! ). "$)./ !- -$'.? /# *)/-$0/$*) *! (4 1 -4 1'0' $) *(/$)" *3$/$1 ./- ..B /
#. $) ) .#*2) /#/ /# '*.. *! "'0//#$*) *. -1 $) .// *!
*3$/$1 ./- .. ) - 1 -/ 4 /# ($)$./-/$*) *! L/&0-$ / 'B?
XVV]MB *- *1 -? ./0$ . *! /- /( )/ *! 1-$*0. $. . .? $) 2#$#
$)!'((/$*)+'4.& 4-*' ?.#*2/#//# *(+*0) - . ./# - ' . 22
*! . 1 -' $)!'((/*-4 4/*&$) .B / #. !*- $)./) ) .#*2) /#/ /- /( )/ !/ - - -' $.# ($ $) -/ (* ' .#*2 - . *! /# $)!'((/*-44/*&$) .
CWQ)PL#) /'B?XVVZMB
0-"-*0+#.+- 1$*0.'4$)1 ./$"/ /# !! /.*!/- /( )/!*''*2$)"
. 1 -' /4+ . *! ) -1 $)%0-$ . $) +- '$)$' )$(' (* '.B #1 .#*2)
$(+-*1 ($/*#*)-$' +- . -1/$*) ) $)- . .0-1$1' *! . ).*-4
) 0-*).$)/# !/ -3*/*(4L-/ /'B?XVVZ? ./ /'B?XVV]? '$)
/ 'B? XVV_MB /- /( )/ !/ - 3*/*(4 #. ) .#*2) /* $)- . /# 3+- ..$*) *! /# )/$C+*+/*/$ .$")'$)" (*' 0' 'CX? ) - . /# 3+- ..$*)*!/# +-*C+*+/*/$+-*/ $)).+. CYL $ /'B?XVV_MB
# ) 0-*+-*/ /$1 !! /. *! *) (*/*) 0-*). #1 '.* )
*)!$-( ? .#*2$)" .$")$!$)/'4 $)- . .0-1$1' *! ) 0-*). !*''*2$)"
1 )/-'-**/10'.$*)L#)" /'B?XVV[MB
) - "- /* /# -+4 !/ - ? ) 2 +- '$)$' ./0$ . - ./ $'4
( -"$)" $)$/$)" ) !$$' !! /.B / #. - )/'4 ) .#*2) /#/
/- /( )/ $) -/. $(+-*1 . ($/*#*)-$' - .+$-/$*)? ( '$*-/ . ?
- . ./# +-*0/$*)*!$)!'((/*-44/*&$) ..0#.
C\)CP?
- . . ' 0&*4/ $)!$'/-/$*)? *(/. +*+/*/$ '' /# ) - . .
(4 '$)/$*)B 0-/# -(*- ? /- /( )/ !/ - $. ..*$/ 2$/#
$)- . /$..0 .+-$)")$(+-*1 '*)"C/ -((*/*-!0)/$*)L10. /'B?
XVWZ?/ ' /'B?XVWZ?0* /'B?XVW[?0-4 /'B?XVW\MB
$. 0-- )/'4 '$)$''4 ++-*1 ) 0))/'4 0. !*- . 1 -'
$)$/$*).B *./ +-*($) )/'4 $/ $. 0. . ) )/$*/ $) /($)*+# )
$)/*3$/$*)B /. 4 **./$)" /# '$1 - "'0//#$*) ' 1 '.? "'0//#$*) $)" .. )/$' $) /# *)%0"/$*) *! -/$) /($)*+# ) ( /*'$/ .
L -? XVV^MB 0-/# -(*- ? $. 0. . (0*'4/$ " )/ ) . ) +#-*+-*/ /)//*+- 1 )/*)/-./C$)0 $)%0-4/*/# &$) 4.L''$.)
*#)?XVV_MB
) - "- /* '$)$' /-$'.? (0# *! /# - . -# - 1*'1 . -*0) +*/ )/$'
) !$/. $) /# /- /( )/ *! !! /$1 $.*- -. ) I $)%0-$ .B / #.
) +-*1 ) /* #1 +*.$/$1 !! /. $) /# /- /( )/ *! $+*'- $. . L*. )'/ / 'B? XVW\M? .#$5*+#- )$ ) *(+0'.$1 $.*- -. L -& / 'B?
XVWY? +(' /'B?XVW[M?(*)"*/# -.B0-/# -(*- ?#. )0. */#$) 3+ -$( )/')$('.)+/$ )/.!*-/# /- /( )/*!
?.#*2$)"
+-*($.$)"- .0'/.L*!! - /'B?XVWY?&$) /'B?XVWZMB
$.*).$ - /*#1 )$")+-*!$' *!1 -. !! /.B0#'$& $)/# . *! ? /# *(+*0) $. 2 '' /*' -/ 1 ) / #$"# - *. . ) 2$/#
+-*'*)" /- /( )/B ./04 $) 2#$# 2. ($)$./ - *-''4 !*- Z
23
2 &./(3$(0(*." *!Y\VV("I4.#*2 )*$!! - ) $)1 -. !! /. *(+- /* +' * L-$&$) / 'B? XVV]MB # ) /- /$)"
/($)*+# )*1 -*. ?/*/'*!XW"-(.$.)*-('4"$1 )$)/-1 )*0.'4$)
/# !$-./XZ#L '1) /'B?XVV]MB# (*./*((*)1 -. !! /2$/#*-'
($)$./-/$*) $. "./-*$)/ ./$)' .4(+/*(.? 2#$' $B1B ($)$./-/$*) --$ .
.('' -$.& *! )+#4'/$ - /$*). L)/ / 'B? W_^Z? -)% ) / 'B?
XVVVMB
) *)'0.$*)? #. ) .#*2) /* *(/ . 1 -' *! /# & 4 !/*-. *!
. *)-4$)%0-4?$(+-*1$)"!0)/$*)'- *1 -4B# ) !$$' !! /.*!
/- /( )/? $) *($)/$*) 2$/# /# )$") +-*!$' *! 1 -. !! /.? (& ) $)/ - ./$)" +*..$' " )/ !*- /# /- /( )/ *! /-0(/$ $)
#0().B
24
F9 *%&/)%"%/ % &(&(" $(,
$ +(/@
A
F9D(,$ +(/*/&)
# . 1 -$/4*!+ -$+# -') -1 $)%0-4L
M?)/# +-*.+ /*!!0)/$*)'
- *1 -4?$.'-" '4 + ) )/*)/# /4+ )' 1 '*!$)%0-4B*-$)"/*/# " ) -''4 +/ *)F.'..$!$/$*).# ( *!) -1 $)%0-$ .?+ -$+# -'
) -1 $)%0-$ .(4 '*)"/**) *!/#- +-$)$+'/4+ .L *)?W_ZXMB
# & - ! -. /* ) $)%0-4 2$/# /-).$ )/ $.-0+/$*) *! ) -1 *)0/$1$/4?2$/#*0/$.-0+/$*)*!3*)*)/$)0$/4?)2$/#+- . -1/$*)*!
/# .0++*-/$1 ./-0/0- .B #$. $)%0-4 /4+ $. (*./ *((*)'4 0. 4
+- ..0- ?)$.*).$ - /# ($' ./!*-(*!
B 0-+-3$$...*$/ 2$/#.+*)/) *0.- ./*-/$*)*!!0)/$*)B
&"!! *0-. 2# ) ) -1 !$ -. - (" ? 2#$' /# .0++*-/$)"
+ -$) 0-$0() +$) 0-$0(- +- . -1 B(*)"*/# -+/#*+#4.$*'*"$'
1 )/.?3*)*/( .$./4+$''4$)0 .'' -$) " ) -/$*)L. '*2MB
# "!! - ! -. /* ) $)%0-4 $) 2#$# /# ) -1 $. /-). / ? 0.$)"
*(+' / /#( )/!-*(/# /-" /*-")B#$' /# +-*3$(') -1 ./0(+
#.+*/ )/$'!*-- " ) -/$*)?/# - $)) -1/$*)*!/# /-" /*-")2$'')*/
*0- .+*)/) *0.'4B 0-"$' ) -1 - +$- $. ) ..-4 !*- /# - ./*-/$*) *!
!0)/$*) L0)*-"? XVVV? $ -" ) - )"#$? XVVYMB 0-*/( .$.
- +- . )/./# (*./. 1 - !*-(*!
B
F9E$("&*%&/)%"%/%
#$' ) 0-+-3$ $. 0. 4 $./0-) $) ) -1 *)0/$1$/4 2$/#*0/
.$")$!$)/ ) -1 (" ? */# 3*)*/( .$. ) ) 0-*/( .$. - ..*$/ 2$/#$./0- ) -1 $)/ "-$/4B..0#?/# . /2*/4+ .*!) -1 $)%0-4.+-&
. /*!2 ''C./0$ +/#*+#4.$*'*"$' 1 )/.- .0'/$)"$)) -1 " ) -/$*)B
# 1 )/.*0-$)/# $./') -1 ./0(+?/# +-*3$(') -1 ./0(+?)/# ..*$/ .+$)'*-. "( )/.B
# !" $ !"# 2$'' ./-/ 0) -"*$)" '' -$) " ) -/$*)
++-*3$(/ '4XZ#*0-.!/ -$)%0-4?2$/#/# +-* ..'./$)"!*-/*/'*![C^
2 &.B'' -$) " ) -/$*)$...*$/ 2$/#/# - &*2)*!/# 3*)'
.& ' /*) ) ( (-) ? !/ - 2#$# /# (4 '$) .# /# $. "- B ) /# . . 2# ) /# /-" / *-") $. )*/ - $)) -1/ ? /$1/ (-*+#" . 2$''
' -/# 3*))(4 '$) -$.B# #2)) ''.'.*- //* ) -1/$*)
4'$")$)"$)/*/00'-!*-('' /# ).*!9)") -?$)/ ) /*# '+
25
"0$ - " ) -/$)" 3*). /* /# $- /-" /B # +0-+*. *! '' -$)
" ) -/$*) $. /* *+/$($5 /# - " ) -/$1 +-*+ -/$ . *! /# $./' ) -1 ./0(+ L/*'' ) 0'' -? W___MB ) *)/-./? /# & $ !"#
)*-(''4 0) -"* . (* ./ #)" . /#/ * )*/ 3/ ) 4*) /# (*./
$./')* *!)1$ -B
# . 1 -$/4*!/# - /$*)*!(*/*) 0-*).)"'$' ''.$)/# .+$)'*-
!*''*2$)" ) 0-*/( .$. $. + ) )/ *) /# " *! /# .0% /? /# $./) !-*(/# +*$)/*!$)%0-4/*/# .+$)'*-?)2# /# -/# ) -1 2.. 1 - *-10'. !-*(/# .+$)'*-B)$('./0$ .#1 .#*2)/#/3*/*(4$)
) 2*-) )$('. 1$-/0''4 *'$/ -/ . /# *-- .+*)$)" (*/*) 0-*) +**'?
2#$' /# .( $)%0-40. .)*(*/*) 0-*) /#$)0'/.0% /.L %.
/'B?W__^? '$) /'B?XVV^MB3*/*(42$''#*2 1 -'24.$)0 #)" .
.0# . /-*+#4 *! (*/*) 0-*). ) '*.. *! )-$/ . ) 3*). L-'./ /
) 0''# $(? XVVVMB )%0-$ . *0--$)" '*. /* /# .+$)' *- #1 (*- . 1 - $(+'$/$*).?2$/#$)%0-$ .+-*3$('/*/# *-.'-**/")"'$*)LM?
$B B $# !?0.$)""- / -#)" ./#)/#*. *0--$)"
$./'/*/# L$B B!" $# !ML*1$&*1 /'B?XVVV?
/'B?XVVW?$1) /'B?XVV\MB
F9F("&".+)$ +(/
-#$' +' 30. $)%0-4 L
M $. /4+ *! + -$+# -' ) -1 $)%0-4 !!'$/$)" /# ) /2*-& *! ) -1 . - .+*).$' !*- /# (*/*- ) . ).*-4 !0)/$*). *! /# 0++ - '$(B -$)$+''4? /# (4 *(+'$/$*) /* #$'$-/# *-
$)0 4 /-0(? $) /# '// - . (*./ *((*)'4 0. 4 /-!!$
$ )/. L$. - / 'B? XVWX? 05*0)$)? XVWZMB )/*($''4? /# -#$'
+' 30.$.!*-( 4/# )/ -$*--($*! -1$') -1 .[C^)/#*-$) -1 W L[C#WMB # -1$' -**/. - 1*$ *! ( )$)" ' */$)" ) '&
.0++*-/$)" *)) /$1 /$..0 ? 2$/# /# ) -1 $)" !- '4 (*1' $) /# $)/ -1 -/ -' !*-( )B . .0#? /# -1$' -**/ )/-4 5*) $. /# 2 & ./
+*$)/*!/# ) -1 .?)/# - !*- +-*) /*10'.$*)L& ''-$*0 /'B?XVWZMB
)%0-$ ./*/# -#$'+' 30.- $/# -/ "*-$5 . $)"+- ")"'$*)$*-
+*./")"'$*)$B# +- ")"'$*)$10'.$*)$)%0-4$.*).$ - /* /# (*./
. 1 - /4+ ?)$...*$/ 2$/#+**-+-*")*.$.B
10'.$*)$)%0-4*0-.2# )/# ) -1 -**/$.+0'' *0/!-*($/. )/-45*) $)/* /# .+$)' *-B # 10'.$*) $)%0-4? 2# ) !!'$/$)" /# 1 )/-' -**/? $.
/# (*./ . 1 - ) $- / $)%0-4 /#/ ) $)!'$/ *) (*/*) 0-*)B .
.0#? 1 )/-' -**/ 10'.$*) 2$'' 0. /# (*./ -(/$ (*-+#*'*"$'
#)" . $) /# .+$)' *-B 10'.$*) $)0 . .$")$!$)/ /# *!
(*/*) 0-*).*. -1' '- 4W2 &!/ -$)%0-4?2$/#/# (%*-$/4*!'*..
26
*0--$)"!/ -/# . *))/#$-2 &L*'$/.*. /'B?W__Z?*)" /'B?
XVVYMB # (*/*) 0-*). /#/ .0-1$1 2$'' 0) -"* /-*+#4? 0.$)" [Vd
" ) -/$*) Z 2 &. !/ - $)%0-4 L*1$&*1 / 'B? XVVVM? ) /*/' *! _Vd
'*.. *! !! / (*/*) 0-*). $) '*)"C/ -( ./0$ . L-'./ / ) 0''# $(?
XVVVMB # 3/ ).$1 +*+/*/$ /# *! (*/*) 0-*). $. &)*2) /* +-'' '' 4/# +*+/*/$ /#*!$)/ -) 0-*).L'$1 $- /'B?XVVXMB
/$.
2 '' &)*2) !-*( ./0$ . *! *-.' -**/ 10'.$*) LM /#/ /# '*.. )
/-*+#4 *! ''. $) /0-) 2$'' $)0 " ) -' '*.. *! )-$/ .? 3*). )
.4)+. . '*)"$)"/*/# ''.L# 2 /'B?XVWWMB10'.$*)'.*$)0 ."'$'
- .+*). ? 2$/# /# $)!'03 *! ($-*"'$' ) ./-*"'$' ''. L*'$/.*. / 'B?
W__Z?#'..*) /'B?XVV\MB
-$+# -' 3*/*(4? $) *)/-./? $. *).$ - /# ' ./ . 1 - *! /# +*./")"'$*)$) -1 $)%0-$ .B.+- 1$*0.'4( )/$*) ?+ -$+# -'3*/*(4*!
) -1 $)0'/.0% /.* .)*/0. /# /#*!(*/*) 0-*).L-'./ /
) 0''# $(? XVVVMB 1 ) 1 -4 +-*3$(' /-). /$*) *! ) 3*)? !*-
3(+' /-). /$*)*!/# 1 )/-'-)#*!/# . 1 )/# -1$'.+$)') -1 L]M?2$''*)'40. '*..*!W[d*!(*/*) 0-*).!/ -Z2 &.L$1) /'B?
XVV\MB *-- .+*)$)"'4? /# !! /. *! $)%0-4 *) $)/ -) 0-*).? )-$/ .?
.4)+. . ) 3*). - ' .. +-*)*0) !/ - 3*/*(4 /#) !/ - 10'.$*)
$)%0-$ .? . #. ) .#*2) +- 1$*0.'4 2# ) ./04$)" *-.' -**/ -#$5*/*(4
LML# 2 /'B?XVWWMB
-*('$)$'+*$)/*!1$ 2?
0. 4/# ( - 3/ ).$*)*!/# ) -1 L$B B) 0-+-3$M2$''- .0'/$)/-).$ )/'*..*!!0)/$*)?2$/#.+*)/) *0.
- *1 -4*!!0)/$*)))*) !*-.0-"$'$)/ -1 )/$*)B
)*)/-./?
0. 4/# '*..*!) -1 *)/$)0$/4?$!' !/0)/- / ?2$'')*/.+*)/) *0.'4
- $)) -1/ /# /-" / *-")B */# /# +- C ) +*./")"'$*)$ $)%0-4 2$''
- ,0$- .0-"$'- ./*-/$*)*!) -1 *)/$)0$/4$!$(+-*1 ( )/*!!0)/$*)$.
/* 3+ / B # .0-"$' ++-*# #*2 1 - $!! -. "- /'4 + )$)" *)
$)%0-4 /4+ B # '*.. *! ) -1 *)/$)0$/4 $) +*./")"'$*)$ $)%0-4 ) - ./*- 0.$)" 0/*'*"*0. ) -1 "-!/. #-1 ./ !-*( /# +/$ )/F. ' "? )
(4 *)/-$0/ /* ) $(+-*1 !0)/$*)B 3+ -$( )/' ./0$ . $)$/ /#/
) -'4 - +$- *! /# ) -1 $. ..*$/ 2$/# $)- . .0-1$1' *!
(*/*) 0-*).)$(+-*1 - " ) -/$*) L /'B?XVVY?$1) /'B?XVV\MB
'$)$' - .0'/. .#*2 /#/ -'4 .0-"$' $)/ -1 )/$*) $. ..*$/ 2$/# // - !0)/$*)' *0/*( /#) '4 ) -1 - +$-? $)$/$)" /#/ .#*0' .0-"$''4/- / 2$/#$)X(*)/#.!*-*+/$('*0/*( L$1) /'B?
XVV_MB
)*)/-./?/# +- ")"'$*)$10'.$*)$)%0-4))*/ - +$- 0.$)"
) -1 "-!/B
)./ ?$)*- -/*- $)) -1/ /# /-" /*-")?/# /-).! -*!
) -1 ? !*- $)./) /# $)/ -*./' ) -1 . *- /# +#- )$ ) -1 ? ) *).$ - L#)-$)0-4?XVWZ?0) /'B?XVWZMB
27
F9F9D$%)*)%
# ++-*+-$/ #*$ *! /- /( )/ ) $/. /$($)" $. + ) )/ *) /# 1$'$'$/4*!"**$")*./$/**'.B
''4?$")*./$/**'?*-. /*!/**'.?
+' *! -'4)- '$' ./'$.#( )/*!$)%0-4' 1 'C$B B / -($)/$*)
2# /# -/# $)%0-4$.+- C*-+*./")"'$*)$C2*0' *!"- /'$)$'1'0 B
)0( - *! $!! - )/ (*'$/$ . - 0-- )/'4 $) '$)$' 0. ? ) (* -)
$")*./$. $. . *) *($)/$*) *! '$)$' / ./.? ' /-*$")*./$.?
+'$) C-4. ) $!! - )/ ) +-*/**'. L& ''-$*0 / 'B? XVWZMB
.+$/ 1) . $) -$*'*"$' $")*./$.? )* ( /#* '*) $. .0!!$$ )/'4
- '$' !*- /# / -($)/$*) *! $)%0-4 ' 1 'B #$. $. .+ $''4 /-0 !*- /# /$( -'4 !/ - $)%0-4B ) -/$) . .? .0-"$' 3+'*-/$*) $. - ,0$- !*-
./'$.#( )/ *! $")*.$.B # - !*- ? /# ) !*- $(+-*1 $")*./$. *!
+ -.$./.B
28
&#)
# *1 -'' "*' *! /#$. /# .$. 2. /* $)1 ./$"/ /# -*' *! /# )/$*3$)/.
/4'CC-)$/$) LM ) C /4'C4./ $) LM $) /# /- /( )/ *!
.+$)'*-$)%0-4B*- *1 -?)*1 '++-*#!*-/# / /$*)*!- /-*"- " ) -/$*)$)/# .+$)'*-0.$)"(") /$- .*)) $("$)"L
M2.
1 '*+ B
# .+ $!$$(.2 - A
•
* ./04 /# ) 0-*+-*/ /$1 !! /. *! $)/-/# ' ) /- /( )/ !/ - *) /$$' (*/*) 0-*). ) "'$' ''. !*''*2$)"
'0(-.+$)'*-$)%0-4L++ -
MB
•
* $)1 ./$"/ /# !! /. *! ) /- /( )/ *) . )$)"
-0-*.+$)') 0-*).?. *)-4 " ) -/$*)$)/# /-0(5*) ?)
) 0-*$)!'((/$*)!*''*2$)" -1$'.+$)'*-$)%0-4L++ -
MB
•
* '0$/ /# ( #)$.(.0) -'4$)"(*0'/$*)*!/# ($-*"'$'
- .+*). 4$" L++ -
MB
•
* 1 '*+ ) 1'0/ )*1 ' )*)C$)1.$1 (") /$ - .*)) $("$)"L
MC. +-*/**'!*-*% /$1 ,0)/$!$/$*)*!) 0-*)'
" ) -/$*) $) /# .+$)' *- !/ - 1 )/-' -**/ 10'.$*) )
+ -$+# -') -1 $)%0-4L++ -
M
29
*(")$#*%)
G9&(*,4(%"%"&(%+()
G9D.&(#$*"$#")4$)**&(%+()
@&&()
7
4
A
'' 3+ -$( )/. 2 - + -!*-( *) 0'/ ! (' +-"0 C2' 4 -/. LWVCWX
2 &.MB # 3+ -$( )/' +-* 0- . ) )$(' - 2 - --$ *0/ $)
*-) 2$/#$- /$1 XVWVI\YI*!/# 0-*+ )-'$( )/)*!/# *0)$' *) /# +-*/ /$*) *! )$('. 0. !*- .$ )/$!$ +0-+*. .? )
++-*1 4 /# *-/# -) 2 $.# *(($// !*- /#$. $) )$('
3+ -$( )/.B '' .0-"$' +-* 0- . 2 - + -!*-( 0) - " ) -'
) ./# .$? 0.$)" ($3/0- *! & /($) L /'-? -& C1$.? !$5 -? 2
*-&? ? @ WVV ("I&" $B1BM ) 34'5$) L*(+0)? 4 -? 1 -&0. )?
-()4@WV("I&"$B1BMB*''*2$)".0-" -4?/# -/.2 - "$1 )/# )'" .$
$)4) L# -$)"C '*0"#? )(-&@ XB[ ("I&"? .BBM? )*-(' .'$) LZ ('?
.BBM?)/# )/$$*/$ )54'+ )$$''$)L* #-$)" -
)" '# $(?
)" '# $((
# $)? -()4@\V("?$B(BMB#)$('2.#*0. '*) $)" !/ -
.0-" -4? ) 2. 3+*. /* WXC# '$"#/I-& 4' .? 2$/# "# .. /*
!**)2/ -B
) 3+ -$( )/.$)1*'1$)"$$
.))$)"?/# -/.2 - ) ./# /$5 0.$)" $.*!'0-) L//) 1 /T? WVVV ("I"? $-(' '/#- ?
M? ($)$./ - /#-*0"# - /#$)" (.&B .+$-/$*) ) / (+ -/0- 2 - (*)$/*- 0.$)"- .+$-/$*)+$''*2)- /'+-* ?- .+ /$1 '4
L
)./-0( )/.
)B?/*)4-**&?MB
G9E.&(#$*"#%")%
@&&()
4
A
*''*2$)" $/# - -1$' *- '0(- '($) /*(4? /# Y L&&( M *- [
L&&(
M.+$)'*-. "( )/2.$ )/$!$ ?)/# *-.'-**/ )/-45*) + ) /-/ 0.$)"XY) ' B) ' *!+$-*!))..+-$)".$..*-.
L$) $ ) **'.(? -()4M2.$). -/ $)/# 2*0)?!/ -2#$#
.+$)' *- # ($. /$*) 2. + -!*-( 0.$)" /# . *) ' B - 2.
/& ))*//*(" /# 1 )/-')*-.'-**/.B# .+$)'*-2.*1 - 2$/#./- /# +-!$'()+$ *!+*)"*./)T?)/# (0.' ).&$)
2 - '*. $)'4 -.B
30
G9F.&(#$*"#%")%
@&&(
A
# 3+ -$( )/')$('..0% / /*+- ")"'$*)$) -1 $)%0-40) -2 )/
Z ) [ 1 )/-' -**/ 10'.$*)B *''*2$)" '0(- '($) /*(4? /# Z )
[1 )/-'-**/.2 - $ )/$!$ B!/ -/-). /$*)*!/# -**/.2.+ -!*-( 0.$)"+$-*!))..+-$)".$..*-.?!/ -2#$#/# +-*3$('./0(+*! #
/-). / ) -1 1 )/-' -**/ 2. "-.+ 0.$)" +$- *! % 2 '' -F. !*- +.B
# -**/.2 - - !0''4).'*2'4+0'' $)/# 0'$- /$*)?/)" )/$''4
/* /# .+$)' *-? 0)/$' /# -**/ 2. -0+/0- ) ( *0/ $) $/. )/$- ' )"/#B *./ (*-/ (? /# .+$)' *- 2. $).+ / ) */# Z ) [
1 )/-'-**/.2 - *)!$-( /* 10'. !-*(/# $-- .+ /$1 . "( )/.B
# 3+ -$( )/')$('..0% / /*+*./")"'$*)$) -1 $)%0-40) -2 )/
0)$'/ -'' !/.$ /-). /$*)*!/# .$/$) -1 //# 0++ -*- -*!/# ,0-/0. ! (*-$. (0.' B # +-*3$(') /# $./' ./0(+. 2 - *1 - 2$/# 0./*(C( '$)C )$)" +*'4 /#4' ) +? .0/0- /* /# +$) 0-$0( 0.$)" /#$'*)U _CV .0/0- .B #$. 2. *) /* +- 1 )/
.+*)/) *0.- " ) -/$*)*!/# ) -1 B
G9G *(%( $+(%$" """$ +)$ )* "+
@&&()
4
A
) /# 3+ -$( )/. $)1 ./$"/$)" .0-1$1' *! .+ $!$ (*/*) 0-*) +**'.?
- /-*"- ' ''$)" 0.$)" /# )*)C/*3$ !'0*- . )/ /- - ./ '0 LM
LC# ($ (? -()4M 2. + -!*-( *) 2 & +-$*- /* [
# ($. /$*)B ''$)" *! /# /$$' ) 0-*)' +**' $) /# ZC[ .+$)' *-
. "( )/. L&&( M 2. + -!*-( 4 /-). /$*) *! /# /$$' ) -1 / /# ' 1 ' *! /# +*+'$/ ' !*..B # +-*3$(' ) -1 ./0(+ 2. +' $) +*'4 /#4' ) /0 *)/$)$)"Xd,0 *0..*'0/$*)*!/# /- -L*1$&*1 /
'B? W__]MB # /0 2. . ' 0.$)" ($3/0- *! . '$) ) .$'$*) "- . ? +- 1 )/$)" ' &" *! B !/ - X # *! $(( -.$*) /# /0 2.
- (*1 ?/# ) -1 ./0(+" )/'4-$). $))*-('.'$) ?)/# (0.' )
.&$).0/0- $)'4 -.B
''$)"*!-0-*.+$)') 0-*).L&&(
M2.+ -!*-( 2$/#/# # '+*!
.(''+ '' /+- +- !-*(WCXS*!),0 *0..*'0/$*)*!B# + '' /2.
+' $)/# ' .$*)1$/40. 4/# Y# ($. /$*)?)/# 2*0)2.
'*. . .-$ $)GZBX3+ -$( )/'(* '.*!.+$)'*-$)%0-4L++ -.
;
MHB
31
G9H$*%.$**(*#$*@&&()
:
A
# /- /( )/ 2$/# $/# - C /4'C4./ $) LXVV ("I(' $) )*-(' .'$) @
$*#0.$M *- /4'CC-)$/$) #4-*#'*-$ L][ ("I(' $) )*-(' .'$) @
$"(C'-$#M *(( ) $(( $/ '4 !/ - /# $)!'$/$*) *! # ($. /$*)B
# ++-*+-$/ *." .2 - -$1 !-*(+- 1$*0../0$ .L-/ /'B?XVVX?
#)" /'B?XVV[? '$) /'B?XVV_MB
/#.+- 1$*0.'4 )*)!$-( /#/
1 #$' /- /( )/ 2$/# *- .'$) * . )*/ !! / /# .0-1$1' *!
(*/*) 0-*).!*''*2$)"
L*1$&*1 /'B?W__]?*1$&*1 /'B?W__]?#)"
/'B?XVV[MB# -0".2 - ($)$./ - 0.$)")'5 /*.(*/$($)$+0(+
L'5 *-+B? '* '/*? M? !$'' 2$/# $/# - *- B # +0(+ 2.
$(+')/ .00/) *0.'4 $) /# ) & *! /# -/B *''*2$)" +-/$' \
'($) /*(4? +*'4 /#4' ) / /# - L
)/ -( $ C\VM 2. $(+')/ $)
/# '0(- .0-#)*$' .+ B # $(+')//$*) .$/ 2. *1 - 2$/#
+*)"*./)T)/# /# / -2.!$3 /*/# W*) 0.$)"$./*-4'T)
/*/# &(0.' .2$/#/# # '+*!(0'/$+' .0/0- .B# +-*3$(' )*!/# /# / - 2. *)) / /* /# +0(+? !/ - 2#$# /- /( )/ $(( $/ '4
*(( ) B# .+ *!$)!0.$*)*-- .+*) /*/# *." .*!XBZ("I4
*!)VB_("I4*!?)*)/$)0 !*-WZ4.0)/$'/# +0(+2.
- +' 2$/# !- .# !0'' +0(+ *)/$)$)" /# .( .*'0/$*)B # )$('.
.0% / /* ^ 2 &. *! )/$*3$)/ /- /( )/ 0) -2 )/ /*/' *! /#- +0(+#)" .B
G9I
#'+)*%$@&&(
A
'' .). 2 - + -!*-( *) _BZ -0& - $*+ _ZIXV .4./ (?
*)) / /* (*0. # -/ --4 *$' *($) 2$/# ^] (( - .*)/*- *$' ) -0))$)" -$.$*)T .*!/2- L-0& - $*+$) -*0+?
-0& - *-+*-/$*).? -()4MB # 3+ -$( )/' )$('. 2 - ) ./# /$5 0.$)" $.*!'0-) ? . .-$ $) GZBW 3+ -$( )/' )$('. ;
) ./# /$+-* 0- .L++ -.
?
;
MHB
)*- -/* ./'$.#/# +*.$/$*)
*!/# )$('$)/# .)) -)/*$ )/$!4)/*($'')(-&.- ' 1)/!*-
/# +'))$)"*!/# .0. ,0 )/.).?. -$ .*!*-$ )//$*)'+$'*/.).2 - + -!*-( B*-*)'.)*!/# /#*-$.+$) 2.0/$'$5 /* ./'$.#/# /#
+*.$/$*)*!/# WY -$?2$/#/# 0'/$+*!/# !$-./0''4.$/0/ ?
WY? &)*2) /* *-- .+*) /* /# Z .+$)' 1 )/-' -**/ )/-4 5*) B # */$) $(" .2 - /# )0. /*+*.$/$*)/*/'*!^$(" .'.*-$ )/ /-).1 -. '4? *1 -$)" /# Z ) [ . "( )/.B *0)/ 2. /& ) /* /# 0-1 .#+ *!/# .+$)'*-?2$/#''/# .'. $)"- !0''4+' /_Vj
$)- '/$*)/*/# .)) . "( )/B
32
# /2.,0$- 0.$)"XC2 $"#/ 0-*. ,0 ) LXVVVBV
(.?WWBV(.?!$ '*!1$ 2LMXV3XV((?(/-$3X[\3X[\?.'$ /#$&) ..
X((?Z1 -" .MB# .).2 - "/ !*-- .+$-/$*)?2$/#)++-*3$(/ ,0$.$/$*)/$( *!Y[($)0/ .B
H9))+&(%))$$""+"*+(
H9D))+(,)*@&&()
7
74
A
*''*2$)" /# *)'0.$*) *! 3+ -$( )/.? /# )$('. 2 - +'4
) ./# /$5 2$/#)$)/-+ -$/*) '$)% /$*)*!.*$0(+ )/*-$/'LXZV
("I&"?+*/ &.*'" /?2 )MB
) )$('. $)/ ) !*- ./ -) '*//$)" LM? #-1 ./ *! $/# - /# ZC[
. "( )/.-*./-'/*/# $)%0-4L&&(
M?*-/$..0 -*./-')0'*!/# X
$)%0-4 .$/ L&&( M? 2. + -!*-( B # .+$)' *- /$..0 2. $1$ $)
/# ."$//' +') ? ) $) /# . *! /# '// - ./04 L&&( M? /# .+$)'
*- 2. $/$*)''4 $1$ /-).1 -. '4? /#0. . +-/$)" /$..0 -*./-' )
0' !-*( /# $)%0-4 .$/ B (( $/ '4 !/ -2-.? /# /$..0 .(+' . 2 - !-*5 )$)'$,0$)$/-*" )B
)$('.$)/ ) !*- ''*0)/.)$((0)*#$./*# ($')'4.$.L&&()
7
4
M0) -2 )//-).-$'+ -!0.$*)2$/#4-* F..*'0/$*)?!*''*2 4Zd+-!*-(' #4 LM$)VBW+#*.+#/ 0!! -L+]BZMB*''*2$)"
+ -!0.$*)? /# ZC\ L&&( M? WCY L&&( M ) ZC[ .+$)' *-
. "( )/.2 - #-1 ./ ?+*./!$3 $)/# .( .*'0/$*)?-4*+-*/ / $) WVd ) XVd .0-*. .*'0/$*) !*- XCY 4.? ) !$)''4 !-*5 ) $) '$,0$
$.*+ )/) B$..0 $)/ ) !*-*0)/.*!C' '' (*/*) 0-*).L&&(
M
) -0-*.+$)' ) 0-*). L&&( M 2. 0/ $) [VCS(C/#$& . -$' #*-$5*)/'
. /$*).*)1$-/*( L $
)./-0( )/.? /5'-? -()4M?(*0)/ *)
" '/$) */ "'...'$ .?$--$ ?-$ !' 4$(( -. $)34' ) )*1 - .'$++ $) $0/4' +#/#'/ 34' ) LMB $..0 $)/ ) !*-
$((0)*#$./*# ($')'4.$.2.0/$)W\CS(C/#$&. -$'. /$*).0.$)"
-4*($-*/*( L $ )./-0( )/.? /5'-? -()4M? /#2C(*0)/ *)/*
0+ --*./T'0. .'$ . L# -(* $.# - $ )/$!$? M? -$ *1 -)$"#/ /
-**(/ (+ -/0- ?)./*- /C^[j !*- !0-/# -+-* ..$)"B
H9E)*($"%**$@&&()
7
4
A
# .+$)'*-/$..0 L&&()
4
M2.#*(*" )$5 0.$)"0!! -L+\B_M
*)/$)$)"[(/#4' ) "'4*'/ /- /$$LM?WVV($+ -5$) C
?′C$.LXC /#) .0'!*)$ $M L
M? [ ( "'X? XVd L1I1M "'4 -*'?
33
VB[d L1I1M -$/*) CWVV ) +-*/ . $)#$$/*- *&/$' L$"(J'-$#MB
(+' +-*/ $) ' 1 '. 2 - ,0)/$!$ 0.$)" / -" )/ *(+/$' +-*/ $)
..4 L$*C? -0' .? ? MB # .(+' . /* - / /# '4./ . 2 - $/# --0)$)$1$0''4L&&(
M*-+**' /*" /# -!-*(ZC[)$('.L&&(
V
MB# .(+' .2 - )/0- /_[ )/-).! -- /*.*$0(* 4'
.0'+#/ C+*'4-4'($ " 'B/*/'*!WVk"L&&(
M*-XVk"L&&(
M*!
+-*/ $) 2. 0. !*- # .(+' B *''*2$)" /# /-).! - *! +-*/ $) /* )$/-* ''0'*. ( (-) ?/# '*/.2 - '*& 2$/#[dL2I1M)*)C!/($'&
*- Wd *1$) . -0( '0($) LM L2I1M $) -$. 0!! - .'$) 2$/# 2 )
LMB !/ - '*&$)"? /# '*/. 2 - $)0/ 2$/# (*0. )/$C
)/$*4 LWA[VV@ *-& -.? M? (*0. )/$CZX )/$*4 LWAXVV@ )/
-05 $*/ #)*'*"4 )? ''.? ? M? (*0. )/$CW )/$*4 LWAYVV@
(?(-$" ?M?-$/)/$C.+. Y)/$*4LWAWVVV@ ''$")''$)"
#)*'*"4?)1 -.??M?-$/)/$C)/$*4LWAXVV@)/-05
$*/ #)*'*"4 )? M? ) /# '*$)" *)/-*' -$/ )/$C / /00'$)
V
LWA[VVV@(?(-$" ?M/Z *1 -)$"#/B!/ -$)0/$*)/# '*/.
2 - 2.# $)\3[($))$)0/ 2$/# $/# -(*0. *--$/
"
C*)%0"/ . *)-4 )/$*4 L '' $")''$)" #)*'*"4? )1 -.?
? M !*- W #B *''*2$)" . -$ . *! \ 3 [C($) 2.# . $) ? /# '*/.
2 - 3+*. /* - " )/ L '/#- ? $//' #'!*)/? M !*- W ($)
) 1 '*+ *)/* *& !$'(.B # '*/. 2 - - C+-* 2$/# )/$C
/$) LWA[VVV@ $''$+*- ? 2 )M . '*$)" *)/-*' L&&( MB !/ -
1 '*+( )/?/# !$'(.2 - .)) 0.$)")+.*)+#*/*.)) -B
*-/# $" 3+ -$( )/.L&&(
M) ''.2 - . $)\C2 ''+'/ ./
).$/4 *! WVVBVVV ''. + - 2 ''B !/ - //#( )/ /* /# +'./$ .0-! . /# ''. 2 - . -0( ./-1 *1 -)$"#/B !/ - . -0( ./-1/$*)? /# ''. 2 - $/# - /- / 2$/# !- .# . -0(C!- ( $0( *- . -0(C!- ( $0(
*)/$)$)" L+ %0./ /* + ]B\MB / $!! - )/ /$( +*$)/. !/ -
3+*.0- /*?/# 0'/0- .2 - 2.# $)? /# !-*(/# +'./$
2$/# ''.-+ -?).0.+ ) $)'4.$.0!! -*)/$)$)"[(?WVV
(
?[("'X?XVdL1I1M"'4 -*'?VB[dL1I1M-$/*)CWVV?+-*/ . $)#$$/*-*&/$')+#*.+#/. $)#$$/*-*&/$'L$"(C'-$#MB(+' +-*/ $) *) )/-/$*). 2 - ,0)/$: 2$/# /# +-*/ $) ..4 L$*C?
2 )MB*- #.(+' ?YVS"*!+-*/ $)2. )/0- /_[j?)'* *)/* " '. ( !-*( WVd -$.J' +*'4-4'($ !*- CB -*/ $)
/-).! - /* )$/-* ''0'*. ( (-) 2. + -!*-( ? !/ - 2#$# /# '*/.
2 - '*& 2$/# [d L2I1M *1$) . -0( '0($) $) -$.C0!! - .'$) 2$/# 2 )CXVB # '*/. 2 - /# ) $)0/ 2$/# $/# - )/$C#*.+#*C
Y
$). +^[L4-Z[^MI+[[L4-W__M)/$*4L ''$")''$)" #)*'*"4?WAWVVV
$'0/$*)M *- )/$C#*.+#*C+ZZIZX L-&WIXM L#-XVXI4-XVZM )/$*4
L ''$")''$)" #)*'*"4?WAWVVV$'0/$*)M*1 -)$"#//ZjB!/ -2.#$)".?
( (-) . 2 - $)0/ 2$/# )/$C-$/ C*)%0"/ . *)-4
34
)/$*$ .L ''$")''$)"?WAXVVV$'0/$*)MB# ($'0($) . ) .$")'.2 - $)$/$/ 4 $/$*) *! .0./-/ . L '/#- ? 2 )M ) $(" .
+/0- 0.$)" ) 4.. 4 ("$)" 4./ ( L
C $*.$ ) . (?
-()4MB
H9F""+"*+(@&&(
A
0'/0- *! /# #0() ($-*"'$' '' '$) LYM 2. 2. + -!*-( $)
"-*2/# ( $0( *).$./$)" *! $)$(0( .. )/$' $0( P LCPM
.0++' ( )/ 2$/# WVd L1I1M ! /' *1$) . -0( ) Wd L1I1M
+ )$$''$)I./- +/*(4$) L'' !-*( )1$/-*" )M *) /$..0 0'/0- !'.&. L0)
-)MB / +.." . YC\? ''. 2 - +.." /* ) 2 0'/0- !'.&. 4 0.$)"
X
/-4+.$)I ) . / ).$/4 *! WBVVV ''.I( B # '' 0'/0- .
2 - $/# - 0)/- / *- /- / 2$/# X[CYV ( $'0/ $) "-*2/#
( $0(? 2#$# 2. +C%0./ /* + ]B\B / Y? \ ) _ 4. !*''*2$)"
+'/$)"? /# ''. 2 - "$) /-4+.$)$5 ) *0)/ 0.$)" # (*4/*( / -B
H9G':@&&(
A
*/' $.*'/ 0.$)" $" ) .4 &$/ 2. *)1 -/ $)/*
*(+' ( )/-4LM0.$)"/# $-$+/U.4)/# .$.&$/L$*CM
) /# +*'4( -. #$) - /$*) LM 2. + -!*-( 0.$)" .*./U
1- ).0+ -($3L$*CM$)_\+/$'4' -!*''*2 4)'4.$.
0.$)" /# _\ ()" - .*!/2- L$*CMB # - /$*). 2 - *+/$($. ) +-* .. *-$)" /* /# ()0!/0- - 2$/# $)$/$'
)/0-/$*)I+*'4( -. /$1/$*) / _[j !*- YV. !*''*2 4 A
_[j!*-[.?1-$' )) '$)"/ (+ -/0- L. '*2M!*-[.?)\[j!*-[.
- + / !*-ZV4' .B/2 - '0'/ .- '/$1 3+- ..$*).*-$)"
/* /# OOL/M +-$)$+' B -$( -. 2 - ()0!/0- 4 $"(? A !*-2- +-$( - [ꞌCCYꞌ? - 1 -. +-$( - [ꞌC
CYꞌ 2$/# )) '$)" / \ZBZj@ !*-2- +-$( - [ꞌCCYꞌ? - 1 -. +-$( - [ꞌC
CYꞌ 2$/# )) '$)" / \[B^j@ !*-2-
+-$( -
[ꞌCCYꞌ?
- 1 -. +-$( -
[ꞌC
CYꞌ 2$/# )) '$)" / \[BWj@ +4 !*-2-
+-$( -
[ꞌCCYꞌ?
- 1 -. +-$( -
[ꞌC
CYꞌ 2$/# )) '$)" / \YB^j ) /# - ! - ) " ) !*-2- +-$( - [ꞌCCYꞌ ) [ꞌC
CYꞌ2$/#)) '$)"/[_jB
35
H9H $0/# "$! ##+$%)%($* ))/ @
A
@&&(
A
''. 2 - . / ).$/4 *! WVVBVVV ''.IYVVk' $) XZC2 '' +'/ . )
($)/$) !*- Y 4. $) *)/-*' "-*2/# ( $0( *- ( $0( .0++' ( )/ 2$/#X[(L+%0./ /*+]B\MB# - !/ -?
.2 - + -!*-( $) *- - /* $)1 ./$"/ /# +- . ) *! ) +-*/ $). L;
4./ (.?MB
# ''.$)/ ) !*-/# (0'/$C)'4/ --42 - . $)][!'.&.
L# -(* $.# - $ )/$!$? *.&$' ? )(-&M / ).$/4 *! WVBVVVBVVV
''.IWV (' ) ($)/$) !*- X 4. $) *)/-*' "-*2/# ( $0(*- ( $0(
.0++' ( )/ 2$/# + %0./ YV ( B # *)$/$*) ( $0( 2.
0. $)(0'/$C)'4/ ./*$)1 ./$"/ /# !! /.*!/- /( )/*)
1-$*0. $)!'((/$*)C..*$/ 4/*&$) . ) # (*&$) . L$" )?
2 )MB # . 2 - + -!*-( $) *-) 2$/# /# $)./-0/$*).
+-*1$ 4/# ()0!/0- -B
H9I ##+$%)*%#" )*$$) @&&() 7 4
A
-$'/$..0 . /$*).2 - +-* .. !*-/# (*)./-/$*)*!) 0-*)(-& -.
) "'$' ''.B !/ - '*&$)" 2$/# )*-(' . -0(? /# !*''*2$)" +-$(-4
)/$*$ . 2 - ++'$ A (*0. )/$C) 0-*)'C)0' $ )/$*4 L 0@ WAXVV?
# ($*)ML&&(
M?(*0. )/$C($-*/00' C..*$/ +-*/ $)CXLX@
WAWVV? # ($*)M L&&( M? (*0. )/$C($-*/00' C..*$/ +-*/ $)CX
LX@ WAXVV? # ($*)M L&&( M? -$/ )/$C.4)+/*+#4.$) L@ WA[VV?
&*ML&&()
4
M?-$/)/$C"'$'!$-$''-4$$+-*/ $)L@WAWVVV?
&*M L&&() 4 M? (*)*'*)' )/$*$ . - /$)" 2$/# Y$
*(+' ( )/ - +/*-. LZX@ WAXVVCWAX[V? -*/ M L&&() 7 4 M? *&/$'*!(*)*'*)')/$*$ .- /$)"2$/#\^&?W\V&)XVV&
) 0-*!$'( )/+-*/ $).L@WAXVV@4( *-/*-$ .ML&&(
M?-$/)/$C
. -*/*)$) )/$*$ . L[C@WA[VV? $"(J'-$#M L&&( MB *''*2$)"
-$).$)" $) ? . *)-4 "*/ )/$C(*0. ) "*/ )/$C-$/ )/$*$ .
' 3 '0*-T Z^^ ) ' 3 '0*-T [\^ LWAYVV@ *' 0'- -* .? )1$/-*" )M
2 - ++'$ !*-W#$)-&) ..)/-**(/ (+ -/0- B''/# .'$ .2 - *1 - .'$++ 2$/# -**)" (*0)/$)" ( $ *)/$)$)" ZF?\C$($$)*CXC
+# )4'$)*' L
M L
)1$/-*" )? -.'.? ? MB # ./$)$)"
.+ $!$$/42./ ./ 4*($..$*)*!+-$(-4)/$*$ .B
36
I9$"/*"&(%+()
I9D %+$*) % )* "+ """ #%*%$+(%$)
@&&()
:
A
)/$!$/$*)*!' '' /$$'(*/*) 0-*).2.--$ *0/0.$)" $/5
-$./*+') !'0*- . )/ ($-*.*+ ,0$++ 2$/# !$'/ - '*& L $?
-()4M 2$/# /# 3$//$*) 21 ' )"/# -)" /2 ) YZV ; Y^V
))*( / -. ) ) ($..$*) 21 ' )"/# *! ZYV ))*( / -. L&&( MB # /- - $. !*0) $) /# '' *$ . ) +-*3$(' )-$/ .? 0/ * . )*/ ./$)
/# )0' $L. ++ -
?$"0- W?$). -/$*)MB
). /$*). 3#$$/$)"1 -4./-*)"
4/*+'.($' ''$)"0.$)"/# (.&$)"*!0)./$) )0' $?/# +-/$0'-
. /$*).2 - ' !//*! !*-XCY($)?!/ -2#$#/# 42 - - C 3($) B# (*/*) 0-*). 2 - *0)/ ()0''4 / X[V3 !$)' (")$!$/$*) $) 1 -4
. /$*)?4$ '$)"/*/')0( -*!' '' +-*!$' .B# ' '' +-*!$' .2 - *0)/ 2$/#$)X(($./) */#-*./-')0'*!/# ($' *!/# # ($. /$*) 1$/4B #$. 2. *) /* ./'$.# 2# /# - $!! - ) $)
- /$*) *0' . ) + )$)" *) 2#$# .$ *! /# ' .$*) .$/ /# (*/*) 0-*). - !*0)B * *-- /$*) 2. *) !*- .+'$/ )0' $ 0 /* /# )0' -$( / -. $)".(''*(+- /*/# .'$ /#$&) ..B0-"-*0+#.
+- 1$*0.'4 .#*2) /# 1'$$/4 *! /#$. ( /#* *! .. ..$)" - /-*"- ) 0-'
'' /#B #1 .#*2) /#/ $/ 4$ '. *0)/. .$($'- /* /#*. */$) 0.$)" - *)./-0/$*). !-*( . -$' . /$*). L*1$&*1 / 'B? W__]M ) /# +#4.$'$.. /*-L /'B?XVVWMB
' '' -0-*.+$)') 0-*).L&&(
M2 - $ )/$!$ $)/# -$)./ (/
!$)'(")$!$/$*)*!X[V3B.2# )*0)/$)"' '' /$$'(*/*) 0-*).?
/# *0)/.2 - )*/*-- / !*-.+'$/)0' $B
I9E ##+$%)*%#" $"/)) @&&() 7 4
A
# $((0)*./$) +- +-/$*). 2 - 3($) 0.$)" $/5 -$./*+')
!'0*- . )/($-*.*+ L&&(
M*-$&*)'$+. ^V$($-*.*+ L&&(
4 M L$&*) )./-0( )/. 0-*+ BBMB (" . *! /# $((0)*./$) . /$*).2 - +/0- 0.$)" $/# -$&*)WXVV$"$/'( -L&&(
M*-$&*)CX$"$/'( -L&&(
4
MB
#)" . $) /# - *0+$ 4 0 +*.$/$1 ) 0-*). $) /# 1 )/-' #*-)
L&&( M? +- . ) *! ZX +*.$/$1 ($-*"'$' ''. L&&( 7 4 M?
) +*.$/$1 ) -1 !$ -.? X +*.$/$1 )-$/$ -)# .? +*.$/$1 37
.4)+. .)+*.$/$1 ./-*"'$' ''.L&&()
7
4
M2../0$ $)
/# 1 )/-'#*-)*!/# Z;[. "( )/.L&&()
4
M*-/# 1 )/-'#*-)
*! /# X . "( )/ L&&( MB # .+-*0/$)" *! [C +*.$/$1 3*). 2.
./0$ $- /'44/# ' .$*).$/ L&&(
MB# ).. ..$)"/# +- . ) *!
0C+*.$/$1 ) 0-*).? /# $(" . 2 - +/0- / Z3 !$)' (")$!$/$*)?
+/0-$)" /# 2#*' 1 )/-' #*-) L&&( MB # ) .. ..$)" '' */# -
(-& -.? ZV3 !$)' (")$!$/$*) 2. 0. L&&() 7 4 MB $/0- .
+$/ /# .+$)'*-. "( )/.!! / 4
L&&(
M?/# $(( $/ 1$$)$/4*!/# ' .$*).$/ L&&(
M*-/# - ^VVCW\VVk(-*./-'/*/# ' .$*) L&&( MB (" . /$*). 2 - *(+' / '4 3'0 ? 2#$' -/$!/. ) '-" '** 1 .. '. 2 - 3'0 2# ) *0/'$)$)" /# - "$*) *!
$)/ - ./ L
MB # - *0+$ 4 /# $((0)*./$) +-*!$' . 2.
'0'/ 0.$)" (" C-* '0. .*!/2- L $ 4 -) /$.? )B? M?
4$ '$)" /# + - )/0' - *0+$ 4 $((0)*./$)$)"B ./)-$5 +-*/**'2. (+'*4 ?2$/#()0'*0/'$)$)"*!/# L&&()
7
4
MB
# $(" . *! /# 0C+*.$/$1 1 )/-' #*-) ) 0-*) +**' L&&( M 2 - .. .. 0.$)"/# .( .*!/2- )/# $ )/$'./)-$5 +-*/**'/#/
2. (+'*4 2# ) .. ..$)" /# $(" . L. G\B[ $(" )'4.$.
L++ - HMB # $ )/$' )/*($' ')(-&. 2 - 0. /* *0/'$) /# 1 )/-' #*-) $) /# #$./*'*"$' +- +-/$*).B # -/$* /2 ) /# - *!
/# $)%0- )# '/#4.$ 2.'0'/ *-- .+*)$)"'4B
I9F)*($"%*$"/))@&&()
7
4
A
*- ++ - ? /# .)) !$'(. 2 - )'4. 0.$)" $*) (" L$*)
*-+*-/$*)? -4')? M $) *- - /* + -!*-( + & - $)/ "-/$*)?
/ -($)$)" /# - *! # ) $) +$3 ' 0)$/.B # *+/$' ).$/4 2.
3+- .. . -/$* *! /# *-- .+*)$)" .$")' !*- QC/$)B *- ++ - ? ,0'$//$1 $)/ -+- //$*)*!/# .0. ,0 )/$(" .2.+ -!*-( B*-++ -
?,0'$//$1 .. ..( )/.*!/# 2.( B
I9G
#&(%))$@&&()
:
A
*- /# +- +-/$*) *! !$"0- . !*- +0'$/$*)? /# +/0- $(" . 2 - - .$5 ? "-*0+ $) .$)"' )1. ) ' '' 0.$)" /# * #*/*.#*+
Z.*!/2- L* 4./ (.@)*. ??MB%0./( )/*!*)/-./)
-$"#/) ..2 - + -!*-( $)*- -/**+/$($5 $(" '-$/4B
38
I9H
#$"/))@&&(
A
# $(" . */$) 2 - 3+*-/ /* /# $"$/' ("$)" )
*((0)$/$*). $) $$) L
M !*-(/ !-*( -$.$*)B7 *)1 -/ /* #$"# ,0'$/4 !*-(/ +$/0- . ) .. .. 0.$)" (" C-* '0.
.*!/2- L $ 4 -) /$.? )B? MB )$/$''4? '$) 2. -2) -0))$)"
/#-*0"# /# )/ -$*- .+$)' -/ -4? /# )/-' )' *! /# .+$)' *-? )
/#-*0"#/# +*./ -$*-.+$)'1 $)?$1$$)"/# .+$)'*-$)-$"#/)' !/
.$ B )*/# - '$) 2. /# ) -2)? -0))$)" $) '/ -' $- /$*)? !-*( /# )/-')'?+*.$/$*) /_Vj)"' /*/# !$-./'$) B# . /2*'$) .. -1 .- ! - ) .?+-*0 /# )/ -*C+*./ -$*-)( $'C'/ -'*- -*!/# ' !/)-$"#/1 )/-'#*-)B/$'$5$)"/# '$) .?/# 1 )/-'#*-).*)*/#.$ .
2 - *0/'$) ? ) /# - *) # .$ 2. ( .0- L9 GMB # -/$*
/2 ) /# - *! /# $)%0- ) 0)$)%0- .$ 2. .0. ,0 )/'4
'0'/ B
9G# 4 ''*2'$) $.-2)/#-*0"#
/# )/ -$*- .+$)' -/ -4? /# )/-'
)')+*./ -$*-.+$)'1 $)?- /$)"
/# ' !/C-$"#/ *- -B )*/# - '$) ?
-0))$)"/_Vj)"' /*/# 4 ''*2'$) ) ./-/$)" !-*( /# )/-' )'?
*(+-$. ./# )/ -$*-C+*./ -$*-*- -B
.0- ( )/. - + -!*-( $) /# .( ()) - $) #$./*'*"$' $(" .
L' !/M)
(" .L-$"#/MB
I9I**)*"$"/))
) C24 )'4.$. *! 1-$) LM? !*''*2 4 +*./ #* 2()C
0'.0'/$+' *(+-$.*) ./2.0. /* / -($) .//$./$'$!! - ) .
/2 ) /# 3+ -$( )/' "-*0+. $) ++ - ) B ) ++ - ) ? /# .//$./$' $!! - ) . /2 ) "-*0+. 2 - ./'$.# 0.$)" /# +$- )
0)+$- /C/ ./? - .+ /$1 '4B $")$!$) 2. . / . N+hVBV[? NN+iVBVW?
NNN+hVBVVWB '' .//$./$' )'4. . 2 - + -!*-( 0.$)" /# .//$./$'
.*!/2- -$.(TL-+#*!/2- ?
)@)$ "*??MB
39
)+"*)
J9*)%$*%.$**(*#$**(
J9D+(,,"%)&$"#%*%$+(%$)@&&(
A
# !! /.*!)/- /( )/*)) 0-*)'.0-1$1'2 - 1'0/ 4
+- C' ''$)" *! /$$' (*/*) 0-*). 0.$)" /# !'0*- . )/ 4 B # !! /.
*! )/$*3$)/ /- /( )/ LZ 2 &.M *) /# .0-1$1' *! (*/*) 0-*). $) /# 1$$)$/4 *! /# /-0( 5*) 2 - $)1 ./$"/ B ) *)"-0 ) 2$/# +- 1$*0.
!$)$)".? '' C' '' /$$' (*/*) 0-*). 2 - !*0) $) /# ZJ\ .+$)'
*-. "( )/.L2 // /'B?W_^\?*1$&*1 /'B?W__\M?!*-($)"[BYgVBY((
'*)" ''*'0()B
)0)$)%0- *)/-*')$('.?/W2 &!/ -/# ++'$/$*)
*! /- - /* /# 0/ + -$+# -' ) -1 ? /# /$$' (*/*) 0-*) +**' *)/$) W\[\gXY ' '' '' *$ . 2$/# ' -'4 1$.$' +-$(-4 ) . *)-4
)-$/ .L++ -
$"BWMB ($. /$*)*!/# .+$)'*-/['0(-' 1 '
$)0 .$")$!$)/ /# *! (*/*) 0-*).B !/ - Z 2 &. *)'4 \Xd *! /# ' '' (*/*) 0-*).- ($) L++ -
$"BW)$"BXMB# *0)/$)"*!
' ' ) 0-*). 2$/#$) X (( $./) -*./-' ) 0' /* /# ' .$*) .$/ .#*2 )$)- . $)/# -/ *! " ) -/$*)$)(*/*) 0-*).-*./-'/*/# $)%0-4 5*) L-*./-'A XYYgYY (*/*) 0-*).@ 0'A Y[^gYX (*/*) 0-*).@
( )g@+hVBV[MB0-/# -(*- ?.0-1$1$)"(*/*) 0-*).'*./' ''$)"$)
/# $- )-$/$-)# .?)2 - .0--*0) 4)0( -*0..(''C+*.$/$1 ''.? +-*'4 - +- . )/$)" /$1/ ($-*"'$' ''. L++ - $"B WMB
- /( )/ 2$/# - .0'/ $) ]^d .0-1$1' L++ - $"B XM *! /# /$$'
(*/*) 0-*).B ''$)"*!+-$(-4 )-$/ .2.+-/$''4+- . -1 ?)/# )0( -*!($-*"'$C'$& ''.' '' 2$/#2. - . L++ -
$"BWMB
- /( )/ 2$/# .$($'-'4 $)0 ) $)- . .0-1$1' *! /$$'
(*/*) 0-*).L^Vd.0-1$1'?++ -
$"BW)$"BXMB# +- . -1/$*)*!
' ''$)"$)+-$(-4). *)-4 )-$/ .2.)*/ ,0'$/4+-*)*0) B
J9E+(,,"%(+(%)&$"$+(%$)L&&(
M
# .0-1$1' *! -0-*.+$)' ) 0-*). 2. 1'0/ 4 +- C' ''$)" 2$/# B
*)"C/ -(L^2 &.M !! /.*)/# .0-1$1'*!-0-*.+$)') 0-*).+-*% /$)"
0'/*/# .+$)'*-$)%0-45*) 2 - $)1 ./$"/ B
)/# *)/-*'"-*0+
*!0)$)%0- )$('.W2 &!/ -./'0 ' ''$)"?/# -0-*.+$)') 0-*)'
+**'*)/$) Y[YYgW]W' '' ''.( )gBBB?++ -
$"BX?MB$"#/
2 &. !/ - ? \Wd *! ' '' -0-*.+$)' ) 0-*). - ($) L++ - $"B
X?MB$/$*)''4?+' )/4*!.(''C+*.$/$1 +-*!$' .?- . ('$)"($-*"'$'
''.? 2 - *. -1 $) /# - )0' 0. L++ - $"B XMB /- /( )/
40
.$")$!$)/'4 ( '$*-/ '' /#? - .0'/$)" $) ) ^^d ) 0-*) .0-1$1'
LhVBVW@ $"B X? MB # !! / *! /# -+4 2. .'$"#/'4 2 & - 2$/# /# .0-1$1' *! ^Vd *! /# ) 0-*). LhVBV[@ $"B X? MB */# ) /- /( )/ $(+-*1 /# +- . -1/$*) *! ./ '0 ' ''$)" $) /# +-*3$('
)-$/$-)# .L++ -
$"BX?MB
J9F.&())%$%&%&*%*#(!()@&&(
A
# .#*-/C/ -( !! /.LX2 &.M*!)/$*3$)//- /( )/*)/# 3+- ..$*)*!
+*+/*/$ (-& -. $) /# .+$)' *- ' .$*) .$/ !/ - Y # ($. /$*) 2 - ./0$ B$..0 #-1 ./ !-*(/# -1$'.+$)'*-' 1 '2.)'45 !*-
/# 3+- ..$*) *! /# +*+/*/$ (-& -. ) .+. Y? 0.$)" B # .(+' . - +- . )/$)" # "-*0+ L? ? ? ) M 2 - ( !-*(+**' .(+' .- / !-*(/$..0 /#/2.#-1 ./ !-*(!*0-/*!$1 )$('.B )/$*3$)/ /# -+4 - . /# 3+- ..$*) *! /# +-*C+*+/*/$
+-*/ $) L++ - $"B WMB */# )/$*3$)/. '.* - . /# ' 1 '. *!
.+. Y $) /# /$..0 L++ - $"B WMB - /( )/ $ #*2 1 - )*/ . ( /*
3 -/ ) ,0''4 ./-*)" !! / *) /# 3+- ..$*) *! .+. Y . $/ $ *) /# 3+- ..$*)*!B
J9G .%$" $ $(* $(*%$ $ .%$"
)&(%+*$@&&(
4
A
# !! /. *! )/$*3$)/ /- /( )/ *) /# " ) -/$*) *! XC+*.$/$1 )-$/ .$)/# 1$$)$/4*!/# /-0(5*) 2../0$ Z2 &.!*''*2$)"[
# ($. /$*) L&&( MB - +-/$*). $((0)*./$) !*- X )
.4)+/*+#4.$) $) /# ZJ[ .+$)' . "( )/. 2 - ,0)/$!$ B ) *)/-*'
)$('.++-*3$(/ '4Y\d)_d*!/# 1 )/-'#*-)) 0-*+$'2.*0+$ 4 )-$/$ -)# . ) .4)+/$ *0/*).? - .+ /$1 '4 L++ - $"B X?
) $"B Y JMB - .4)+/$ .4)+/*+#4.$) ' ''$)" 2. !*0) -*0)
) 0-*)' '' *$ . ) +-*3$(' )-$/ . L+ - $"B YM? 2#$' /# 1 )/-' #*-) ) 0-*+$' $.+'4 (*- $!!0. ./$)$)" +// -)B +$)' *-
$)%0-4 - . X).4)+/*+#4.$)$((0)*./$)$)"4Y_d)Z]d?
- .+ /$1 '4 LhVBV[@ ++ - $"B X? ) $"B Y?MB 0-/# -(*- ? - 0/$*)*!.4)+/*+#4.$)' ''$)".0--*0)$)"(*/*) 0-*) ''*$ .)
+-*3$(' )-$/ . 2. *. -1 L++ - $"B YMB /# -+4 $(+-*1 X ) .4)+/*+#4.$) $((0)*- /$1$/4 /* ^_d ) WV]d *! *)/-*'
1'0 .?- .+ /$1 '4LhVBV[@++ -
$"BX?)$"BY?MB- /( )/2$/#
.#*2 .$($'- !! /.*) )-$/$-)# .).4)+/$*0/*).?2$/#
- /0-) /* ]\d ) WWWd *! *)/-*' X ) .4)+/*+#4.$) ./$)$)"?
- .+ /$1 '4 LhVBV[@ ++ - $"B X? ) $"B Y?MB - /( )/ $ )*/ /*
41
- *1 - /# +// -) *! .4)+/*+#4.$) ' ''$)" -*0) '' *$ . /4+$''4
!*0)$)0)$)%0- .0% /.L++ -
$"BY
?MB
# !! /*!)/$*3$)//- /( )/*)/# .+-*0/$)"*!)C+*.$/$1 3*).
'*. /*/# /-0(5*) Z2 &.!/ -.+$)'*-# ($. /$*)2. 1'0/ L&&(
MB
)*)/-*')$('.?/# - *!/# 1 )/-'#*-)*0+$ 4)C
+*.$/$1 3*). 2. ++-*3$(/ '4 WZd L++ - $"B X ) $"B ZMB +$)'
*-# ($. /$*) - . )$((0)*./$)$)"4/#$-LhVBV[@++ -
$"B X ) $"B ZMB /# -+4 - ./*- +)C) 0-*!$'( )/
$((0)*./$)$)" /* )*-(' 1'0 . LWVZd? hVBV[@ $"B X ) $"B ZM?
2# - .2..*( 2#/' .. !! /$1 L^\d- *1 -4@hVBV[@++ -
$"B
X)$"BZMB
# .+-*0/$)"*![C+*.$/$1 -+# .+$)'3*).$)/# $(( $/ 1$$)$/4*!
/# /-0( 5*) ^ 2 &. !*''*2$)" Y # ($. /$*) 2. '.* $)1 ./$"/ L&&(
MB
)0)/- / .0% /.*)'4! 2[C+*.$/$1 3*)."- 2!-*(/# -*./-' .+$)' *- $)/* /# /-0( 5*) !/ - # ($. /$*) L++ - $"B Y?
MB ) /- /( )/ $)0 /# -*-$5/$*) *! )0( -*0.
-+# .+$)'3*).$)/# /-0(5*) B# 3*).$#*2 1 -)*/ )/ -/# $./'+-/*!/# .+$)'*-L++ -
$"BYJMB# ).$/4*!-+# .+$)'
/ -($)'.$)/# 1 )/-'#*-)*!/# X. "( )/-*./-'/*/# ' .$*).$/ 2.
.. .. B 0)/$!$/$*) .#*2 /#/ $)0 .$")$!$)/? /2*!*'
$)- . *!/# - *0+$ 4-+# .+$)'/ -($)'.LhVBV[@++ -
$"B
Z
? ? MB - /( )/ 2$/# ) !0-/# - ./$(0'/ /# .+-*0/$)" *!
3*).-*./-'/*/# ' .$*).$/ ?)- .0'/ $)ZB[C)!$1 !*'$)- . *!
/# - *0+$ 43*)'/ -($)'.?- .+ /$1 '4LhVBVVW@++ -
$"BZ
?
?MB
J9H *) % $*%.$*) %$ "" "" (*%$)
@&&(
4
A
# .#*-/C/ -(- .0'/.LX2 &.M*!)/$*3$)//# -+4*)/# 3+- ..$*)*!
) 0-*$)!'((/$*)C..*$/ (-& -. !*0) $) /# .+$)' *- ' .$*) .$/ !/ - Y # ($. /$*) 2 - ./0$ L&&( MB . .#*2 ) ( '$*-/$)"
!! / *! ) /- /( )/ *) /# ) 0-*$)!'((/*-4 - /$*)B - . 3+- ..$*) *! */# W L (-& - *! /$1/ ($-*"'$I(-*+#" .M ) ZX 2. !*0) $) )$('. 0) -"*$)"
)/$*3$)//- /( )/?*(+- /*0)/- / )$('.L++ -
$"BWMB
)'4. .*!ZC[.+$)'*-. "( )/.-*./-'/*/# ' .$*).$/ Z2 &.
!/ - [ # ($. /$*) 2 - ./0$ $) - "- /* /# ( )/$*) ) 0-*$)!'((/*-4 (-& -. L&&( MB 3+- ..$*) *! W ) ZX 2 - 42
- '4 / /' $) /$..0 !-*( 0)$)%0- *)/-*' )$('.? 2#$' /# 4 2 - 0+C- "0'/ !*''*2$)".+$)'*-$)%0-4LhVBVVW@++ -
$"B[MB)/$*3$)/
/- /( )/.$")$!$)/'4*2)C- "0'/ /# 3+- ..$*)' 1 '.*!WLhVBVVWM
)ZXLhVBV[!*-)hVBVW!*-MB# 3+- ..$*)*!ZX2.
'.*$)1 ./$"/ $)#$./*'*"$'+- +-/$*).*!/# ZC[. "( )/.-*./-'/*
/# ' .$*) .$/ Z 2 &. !/ - $)%0-4 L&&( MB ) *)/-*' -/.? /# - *! /# 1 )/-' #*-) *0+$ 4 ZXC+*.$/$1 ($-*"'$' ''. 2. ++-*3$(/ '4
ZdL++ -
$"BX)$"BZMB+$)'*-# ($. /$*)$)- . /# ZX
$((0)*- /$1$/4 -(/$''4 $) /# ZJ[ 1 )/-' #*-) ) 0-*+$' -*./-' /*
/# $)%0-4.$/ L++ -
$"BX)$"BZ@hVBV[@[]\dMB*/#)
/- /( )/ .$")$!$)/'4 - . /# ZX $((0)*- /$1$/4 $) /# 1 )/-'
#*-)LhVBV[@++ -
$"BX)$"BZ
?MB
'*)"C/ -( $)1 ./$"/$*) L^ 2 &.M *! /# ) 0-*$)!'((/*-4 (*0'/$)"
+-*+ -/$ . *! /- /( )/ !/ - .+$)' *- $)%0-4 2. + -!*-( $) )$('.
0) -"*$)" Y # ($. /$*) L&&( MB )1 ./$"/$*) *! $((0)*#$./*'*"$'
+- +-/$*). *! /$..0 '*. /* /# /-0( 5*) - 1 ' /#/ # ($. /$*)
0. -(/$? '(*./ ZVC!*' $)- . $) /# - *0+$ 4 ZXC
+*.$/$1 ($-*"'$ $) /# 1 )/-' #*-) LhVBVVW@ ++ - $"B Z? ? MB
- /( )/2$/#)// )0/ /# # ($. /$*)C$)0 ($-*"'$'
- .+*). B */# )/$*3$)/. - . /# ZXC$((0)*- /$1$/4 4
++-*3$(/ '4]VdLhVBVVW@++ -
$"BZ??MB
# +*..$' !! /. *! )/$*3$)/ /- /( )/ *) /# ./-*"'$' *(+*) )/ *!
/# .-Z2 &.!/ -[# ($. /$*)2 - $)1 ./$"/ 0.$)"L&&(
MB
+$)' *- # ($. /$*) - .0'/ $) ) 0+C- "0'/$*) *! *(+- /*
/$..0 !-*(*-- .+*)$)". "( )/.$)0)$)%0- )$('.LhVBVW@++ -
$"B
[MB)/$*3$)//- /( )/$)*/$)!'0 ) /# +-*/ $)' 1 '.LiVBV[@++ -
$"B [MB 0-/# - $)1 ./$"/$*) *! /# $((0)*- /$1$/4 !*- C+*.$/$1 ./-*"'$' ''.$)/# ZC[. "( )/.-*./-'/*/# ' .$*).$/ 2.+ -!*-( B
) 0)$)%0- *)/-*' -/. -*0"#'4 ]d *! /# 1 )/-' #*-) ) 0-*+$' 2.
*0+$ 4 C+*.$/$1 ./-*"'$ L++ - $"B X ) $"B ZMB !/ -
# ($. /$*)? -(/$ $)- . $) /# +- . ) *! C+*.$/$1 ./-*"'$
2. !*0) $) /# 1 )/-' #*-) LhVBV[@ ++ - $"B X ) $"B ZMB
)/$*3$)/ /- /( )/ $ )*/ !! / /# $((0)*- /$1$/4 *! C+*.$/$1 ./-*"'$' ''.$)/# 1 )/-'#*-)) 0-*+$'L++ -
$"BX)$"BZ?MB
43
K9 *) % *(*#$* %$ +"*+(
+#$#(%"@&&(
A
K9D*%%$*&(%"(*%$%F
"")
# Y ''.L++ -
$"BWM2 - +'/ $/# -2$/#*0/L*)/-*'M*-2$/#
/# $/$*) *! X[ ( *! +C%0./ LeM /* /# '' 0'/0- .B *
$!! - ) $)/# -/ *! ''+-*'$! -/$*)2.*. -1 /2 )/# "-*0+./
Y?\)_4.!/ -/# +'/$)"*! ''.L+iVBV[@++ -
$"BWMB
K9E *) % %$ * &(%+*%$ %
$+(%*(%&*%()/F"")
# !! /. *! $/$*) /* ($-*"'$' /-).-$+/$*) *! /# ) 0-*/-*+#$
!/*-.??)
C\2../0$ 0.$)",CB*(+- /*
*)/-*' ''. L*)/-*'M? ''. /- / 2$/# LeM .#*2 .$")$!$)/'4
$)- . /-).-$+/$*) *! ( !*- L+hVBVW@ ++ - $" XM? L+hVBVVW@ ++ - $"B XM? L+hVBVW@ ++ - $"B XM ) C\ L+hVBVW@
++ - $"B XMB # $)- . $) /# /-).-$+/$*) *! ( !*- C\ !/ -
./$(0'/$*) 2$/# 2. +-/$0'-'4 ./-*)"? 3#$$/$)" YYC!*' $)- . *(+- /**)/-*' ''.B
# . - /$*)*!/# ) 0-*/-*+#$!/*-.4Y ''.!/ -./$(0'/$*)
2. $)1 ./$"/ 0.$)" B # )'4.$. - 1 ' XB[C!*' $)- . $)
. - /$*)!/ -$/$*)*!?*(+- /*/# *)/-*'"-*0+L+hVBV[@
++ -
$"BYMB# . - /$*)*!2.)*/.$")$!$)/'4#)" $)/# /- / "-*0+? *(+- /* /# *)/-*' "-*0+ L+iVBV[@ ++ - $"B YMB (0'/$C)'4/ 2.+ -!*-( $)*- -/*$)1 ./$"/ /# !! /.*!
/- /( )/ *) /# ($-*"'$' . - /$*) *! /# (*./ *((*) $)!'((/$*)C
..*$/ 4/*&$) .?$)'0$)"
C\B# )'4.$..#*2 /#//- /( )/
./-*)"'4$)- . /# . - /$*)*!
C\*(+- /*/# *)/-*'"-*0+L++ -
$"B YMB * !! /. *! /- /( )/ *) /# . - /$*) *! /# */# -
$)1 ./$"/ 4/*&$) .2.*. -1 B*./)*/'4?)* !! /*!/- /( )/2.
. )*)/# . - /$*)*!
CWQ)CP?/# /2*4/*&$) .)*-(''4. - / /*" /# -2$/#
C\.+-/*!/# /4+$'$)!'((/*-4- .+*). L++ -
$"
YMB
44
K9F * % %$ &%)&%(/"*%$ %
&%)&%$%)*F:!$)@
FA
# +*..$' /$1/$*) *! Y $)0 4 2. $)1 ./$"/ B # $/$*) *! /* '' 0'/0- . *! #0() ($-*"'$' ''. $)0 -+$
$)- . $)/# +#*.+#*-4'/$*)*!
YB# $)- . 2.*. -1' !/ -WV
)XV($)0/ .?- /0-)$)"/*.'' 1 '.4XZ#*0-.B# - 2.)* !! /*!
*))*/# -.$")'$)"+/#24?$)1*'1$)"L++ -
$"BZMB
45
L9*(%($(*%$*(
@&&(
A
L9D.%$"*(#$")$$(*)
# !! /. *! 3*/*(4 ) 1 )/-' -**/ 10'.$*) *) )-$/ .? .4)+/$
*0/*).? ) 3*). '*)"$)" /* /# ) 0-*). *! /# 1 )/-' #*-) 2 - $)1 ./$"/ B #$. 2. + -!*-( 4 $((0)*#$./*# ($' ./$)$)" 2$/#
X??))?- .+ /$1 '4B
*''*2$)" 3*/*(4? - . 2. *. -1 $) /# - *0+$ 4 X
+*.$/$1 )-$/ . *) /# $)%0- .$ *(+- /* /# )*)C$)%0- .$ L+hVBVWMB)/# 0)$)%0- .$ ?X)/$*4./$)$)"*0+$ *0/W_d
*! /# 1 )/-' #*-)? 2#$' /# ./$)$)" *0+$ ++-*3$(/ '4 W[d *! /# 1 )/-'#*-)- *)/# $)%0- .$ L++ -
$"BXMB
)*)/-./?!*''*2$)"
1 )/-' -**/ 10'.$*)? .$")$!$)/ ) ./-*)" - . $) /# +- . ) *!
XC+*.$/$1 )-$/ .*)/# $)%0- .$ *(+- /*/# 0)$)%0- .$ 2.*. -1 $)/# 1 )/-'#*-)L+hVBVVW@++ -
$"BXMBX./$)$)"
*0+$ XYd*!/# 1 )/-'#*-)*!/# 0)$)%0- .$ ?2#$' X*0+$ [d*!/# - *)/# .$ *!$)%0-4?$)$/$)"'*. /*!$1 C!*' - . $)
)-$/ . !/ - 10'.$*)B # ).$/4 *! .4)+. . !/ - 1 )/-' -**/ 10'.$*)
2../0$ B
# +*..$' #)" . $) /# ).$/4 *! .4)+. . !/ - ) -1 $)%0-4 2 - ./0$ 4 ./$)$)" !*- B )/-' -**/ 10'.$*) 0. .$")$!$)/
- . $) /# ).$/4 *! C+*.$/$1 .4)+. . $) /# 1 )/-' #*-) *! /# $)%0- .$ *(+- /*/# )*)C$)%0- .$ L+hVBVVW@++ -
$"BXMB# ./$)$)" *0+$ Yd *! /# 1 )/-' #*-) - *! /# !*-( -? ) ]d *! /# '// - L++ - $"B XMB *''*2$)" 3*/*(4? )* .$")$!$)/ $!! - ) $) /# ).$/4*!.4)+/*+#4.$)+*.$/$1 .4)+. .2.*. -1 L+iVBV[@++ -
$"
XMB
#)" .$)/# ).$/4*!3*).2 - $)1 ./$"/ 4)'4.$.*!/# ).$/4*!
)C+*.$/$1 3*). $) /# 1 )/-' #*-)B 3*/*(4 $)0 )* .//$./$''4
.$")$!$)/$!! - ) $)/# ).$/4*!)C+*.$/$1 3*).2# )*(+-$)"
/# 3*/*($. ) )*)C$)%0- .$ L+iVBV[@ ++ - $" XMB ) )$('.
/#/ # 0) -"*) 1 )/-' -**/ 10'.$*)? .$")$!$)/ - . *! )C
+*.$/$1 3*).2.!*0)*)/# $)%0- .$ *(+- /*/# 0)$)%0- .$ L+hVBVVW@++ -
$"BXM?2$/#/# ./$)$)"*1 -$)"*0/Wd*!/# 1 )/-'
#*-)*!/# !*-( -)++-*3$(/ '4\d*!/# '// -L+hVBVVW@++ -
$"B
XMB
46
*(+-$.*)2.'.*( /2 )/# 1 )/-'#*-)*)/# 0)$)%0- .$ !/ -1 )/-'-**/10'.$*))/# 0)$)%0- .$ !/ -3*/*(4B )/-'-**/
10'.$*) 0. ) $)- . )-$/ L+hVBV[@ ++ - $"B XM ) 3*)
L+hVBV[@ ++ - $"B XM ).$/4? *(+- /* 3*/*(4B # !$)$)"
$)$/ ./#//# (*- . 1 - 1 )/-'-**/10'.$*)$)%0-40. ./# *). /*!
.+-*0/$)" - /$*)? 2#$# 2. )*/ *. -1 !/ - /# ' .. . 1 - 3*/*(4
$)%0-4B
L9E""""(*%$)
# !! /.*!3*/*(4)1 )/-'-**/10'.$*)*)/# ).$/4*!($-*"'$'
)./-*"'$' ''.$)/# 1 )/-'#*-)2 - ./0$ 4./$)$)"!*-ZX)
? - .+ /$1 '4B !*0) /#/ 3*/*(4 $)0 ) '(*./ !*0-C!*'
$)- . $)/# +- . ) *!ZXC+*.$/$1 ($-*"'$$)/# 1 )/-'#*-)*!/# $)%0- .$ *(+- /* /# )*)C$)%0- .$ L+hVBVW@ ++ - $"B YMB
)/-'-**/10'.$*)0. .$")$!$)/L+hVBVVW@++ -
$"YM?WVC!*'?
$)- . $)/# +- . ) *!ZXC+*.$/$1 ($-*"'$$)/# 1 )/-'#*-)*)/# .$ *!10'.$*)?*(+- /*/# 0)$)%0- .$ B
/04*!/# ./-*"'$- /$*)!/ -3*/*(4.#*2 .$")$!$)/$)- . $)
/# +- . ) *!C+*.$/$1 ./-*"'$' ''.*)/# $)%0- .$ *(+- /*
/# 0)$)%0- .$ L+hVBVVW@ ++ - $"B YMB ./-*"'$' ''. *1 - *0/
Xd *! /# 1 )/-' #*-) *! /# 0)$)%0- .$ *(+- /* -*0"'4 Yd *) /# $)%0- .$ L++ - $" YMB )/-' -**/ 10'.$*) $)0 ./-*)" )
.//$./$''4 .$")$!$)/ L+hVBVVW@ ++ - $"B YM $)- . $) /# ).$/4 *!
+*.$/$1 ./-*"'$' ''.$)/# 1 )/-'#*-)*!/# $)%0- .$ ?*(+- /*/# )*)C$)%0- .$ B# ).$/4$)/# $)%0- 1 )/-'#*-)2.*0/]d?
*(+- 2$/#Xd!*-/# 0)$)%0- .$ L++ -
$"YMB
L9F ,$*(" %($ ( %$ )*%"%"
&(&(*%$)
# ) 0-*)' +**' *! /# 1 )/-' #*-) 2. .. .. 4 ( .0- ( )/ *! /# - *)/$)$)" 0C+*.$/$1 ) 0-*).B - '/$1 -/$* *! .#-$)&" 2.
'0'/ !*- 1 -4 )$('B #$. 2. *) $) /# .( 24 . 2# )
'0'/$)" /# 1 )/-' #*-) .$5 $) $(" . *! /# *-- .+*)$)" .+$)'
*-. "( )/.L. H\B[
$(" )'4.$.L++ -
MHMB
)-/..0% / /*
.$/$3*/*(4?)*.//$./$''4.$")$!$)/.#-$)&" $)/# .$5 *!/# ) 0-*)
+**'2. / / Z2 &.!/ -$)%0-4L+iVBV[@++ -
$"W;WMB0% /.
0) -"*$)"1 )/-'-**/10'.$*) 3#$$/ .#-$)&" *!-*0"#'4ZZd*)/# $)%0- .$ *(+- /* /# )*)C$)%0- .$ L++ - $" W ; WMB
'0'/$*) *! /# .$5 -/$* *! /# ) 0-*) +**' .#*2 ./-*)" .//$./$'
47
$!! - ) /2 ) )$('. /#/ 0) -2 )/ 3*/*(4? *(+- /* )$('.
/#/ 0) -2 )/ 1 )/-' -**/ 10'.$*) L+hVBVVW@ ++ - $"B WM? 2$/# /# '// - 3#$$/$)"(0#.('' -- -/$*B
L9G,$*("%($(%$
$/$ ) -1 3*/*(4 0. )* .//$./$''4 .$")$!$)/ $!! - ) $) /# 1 )/-'#*-).$5 2# )*(+-$)"/# $)%0- .$ 2$/#/# *)/-'/ -'.$ !/ - Z 2 &. L++ - $"B WMB ) -/. .0% / /* 1 )/-' -**/ 10'.$*)? .$")$!$)/$!! - ) 2.!*0) /2 )/# $)%0- )/# )*)C$)%0- .$ L+hVBVVWM? 2$/# *0/ YZd .#-$)&" *! /# 1 )/-' #*-) - *) /# $)%0- .$ *(+- /*/# 0)$)%0- .$ L++ -
$"BWMB# 1 )/-'#*-)- -/$*2..//$./$''4$!! - )/2# )*(+-$)".0% /.0) -"*$)"3*/*(4
2$/# /#*. .0% / /* 10'.$*) L+hVBVVW@ ++ - $"B W MB #$. $)$/ .
/#/ /# /2* $!! - )/ /4+ . *! $)%0-$ . ) $./$)"0$.# !-*( # */# -
0.$)"
B
L9H %#&()%$ % )*%"%" $$) $ #)+(#$*)
.0- ( )/. *! /# .$5 *! /# 1 )/-' #*-) - *0+$ 4 ) 0-*). $)
#$./*'*"$' +- +-/$*). 2. + -!*-( $) ) $ )/$' (// - .
( .0- ( )/. *! /# 1 )/-' #*-) "- 4 (// - *) $(" .B %$. )' *(+-$.*) *! /# $)%0- I0)$)%0- - -/$* 4$ ' 4 /# /2* ( /#*.
!/ - */# 3*/*(4 ) 1 )/-' -**/ 10'.$*)B *''*2$)" 3*/*(4? )*
.$")$!$)/ $!! - ) $) -/$* 2. !*0) /2 ) /# /2* ( /#*. L+iVBV[@
++ -
$"BYMB*(+-$)"/# - -/$*!*''*2$)"1 )/-'-**/10'.$*)?2 !*0) .$")$!$)/ $!! - ) L+hVBVW@ ++ - $"B YM? 2$/# /# -/$*
'0'/ !-*( $(" ( .0- ( )/. $)" #$"# - /#) '0'/$*).
. *)$(" .*!#$./*'*"$'+- +-/$*).B
48
)+))%$
DC9$*%.$**(*#$*%""%-$
DC9D +(%&(%**, *) %
*(*#$**(
@&&()
4
A
$*%.$*
0. ./# '*..*!.+$)'(*/*) 0-*).)"'$' ''.'*. /*/# /-0(
5*) L0.-/ ) #2? W__Z? -*..() / 'B? XVVW? //$ / 'B? XVVX?
#)" /'B?XVWXM?.2 ''./-*+#4) /#*!. )$)") . )$)"
) 0-*). +-*% /$)" *1 ) '*2 /# $)%0-4 .$/ L2*) / 'B? XVVX?
0( ). / 'B? XVV[MB ($)*-$/4 *! ''. 2$'' $ 0 /* ) -*.$. $) /# $(( $/ !/ -(/# *! /# $)%0-4B # ($) '*.. *! ) 0-*). ) "'$' ''.
2$''*0-/#-*0"#+*+/*.$.L*)) ''4)*+*1$#?XVV^MB
/ $. 2 '' &)*2) /#/ /# ($/*#*)-$ - $)/$(/ '4 $)1*'1 $) /# /-$"" -$)"*!+*+/*.$.*!) 0-*).)"'$' ''.!*''*2$)"
L0''$1) /'B?
XVV[? - ) ) 0''*&? XVV\? 2 ) / 'B? XVWWMB 34" ) ) ) -"4
+-$1/$*)? !*-(/$*) ) *3$/$1 ./- .. - &)*2) /-$"" -. *!
($/*#*)-$C( $/ +*+/*.$. L$) ) '? XVV\? $ / 'B? XVW\MB */
.0-+-$.$)"'4? 1-$*0. )/$*3$)/ /- /( )/. *(/$)" ($/*#*)-$'
4.!0)/$*) ) !*-(/$*) #1 ) .#*2) /* 3 -/ )/$C+*+/*/$
/$*).!*''*2$)"
L$ /'B?XVWXMB
# +- . )/ ./0$ . .#*2 /# )/$C+*+/*/$ /$*). *! /# )/$*3$)/.
) *) ) 0-*). !*''*2$)" B - /( )/ *)/-$0/ */# /* /# .0-1$1'*!.+$)'(*/*) 0-*).)(*/*) 0-*). '*)"$)"/*/# . )$)"
(*/*- +/#24. +-*% /$)" 0' /* /# $)%0- . "( )/.B *- *1 -? /# )/$C+*+/*/$ !! /. 2 - *. -1' */# / ) -'4 LX 2 &.M ) '/ -
/$( +*$)/L^2 &.MB
*/# ) 3 -/ (0# *! /# $- $*# ($' /$*). 4 *(/$)"
/-$( )/'($/*#*)-$'+-* .. .B#./# $'$/4/*( '$*-/ ) -"4
+-$1/$*) 4 /$)" . ) ) -"4 .0./-/ ? **./ +-*0/$*) )
./$'$5 /# ($/*#*)-$ !/ - L/ ' / 'B? XVWV? 2 ) / 'B? XVWW?
/ ' / 'B? XVWXMB 0-/# -(*- ? $)- . . /# ' 1 '. *! "'0//#$*) ?
$(+-*1$)" ! ). L0- '$ /'B?W___?2 ) /'B?XVWWMB 3 -/.
.$($'- !! /.? /$)" . $- / )/$*3$)/ . 2 '' . **./$)" "'0//#$*) ' 1 '. L/&0-$ / 'B? XVV]? '$)$ #*0$ / 'B? XVW\MB ) - '/$*) /* C
$)0 +*+/*.$.$)/# .+$)'*-?$/$.2 ''&)*2)/#/ - .$)"' 1 '.*!
49
)"'0//#$*) - +-'' ' 4)$)- . *!+*+/*/$+-*/ $).?.0#
f
. .+. Y L$ / 'B? XVW\MB ) ? 1-$*0. .0# . X ) XX? - $(+*-/)/ $)$/$/*-. *! /# +*+/*/$ . $)0$)" /# /-).-$+/$*) *!?
(*)" */# - +*+/*/$ +-*/ $).? /# .+. . L/ . ) )# 5C$( ) 5?
XVVV??XVVZMB
)1 ./$"/$*) *! +*/ )/$' ( #)$.(. 0) -'4$)" +*+/*/$ '' /# !/ -
- 1 ' /#/)/- /( )/'/ -/# ') /2 )/# )/$C
+*+/*/$+-*/ $)'CX)/# +-*C+*+/*/$+-*/ $)B# /2*+-*/ $).
/ )/"*)$./$''4? ($)'4 /#-*0"# /# +*+/*.$.C( $/$)" .+. Y
L(. ) *-4? W__^? 0 '? W___MB ) $)- . $) 2$'' $)- . /# + -( $'$/4 *! /# ($/*#*)-$' ( (-) 4 !*-(/$*) *! +*- .B
0. ,0 )/'4? 4/*#-*( ) - - ' . !-*( /# ($/*#*)-$?
)/$1/ $!! - )/.+. .L )))**'!?XVVZM?+-/$0'-'4/$)"*)
.+. YL0/#)*#).*)?XVVZMB.+. Y$.-0$'!*-/# $)$/$/$*)*!
/# +*+/*/$. $)/# ) -1*0..4./ (L+-$)" - /'B?XVVW?)$"# /
'B?XVWXM.2 ''. '. 2# - $)/# *-")$.(L*-/ -))$& ?W___M? $)"
+' *!/-$"" -$)" 3/ ).$1 (" ) " ) -/$*)B3$/$1 ./- ..)
($/*#*)-$' 4.!0)/$*) #1 ) .#*2) /* /$"#/'4 '$)& /* /# /$1/$*) *! ) .+. Y? . 2 '' . */# - 3 0/*-. *! +*+/*.$.
L" -"? XVVZ? $) / 'B? XVWXMB ) ? 1-$*0. .+ /. *! /# . *)-4
" ) -/$*) !/ - J ? $)- . '$0( ' 1 '. ) $-*)C/'4. *3$)/ +-*0/$*) J '' +-*(*/ /# - ' . *! +-*C+*+/*/$ +-*/ $). !-*(
($/*#*)-$L$.&0( /'B?XVVY? '$5-$* /'B?XVV]MB
)'/ -/$*)*!/# /$1$/4*!+*+/*/$+-*/ $).!/ -
?2$/# - . *!
) .+. Y? (4 / ' ./ $) +-/ 3+'$) /# $(+-*1 .0-1$1' *!
)/-') 0-*).*. -1 !*''*2$)";/- /( )/B#$.$.2 ''$)'$) 2$/# +- 1$*0. *. -1/$*). /#/ . 1 -' $!! - )/ )/$*3$)/.? (*)" */# -.
( '/*)$))1$/($)?- +' *!( '$*-/$)"+*+/*.$.4*(/$)"
*3$/$1 ./- .. L*2'0-0 ) *++*'0? XVVX? )0- / 'B? XVVZ? 0 / 'B?
XVV[MB#.+- 1$*0.'4 ).#*2)/*- 0 +*+/*.$.4 - .$)"*/#
L)0- /'B?XVVZM).+. YL$''$# /'B?XVV[?$ .- )) ''$
/ 'B? XVV]? 0.,0 /. / 'B? XVWXMB #. .$($'-'4 ) .#*2) /* $)#$$/
+*+/*.$.4 - .$)"/# 3+- ..$*)*!).+. Y$) 3+ -$( )/'
(* '.*!*3$/$1 ./- ..)) 0-*/-0(L $ /'B?XVV_? $ /'B?XVWV?
*-/ /'B?XVWX?00&.4) /'B?XVWYMB
+-/ !-*( /# '*.. *! ) 0-*).? $/ $. 2 '' &)*2) /#/ " ) -/$*) *! .+$)'
(*/*) 0-*). !/ - '.* 0. . /# '*.. *! )-$/ .? .4)+. . ) 3*).
L -)./ $) /'B?W_^Z?0(($)".)/ '5) -?W_^^?$($ )/* /'B?W__[?
-*..() / 'B? XVVWMB #0.? /# .0. ,0 )/ *)) /$1$/4 $) /# - "$*) 2$''
$($)$.# !/ - $)%0-4B #$' # ($. /$*) *! /# .+$)' *- $. *((*) $)
50
3+ -$( )/' (* '. *! ? # ($. /$*) $. 0)0.0' $) /# '$)$' . //$)"
L#$($C*1"#?XVWZMB*-/# (*./+-/- ($)$)") 0-'+/#24.) !*0) /#/ /-1 -. /# $)%0-4 5*) B # - !*- ? $(+-*1 +- . -1/$*) *!
)-$/ . ) 3*).? $) *($)/$*) 2$/# +*..$' $/$*)' .+-*0/$)" *!
3*).?(4 *!"- //# -+ 0/$)- #$'$//$*)'1'0 B*).$ -$)"/# - (-&' ./-0/0-')!0)/$*)'+'./$$/4*!/# ?.+-*0/$)"/#-*0"#
/# 0)$)%0- +-/*!/# .+$)'*-(4*)/-$0/ /*/# - *)./$/0/$*)*!
!0)/$*) !/ - B / $. $) 2 '' &)*2) /#/ /- /( )/ 2$/# -/$)
) 0-*+-*/ /$1 *(+*0). .0# . ) /# )/$*3$)/ ( '/*)$)
(4 $)0 .+-*0/$)"? /#0. $(+-*1$)" (*/*- !0)/$*) !/ - L(*0).
/'B?XVVV?$)?XVW[MB
# +- . )/ ./0$ .- 1 '/# ) !$$' !! /.*!)/- /( )/
*) /# +- . -1/$*) *! )-$/ . ) .4)+. . Z 2 &. !*''*2$)" B #$.
!! / $. +-$)$+''4 . *)-4 /* $(+-*1 (*/*) 0-*) .0-1$1'B
0-/# -(*- ?!*''*2$)"^2 &.*!/- /( )/2$/#)/$*3$)/.?$/2..#*2)
/#/ /# -+4 $)- . /# .+-*0/$)" *! -+# .+$)' [CC+*.$/$1 3*). $)
/# 1$$)$/4 *! /# /-0( 5*) B '/#*0"# )* !$ -. 2 - *. -1 "-*2$)"
-*../# $)%0-4.$/ $)/# +- . )/ 3+ -$( )/'(* '*!# ($. /$*)?/# .+-*0/$)" !$ -. *0' +*..$'4 -*.. /#-*0"# +- . -1 +/#24. $) '$)$'
.0% /. 2$/# $)*(+' / $)%0-4B ) ? /- /( )/ $) ) 3+ -$( )/'
(* ' *! .+$)' *- *)/0.$*) $)%0-4 *)/-$0/ /* /# +- . -1/$*) *! /# '**(*/*- $-0$/-4 ) .0. ,0 )/ $(+-*1 ( )/ *! !0)/$*)' *0/*( L/ ' / 'B? XVWXMB - /( )/ 2$/# !*''*2$)" 3+ -$( )/' *)/0.$*)
$)%0-4.$($'-'4$(+-*1 '**(*/*-!0)/$*)L/ ' /'B?XVWZMB
# +-*)*0) ) $1 -. !! /. *! ) /- /( )/ *)
($/*#*)-$' !0)/$*) ) +*+/*/$ +/#24. (4 3+'$) /# $)- . .0-1$1' *! (*/*) 0-*). !/ - B # )/$C+*+/*/$ /$*). *! /# )/$*3$)/.?*0+' 2$/# )$")+-*!$' *!.$ !! /.?(4/# - !*- (& ) '$"$' !*- '$)$' /-$'. . ) 0-*+-*/ /)/. !/ - B
0-/# -(*- ? $/ *0' .+ 0'/ /#/ /# +- . -1/$*) *! /# ) 0-'
$-0$/-4 ) $)0/$*) *! 3*)' .+-*0/$)" *. -1 !/ - /- /( )/ *0'
*)/-$0/ /*!0)/$*)'$(+-*1 ( )/$).0% /.2$/#$)*(+' / B
51
DC9E 4 #"%(* $+(%$"##*%$
*(
@&&()
4
A
# ) 0-*$)!'((/*-4 - .+*). !/ - /-0(/$ $. $(( ). ? '*)"C
./)$)"? ) $. *($)/$)" +/#*+#4.$*'*"$' ! /0- *! /# . *)-4
.+$)' *- " ) -/$*) L0.())? XVVY? $'1 / 'B? XVWZMB
0-*$)!'((/$*)' ./*+-*"- ..$1 +- )#4(' ./-0/$*) 4*)/# $(( $/ /-0( 5*) ? 2$/# '*.. *! ) 0-*). ) "'$' ''. L- 4- )
#2?XVVYMB#$' /# 3+ -$( )/'(* '.0. $)/# +- . )/ ./0$ .
+-$)$+''4$)1*'1 ' -/$*)$)%0-4?/# '$)$'. )-$**!
(*./*!/ )
$)1*'1 . '0)/ /-0(B '0)/ /-0( $. ..*$/ 2$/# (0# "- / - !*- .
$)" /-).($// /* /# .+$)' *- +- )#4(? 0.$)" (*- 3/ ).$1 $)%0-4)*).$ -'4./-*)" -$)!'((/*-4- .+*). L$ " )/#' - /'B?
XVV]MB..0#?'$)$''40. !0'!0/0- /- /( )/!*-
2$''$) 1$/'4#1 /*- ../# ) 0-*$)!'((/*-4- .+*). B
# ($/*#*)-$- /# ($).*0- )/-" /*!!/ -$)%0-4B- $) /0-) '.* +*/ )/ /-$"" -. *! ) 0-*$)!'((/$*)B # *(/$)" *!
($/*#*)-$' 4.!0)/$*)? - /$*) ) ) 0-*$)!'((/$*) - /# - !*- $)/$(/ '4$)/ -'$)& B
) ?)0( -*!)/$*3$)//- /( )/.
/-" /$)"($/*#*)-$'4.!0)/$*))!*-(/$*)#1 ).#*2)/*
- 0 /# ) 0-*$)!'((/*-4 - .+*). L2 ) / 'B? XVWW? '$*. / 'B?
XVWW? ) / 'B? XVW\MB # $1 -. ? ($/*#*)-$C.+ $!$ ) *(/$)" +-*+ -/$ . *! ) (& */# )/$*3$)/. /# *- /$''4
2 ''.0$/ !*-/# .0++- ..$*)*!) 0-*$)!'((/$*)L#) /'B?XVVZ?/ '
/'B?XVWV?/ ' /'B?XVWX?/ ' /'B?XVWZMB
# +- . )/ ./0$ . .#*2 /# $'$/4 *! ) /* (+ ) /# ) 0-*$)!'((/*-4- .+*). !*''*2$)" -1$')'0(-.+$)'*-$)%0-4B
# )/$C$)!'((/*-4 !! /. *! /- /( )/ 2 - *. -1 '- 4 !/ - X
2 &.? .#*2$)" - . 3+- ..$*) *! W? (-& - *! /$1/ (-*+#" .)($-*"'$..*$/ 2$/#4/*/*3$/$*).L0'' -" /'B?
XVVWMB#$.!$)$)"$.'.*2 ''$)'$) 2$/#+- 1$*0.*. -1/$*)..#*2$)"/#/
/- /( )/*2)C- "0'/ ./# +- . ) *!W'- 4/XZ#*0-.!/ -
./-*& $)($ L#) /'B?XVVZMB# +- . )/ ./04$./# !$-.//*.#*2)
-'4 !! / *! /# -+4 *) /# +- . ) *! WC+*.$/$1 ($-*"'$ !/ -
B $/# /# ./-0/$1 +-*+ -/$ . *! ) 0-*$)!'((/$*) *(( )$)"
'- 4 ($)0/ . /* #*0-. !/ - $)%0-4? ) -'4 !! / *) /$1/ ($-*"'$
(4 *!"- //# -+ 0/$1'0 L' 3) -)*+*1$#?XVV_MB
52
/04$)" /# '*)" -C/ -( /$*). *! )/$*3$)/. *) /# +- . ) *! ZX
+*.$/$1 ($-*"'$' ''. '*. /* /# /-0( 5*) ? .0./$) !! / *!
/- /( )/ 2. *. -1 B */# )/$*3$)/. ./-*)"'4 ( '$*-/ /# ) 0-*$)!'((/*-4 - .+*). / Z ) ^ 2 &. !/ - $)%0-4B
0-*$)!'((/$*)!/ -
$.*).$ - #-*)$?)(4'./$) !$)$/ '4
L' 3) - ) *+*1$#? XVV_MB # - !*- ? /# +*..$$'$/4 *! (+ )$)"
) 0-*$)!'((/$*) 0.$)" ) (4 *! '$)$' 1'0 B # .0./$) )/$C$)!'((/*-4 !! /.? $) *($)/$*) 2$/# /# "** /*' -) ) ! 2 1 -. !! /. ..*$/ 2$/# #$"#C*. /- /( )/ *1 - '*)" -
+ -$*.?(4(& */#).0$/' )$/ .!*-!0/0- '$)$'
/-$'.B
DC9F 4 .(* $% %,%+) * %$
)*(%"")(%(#*%$@&&(
A
# -*0./ ) -'4 *). / *! .- !*-(/$*) !/ - $. *) *! /# -0$'
+/#*+#4.$*'*"$'.+ /.+- 1 )/$)"- " ) -/$*)!/ -$)%0-4B# *(+' 3
*(+*.$/$*)*!/# .-?$)+-/$0'-/# # ($'--$ -+*. 4)0( -
*! +-*/ $). $)#$$/$)" 3*)' "-*2/#? #. 4 / /* .0 ..!0''4 - .. $)
#0().0% /.L2)* /'B?XVWX?#0%) #'$)".?XVW\MB
3+ -$( )/.$)++ -
$)1 ./$"/ /# !! /.*!/- /( )/*)/# ./-*"'$'
*(+*) )/ *! /# .-B - /( )/ 2$/# ) $ )*/ '/ - /# ).$/4*!./-*"'$' ''.$)/# 1$$)$/4*!/# /-0(5*) B
/#.+- 1$*0.'4
) .#*2) /#/ ) $(+-*1 /# .0-1$1' *! 0'/0- ./-*"'$'
''.L'- . /'B?XVV[?$.''$ /'B?XVV]?0'0) - /'B?XVWWMB
/$.
/# - !*- +*..$' /#/ )/$*3$)/ /- /( )/ !*''*2$)" 2$'' )*/
- . . /# +- . ) *! ./-*"'$' ''.? 0 /* $(+-*1 .0-1$1'B
0-/# -(*- ? /# # ($' *(+*.$/$*) *! /# .- 2. )*/ !0-/# -
$)1 ./$"/ B # - !*- ? )* *)'0.$*). ) -2) $) - "- /* +*..$' '/ -/$*).*!/# + -( $'$/4*!/# .-B*2 1 -?.$) -+# .+$)'[CC
3*).2 - )*/!*0)/*-*../# $)%0-4.$/ )"-*2$)/*/# $./'+-/*!
/# .+$)' *-? $/ $. 0)'$& '4 /#/ /- /( )/ .$")$!$)/'4 '/ - .-
+ -( $'$/4B
53
DD9 *(*#$* % #(%"" "" +"*+()
@&&(
A
DD9D )*#+"*) #(%"" )(*%$ %
$+(%*(%&$)
# )*/$*) /#/ ($-*"'$ *)'4 ( $/ /# *! ''. ) +- )#4('
./-0/$*) !/ - #. '*)" ) $.+-*1 B ) ? ($-*"'$ - & 4
+'4 -. $) /# - " ) -/$1 +-* .. . !*''*2$)" $)%0-4? . - /$)" $(+*-/)/
) 0-*/-*+#$ !/*-.B ? ? ) C\ - .*( *! /# ) 0-*/-*+#$!/*-.+-*0 4($-*"'$?2$/#/$1/$*)*!/# ''. $)"
&)*2) /* $)0 *- !0-/# - $)- . . - /$*) L&%$( / 'B? XVVW? -/ /
'B? XVWX? --$)$ ) *)$)&? XVWYMB # +-*C- " ) -/$1 +*/ )/$' *!
($-*"'$ (4 /# - !*- ) $)/ - ./$)" /# -+ 0/$ /-" /? +-*1$ /#/
/# . - /$*)*!) 0-*/-*+#$).) .0 ..!0''4()$+0'/ B
# ) 0-*+-*/ /$1 ) ) 0-*" ) .$.C./$(0'/$)" +-*+ -/$ . *! !*''*2$)" !/ - 1-$ /4 *! $. . . ) $)%0-$ . - 2 '' *0( )/ L+') /'B?XVWVMB
)/# *)/ 3/*!
?/- /( )/#. ).#*2)/*
3 -/ )/$*3$/$1 +-*+ -/$ .? *(/ '$+$ + -*3$/$*) ) - . ) 0-*$)!'((/$*)L**./ ))*02 '$)"?XVVZMB- /( )/#.'.* )
(*)./-/ /* $(+-*1 /# .0-1$1' *! '*' (*/*) 0-*).? - . /# ) -*/$5*) ?)$(+-*1 3*)'- " ) -/$*)!/ -$)%0-4L*1$&*1 /'B?
W__\?*1$&*1 /'B?XVVXMB# +- . )/ !$)$)"*!C$)0 $)- . $)
($-*"'$' . - /$*) *! $. )*1 'B / '0$/ . 4 / )*/# - +*..$' ( #)$.( /#-*0"# 2#$# (4 3 -/ $/. )/$C+*+/*/$ ) +-*C
- " ) -/$1 /$*).B ) /# )/$*3$)/ ? .#-$)" . 1 -' $*'*"$'
! /0- .2$/#?#. ).#*2)/*/.))/$*3$)/4/$1/$)"/# I-& .$")''$)" +/#24 !*''*2$)" L#*0 / 'B? XVV_? -& / 'B?
XVWYMB # ./04 +- . )/ $) /#$. /# .$. . /* "-*2$)" *4 *! 1$ ) .0"" ./$)" /#/ (4 +'4 $1 -. ) 0. !0' -*' $) /# /- /( )/ *!
B
+-/!-*($)0$)")$)- . . - /$*)*!?/# $/$*)*!'.*
**./ ($-*"'$' - ' . *! C\B #$' /# $/$*) *! /* 0'/0- . *!
+ -$+# -''** ''.#.+- 1$*0.'4 ).#*2)/*$)0 /# +-*0/$*)*!
C\L*0//) $(*) ?W__YM?/#$../04$./# !$-.//* (*)./-/ /# !! /. *! *) ($-*"'$' C\ - ' . B C\ $. *(+' 3 $)/ -' 0&$)?
+' *! ( $/$)" 1-$ /4 *! $1 -. /$*).B . .0#? /# 4/*&$) )
*/# / . +-*C$)!'((/*-4 " )/? . 2 '' . 3 -/$)" )/$C$)!'((/*-4
)+-*C- " ) -/$1 !! /.B - /$*)*!
C\2$/#/# *)*($/)/. - /$*)
54
*! CWQ ) CP $. /# /4+ *! ) 0-*$)!'((/*-4 - .+*). /4+$''4
..*$/ 2$/# /$..0 ./-0/$*). ) */# - ) "/$1 .+ /. *!
$)!'((/$*) L) / 'B? W__X? )" / 'B? W__Z? $)" / 'B? W__^MB )
*)/-./?/#$../04!*0))*$)- . *!
CWQ*-CP?.#*2$)")$.*'/ ) +-*)*0) $)- . $) C\B #$. !$)$)" (4 $)$/ /#/ ./$(0'/$*) *! ''. * . )*/ 0. /# - ' . *! C\ $) +-*C$)!'((/*-4
)+*/ )/$''4 ./-0/$1 ()) -B/# -?$/$.+*..$' /#//# - ' . C
\ $)0 . ) !$$' ) ) 0-*/-*+#$ /$*).B C\ $. &)*2) (*0'/*- *!
/# ' 1 '. *! */# - +-*C$)!'((/*-4 4/*&$) .? /# - 4 /$)" . ) )/$C
$)!'((/*-4)) 0-*/-*+#$" )/L$)" /'B?W__^?0&$)* /'B?XVWV?
# '' - /'B?XVWWMB#$#/$*)/# 4/*&$) 2$'' 3 -/ + ).'-" '4*)
/# .0. ,0 )/+/#24.$/2$''/$1/ L# '' - /'B?XVWWMB0-/# -- . -#
$.) $)*- -/* '0$/ 2#$#+/#24./# C\- ' . 4($-*"'$
2$''/$1/ ?)/# 4/*&$) F..0. ,0 )//$*).$$B
# !! /. *! /- /( )/ *) /# . - /$*) *! ) 4
0)/$1/ ($-*"'$ 2 - '.* $)1 ./$"/ B #$' $)- . /# /-).-$+/$*) *! /# " ) . !*- */# ) 0-*/-*+#$).? )* $)- . $) . - /$*)
2. !*0)B '/#*0"# $.++*$)/$)" $.*1 -4 / !$-./ "') ? /#$. !$)$)" $.
2 '' $) '$) 2$/# 2#/ $. &)*2) *0/ 0)/$1/ ($-*"'$B / #. )
+- 1$*0.'4 .#*2) /#/ ($-*"'$ $) 0'/0- * )*/ +-*0 $! )*/
/$1/ 4? !*- 3(+' ? '$+*+*'4.#-$ LM L&%$( / 'B? XVVWMB
$($'-'4? /# . - /$*) *! 4 ($-*"'$ $. '-" '4 + ) )/ *) /# /$1/$*) *! /# ''. L/# '*- / 'B? W___MB / ) .+ 0'/ /#/ /- /( )/? $)0$)" $)- . /-).-$+/$*) *! /# " ) . !*- */#
) 0-*/-*+#$).? (4 !0-/# - **./ /# . - /$*) *! ) $! ++'$ /* /$1/ ($-*"'$B . .0#? /# )/$*3$)/. (4 +*..$'4 *)/-$0/ /*
$)- . ) 0-*/-*+#$.0++*-/!/ -) -1 $)%0-4B**--**-/ /#$.?!0-/# -
3+ -$( )/.$)- +- . )//$1 (* '*!/$1/ ($-*"'$$.) B
DD9E(&"/$())**,*%$%
F
)/ ./0$ . *! /# /$*). *! $) /# #1 $(+'$/ +#*.+#*$)*.$/$ YC&$). C..*$/ +/#24.L
YM.*) *!/# /-" /.!*-
/# )/$*3$)/B F. /$1/$*) *! /# YI .$")''$)" +/#24 #.
) .#*2) /* *)/-$0/ /* /# - ./*-/$*) *! .4)+/$ /-).($..$*) !/ -
#4+*3$ -$) $)%0-4 L*.$. / 'B? XVW\MB 0-/# -(*- ? /$1/$*) *! YC
.$")'$)"$)(-*+#" .#. ).#*2)/*.0+- ..CR?2$/#.0. ,0 )/
- . *!/# 3+- ..$*)*!+-*C$)!'((/*-4" ) .L*&) 5?XVWZMB
/
#. '.* ) (*)./-/ /#/ $. +' *! /$1/$)" /# YIII +/#24 $) /# (*0. -$)? 2$/# .0. ,0 )/
)/$ +- ..)/C'$& !! /.L)" /'B?XVW[MB
55
.0'/.$)++ -
.#*2 -+$$)- . $)/# +#*.+#*-4'/$*)*!
Y$)
($-*"'$' '' 0'/0- . !/ - $/$*) *! B / $. #- /* -2 )4
*)'0.$*).$)- "-/*+*..$' ) !$$'.+ /.*!/# *. -1 /$1/$*)B
*2 1 -? $) /# '$"#/ *! +- 1$*0. !$)$)". *! /# ..*$/$*) /2 ) F.
/$1/$*)*!
YC+/#24.)+*.$/$1 !! /.$)(*-$$/4?$/$*)'
3+ -$( )/. !0-/# - '0$/$)" +*..$' /# -+ 0/$ $(+'$/$*). - *!
$)/ - ./B
56
DE9 $ +) *% ($** &(: 4
&%)*$"%$$ +(/@&&(
A # 0-- )/ $")*./$ +-* 0- . !*- /# ./'$.#( )/ *! ' 1 ' $)
'$)$'+-/$ - '4*). 1 -'(*'$/$ .B*) *!/# . $.$)$/. '!.0!!$$ )/
!*- 0-/ $")*.$. $) '' +/$ )/.B .+$/ !!*-/. /* $(+-*1 -$*'*"$'
$")*./$.? .0-"$' 3+'*-/$*) $. ./$'' ) $) .*( . . /* / -($) 2# /# - /# $)%0-4 $. +- C *- +*./")"'$*)$B / $. +*..$' /#/ )
$(+-*1 ( )/*!$")*./$.(4 #$ 1 4)*1 '-$*'*"$'++-*#
/* /# +-*' (B $/# -/*? /# !*0. *! -$*'*"$./. #. ($)'4 ) $- / /*2-. $ )/$!4$)" 10'. ) -1 -**/. ) . *)-4 .$"). *! 10'.$*)
$)%0-4B * *0- &)*2' " ? /# +*..$' $!! - ) . $) (*-+#*'*"$' #)" .
$) /# .+$)' *- !*''*2$)" /# /2* !0)( )/''4 1 -4 $!! - )/ ) -1 $)%0-$ .?#1 4 /)*/ )$)1 ./$"/ B
DE9D % * )&$" %( $ * .&(#$*"
#%"%$(,$ +(/
)/-' -**/ 10'.$*) LM $. 1.//$)" $)%0-4 /* /# !!'$/ (*/*) 0-*).?0.$)"*).$ -' (*-+#*'*"$')+#4.$*'*"$'#)" .
$) /# .+$)' *- . "( )/. /* 2#$# /# $)%0- ) -1 +-*% /.B (*)" /# (*./+-*($) )/ 1 )/.*0--$)"$)/# .+$)'*-!/ -$)%0-4- *3$/$1 ./- ..? ) 0-*$)!'((/$*)? 1-$ /4 *! ( /*'$ #)" .? ) /# 3/ ).$1 +*+/*/$ /#*!(*/*) 0-*).L$ #' /'B?W___?#$ /'B?XVVV?#)" /
'B? XVV[? )" / 'B? XVWWMB 0. . -+$ ) 3/ ).$1 /# *!
(*/*) 0-*).? 2$/# X[d + -$.#$)" !/ - W 2 &? ) ) ++-*3$(/ '*.. *!
]Vd *! (*/*) 0-*). 4 Y 2 &. L$ / 'B? W__[MB # /# *! (*/*) 0-*).
!/ - 2$'' +-'' ' 4 /# '*.. *! 3*).? )-$/ . ) .4)+. .B
0-/# -(*- ? " ) -/$*) *! (*/*) 0-*). 2$'' '.* ' /* +*+/*/$ /#
*! $)/ -) 0-*).? 0.$)" " ) -' +' /$*) *! *! /# ) 0-*) +**' $) /# !! / . "( )/.L'$1 $- /'B?XVVXMB
)*)/-.//*?3*/*(4*!+ -$+# -') -1 2$'')*/$)0 #)" .*!
,0' . 1 -$/4 !/ - Z 2 &.B *''*2$)" + -$+# -' 3*/*(4 $) 0'/ .0% /.?
)*'*..*!(*/*) 0-*).2$''*0-L-'./ /)0''# $(?XVVV?#)" /'B?
XVV[MB # #)" . $) /# !! / . "( )/. - " ) -''4 ' .. +-*)*0) !/ -3*/*(4/#)!/ -L-))./-*() '' -/#?W__^? /'B?XVVW?
$1) / 'B? XVV\MB 0-/# -(*- ? /# ) 0-*$)!'((/*-4 - .+*). $. ($' -
!/ -3*/*(4/#)!/ -L0) /'B?XVVYMB
57
3+ -$( )/. $) ++ - *)!$-( /# +- 1$*0. *. -1/$*). /#/ 0. .
(*- 3/ ).$1 #)" .$)/# .+$)'*-/#)3*/*(4B!/ -Z2 &.?
0. *).$ -' .#-$)&" *!/# 1 )/-'#*-)) 0-'+**'*)/# $)%0- .$ *(+- /*/# 0)$)%0- .$ B )2#$' ?)*.#-$)&" *!/# ) 0-*)
*)/$)$)" - 2. *. -1 !/ - 3*/*(4B / $. +*..' /#/ /# '*.. *!
(*/*) 0-*).'.*0. ./# '*..*!!0)/$*)''4))/*($''4..*$/ $)/ -) 0-*).?/#0.' $)"/*" ) -''*..*!) 0-*).$)/# !! / .+$)'
*-. "( )/B3*/*(4?*)/# *)/--4?0. .)*'*..*!(*/*) 0-*).)
.0. ,0 )/'4 )* +' /$*) *! ..*$/ $)/ -) 0-*). / /#$. /$( +*$)/B
.0- ( )/. *! /# 1 )/-' #*-) ) 0-*) +**' .$5 .#*2 /#/ 10'.$*)
0. ZZd .#-$)&" *! /# ) 0-*) +**' .$5 *) /# .$5 *! 10'.$*)
*(+- /*/# 0)$)%0- .$ B*''*2$)"3*/*(4?)* / /' #)" .$)
) 0-*)+**'.$5 2 - !*0)*)/# .$ *!$)%0-4B
+-/ !-*( /# $.- +)4 $) - "- /* /# .$5 *! /# ) 0-*) +**'? */# -
$!! - ) . $) /# 1 )/-' #*-) -#$/ /0- 2 - !*0) !*''*2$)" /# /2*
$)%0-4 /4+ .B 0. ) 3/ ).$1 '*.. *! )-$/ . ) 3*).? 2#$' 3*/*(4*)'40. ($' )-$/$ +' /$*)))*++- )/'*..*!3*).B
0-/# -(*- ? 2#$' 3*/*(4 $ $)0 ) $)- . $) /# +- . ) *!
($-*"'$' ) ./-*"'$' ''. $) /# !! / .+$)' *- . "( )/.? /# $)- . 2.(0#' ..+-*)*0) /#)!/ -B
++'4$)" /# .( +-*/**' 0. /* ( .0- /# 1 )/-' #*-) ) 0-*) +**'
.$5 $) #$./*'*"$' (/ -$'? /# 1 )/-' #*-) .$5 2. ( .0- $) $(" .
*/$) 0.$)" B .0- ( )/. - 1 ' /#/ 0. YZd
.#-$)&" *! /# 1 )/-' #*-) .$5 *) /# $)%0- .$ *(+- /* /# 0)$)%0- .$ B # $.- +)4 $) 1 )/-' #*-) .$5 2. $(( $/ '4
/ /' 4/# )& 4 B3*/*(4?*)/# *)/--4?$)0 )* / /' .#-$)&" *!/# 1 )/-'#*-)*)/# $)%0- .$ *(+- /*/# 0)$)%0- .$ B #0.? )' ) 0-/ ) )*)C$)1.$1 ( /#* *!
$!! - )/$/$)")3*/*(4B
#$' */# #$./*'*"$' $(" . ) $(" . */$) 0.$)" .#*2 .$($'- - .0'/.? $.- +)4 2. )*/ $) /# 3/ )/ *! .#-$)&" .
( .0- 4/# /2*( /#*.B*(+- /*( .0- ( )/.*!/# #$./*'*"$'
+- +-/$*).? ( .0- ( )/. / ) /* .*( 2#/ 0) - ./$(/ /# .#-$)&" *! /# 1 )/-' #*-) !/ - B #$. ) //-$0/ /* /# .. )/$' $!! - ) $) 2#/ # ( /#* ( .0- .B $./*'*"$'
( .0- ( )/.*!/# ) 0-*)+**'*)'4,0)/$!4/# - *0+$ 4./$) ) 0-*).B .0- ( )/.*!
+$/0- .?*)/# */# -#)?- . *)/# 1 )/-'#*-).$/++ -.*)$(" .*/$) 4-$*'*"$'( /#*B# ( /#*$/. '!$.)*/.+ $!$!*-/# / /$*)*!) 0-*).?-/# -+/0-$)"/# )/$- .$")' ($// 4 /# "- 4 (// -B -$)$+''4? '' ''. +- . )/ $) /# 58
1 )/-' #*-) (4 *)/-$0/ /* /# " ) -/$*) *! .$")'B #$. $)'0 .
($-*"'$' ) ./-*"'$' ''.? 2#*. )0( -. $)- . -(/$''4 !/ -
B*). ,0 )/'4?/# . ''.(4*)/-$0/ /*(.&$)"*!/# .#-$)&" *! /# 1 )/-' #*-)B 1 -/# ' ..? .+$/ /# '& *! + -! / *)"-0 ) /2 )#$./*'*"4)
?/# ./041'$/ ..+$)'*-
.( /#*
*!)*)C$)1.$1 $$$!! - )/$/$*)*!+- C)+*./C")"'$*)$) -1 $)%0-4
$)-/.B
DE9E %))" &(*" &&"*%$) % )&$" %(
# .//0. *! .+$)' *($) 2$/# *(+0/ /*(*"-+#$ (4 '*"-+#4
LM#.'*)" )/# -$*'*"$'"*'./)-!*-'$)$'-#$'+' 30.
$")*./$.B / '4? $/ #. ) $)- .$)"'4 #'' )" 4 )*1 ' C. $")*./$ ++-*# . $) '$)$' +-/$ L*$ / 'B? XVVX? $' -())C
*!!() ) *0'? XVWY? *(.# &- / 'B? XVWZMB *2 1 -? .+$/ *)/$)0*0. / #)$' ) ( /#**'*"$' $(+-*1 ( )/.? /# +-*/**'.
0. /*4 - ./$'' - "- . 0)- '$' !*- /# $")*./$ .. ..( )/ *!
-#$' +' 30. $)%0-4 L& ''-$*0 / 'B? XVWZMB #- C$( ).$*)' ? !*-
3(+' ?#. )- +*-/ /*#1 ( - ]Zd0-42# )*(+- /*
.0-"$' 3+'*-/$*)L#)-$ /'B?XVV_MB
) $(+*-/)/ +-/ *! I $")*./$. *! 10'.$*) $)%0-4 $. /# $ )/$!$/$*) *! +. 0*( )$)"* ' ? 2#$# (4 !*-( !/ - 10'.$*)B 0 /*
# (*--#" *.0-$)" /# 1$ 2? +. 0*( )$)"* ' ) 1$.0'$5 !$-./
YCZ 2 &. !/ - $)%0-4? 2# ) /# *"0'/ '** ) 3+ / /* #1 ' - B # +- . ) *! /#$. +-/$0'- .$") $. *).$ - /* ) $)$- /
$)$/$*) *! 10'.$*) $)%0-4B 0-- )/ +-*/**'.? '$& ? )' /# $ )/$!$/$*) *! +. 0*( )$)"* ' B *- *1 -? */# - . *)-4 .$"). *!
$)%0-4 .0# . ) 0-*( !*-(/$*) ) '*' 10'.$*)C$)0 ( ) $ )/$!$ 0.$)" B +-/ !-*( /# $)$- / .$"). *! $)%0-4? ) '.*
1$.0'$5 /# +' 30. 1$-/0''4 $) $/. )/$- /4? $)'0$)" 10'. ) -1 -**/.
L./$''*?XVV[?-)$ /'B?XVWYMB
.+$/ *).$ -' / #)$' 1) .? $"*./$. $. ./$'' +'"0 4 )0( - *! *) -).B '/$1 '4 '-" .'$ /#$&) .. $. - ,0$- $) *- - /*
..0- ) +/' .$")'C/*C)*$. C-/$* LMB *- *1 -? - "$*)'
$./0-) . 0. 4 - .+$-/$*)? $-0'/$*) ) .2''*2$)" '.* +*. +-/$' *./' 2# ) // (+/$)" /* */$) $(" . *! *+/$(' ,0'$/4
L& ''-$*0 /'B?XVWZMB
)- "-/*/# $ )/$!$/$*)*!+. 0*( )$)"* ' . .*!!'. C+*.$/$1 !$)$)".*!*)
**0-?.2 ''.. .$)2#$#
59
10'.$*)$.!*0)0+*).0-"$' 3+'*-/$*) .+$/ /# '&*!$)$/$1 !$)$)".L#)-$)0-4?XVWZMB
.. )/$''4?*/#/# 0-- )/
)I++-*# .- /' ./$)+-/
. *)!$)$)"$)$- / 1$ ) *!10'.$*)$)%0-4B# - .0'/.*!./04
- /# !$-.//* (*)./-/ )
C. ( /#**!$")*.$)"-**/10'.$*)
/#-*0"# $- / ( .0- ( )/. *! /# 1 )/-' #*-) "- 4 (// -B # ( /#*
2. .0 ..!0''4 0. $) ) 3+ -$( )/' (* ' *! ) -1 $)%0-4? 0-/ '4
$!! - (/$/$)" /2 ) +- C ) +*./")"'$*)$ $)%0-4B # +*..$' $(+'$/$*).*!/# . !$)$)".(4 *!*/#+- '$)$')'$)$'$)/ - ./B
-*( +- '$)$' + -.+ /$1 ? /# +*..$$'$/4 *! )*)C$)1.$1 $$
(*)$/*-$)"*!#)" .$)/# .+$)'*-1 )/-'#*-)- *!"- /$)/ - ./B
1'$/ ? C. ( /#* *! !*''*2$)" /# +*..$' !! /. *!
) 0-*+-*/ /$1 /- /( )/? ) $/. !! /. *) /# .0-1$1' *! (*/*) 0-*).?
(4 *!"- /1'0 $)+- '$)$' 1'0/$*)*!) 0-*+-*/ /$1 .0./) .B
# ( /#* 2*0' )' *)/$)0*0. $$ (*)$/*-$)" *! /# ) 0-*+-*/ /$1 !! /. *! /# -+ 0/$ " )/.B +*2 -!0' ) 0-*+-*/ /$1 " )/ +' *! .$")$!$)/ .'1" *! (*/*) 0-*). !/ - ? .0# . !*-
3(+' *- L$ / 'B? W__[? *1$&*1 / 'B? W__[M? 2*0' '$& '4
0. +- . -1/$*) *! /# 1 )/-' #*-) / /' *) B # +-*+*. +-*/**' 2*0' '.* )' - + / ( .0- ( )/. $) /# .( .0% /
*1 - /$( ? /#0. ($)$($5$)" $)/ -$)$1$0' 1-$/$*) ) /# )0( - *!
- . -#)$('.) $)/# 3+ -$( )/.B
-*('$)$'+ -.+ /$1 ?) )/$- '4) 2++-*#/*
$")*./$.(4
*! "- / 1'0 B # +- . )/ ./04 1'$/ . /# $'$/4 *! /# ( /#* /*
0-/ '4 / / '- 4 !/ - Z 2 &.B *(+-/$1 '4? I (4
/ / .$"). *! / *0/ /# .( /$( +*$)/? '/#*0"# /#$. $. #$"#'4
+ ) )/ *) /# +- . ) *! +. 0*( )$)"* ' L& ''-$*0 / 'B? XVWZMB
-*( /# -+ 0/$ +*$)/ *! 1$ 2? G -'4 - +$-H $. *).$ - /* #1 )
+-*1$ $! /# *+ -/$*) $. + -!*-( 2$/#$) ^CWX 2 &. !/ - $)%0-4
L#)-$)0-4?XVWZMB'$)$'/.0"" ././#/*+ -/$*)2$/#$)XCY
(*)/#.$.) ..-4$)*- -/* ).0- )*+/$(''$)$'*0/*( L$1) /
'B?XVV_?-'.(& /'B?XVWVMB
)/#$./ (+*-'*)/ 3//# +- . )/ ++-*#?$!.0 ..!0''4*)1 -/ /*'$)$''4++'$' +-*/**'?(4$
$")*./$.) )' /# #*$ *!++-*+-$/ /- /( )//.0$/' /$( +*$)/B0-/# -(*- ?+*./C/- /( )/
.))$)"*!/# .+$)'*-(4# '+
/# '$)$$)/*(*)$/*-- *1 -4)$)/ -1 ) $)/# . ) *!-$*'*"$'
.$").*!- *1 -4?*-.$").*!!0-/# -1 )/-'#*-) " ) -/$*)B
60
) *)'0.$*)? *! /# .+$)' *- $. )*1 ' ++-*# !*- /# $!! - )/$/$*)*!+- C)+*./")"'$*)$) -1 $)%0-4B
/*!! -.)*)C$)1.$1 $$ ( /#* *! (*)$/*-$)" ) 0-' " ) -/$*) ) ) 0-*+-*/ /$1 /- /( )/$)+- '$)$'./0$ .B*+ !0''4.$($'-?'$)$''4++'$' +-*/**'(4 )$$)!0/0- $")*./$.*!
B
61
%$"+)%$)
&(
4
*/# ) / . ) 0-*+-*/ /)/. ) )/$C
$)!'((/*-4 " )/. !/ - B ) #1 ) )/$C
+*+/*/$ !! / *) '*' (*/*) 0-*). . 2 '' . . )$)"
-$)./ ( ) 0-*). +-*% /$)" 0' /* /# $)%0-4 .$/ B # )/$C+*+/*/$ ) )/$C$)!'((/*-4 !! /. - / /' */# / ) -'4 ) '/ /$( +*$)/ !/ - $)%0-4B - /( )/
+- . -1 . )-$/ .?3*).).4)+. . '*)"$)"/*/# ''.
!*0)$)/# 1$$)$/4*!/# /-0(5*) B# )/$*3$)/.'.*
$)0 .+-*0/$)"*!'*'3*).B- /( )/ 3 -/.)*++- )/
!! /*).-!*-(/$*)B
&(
# $/$*) *! /* 0'/0- . *! 0)/$1/ #0()
($-*"'$' ''../$(0'/ ./# $-- ' . *!)
C\B
* .)*/0. /# *)*($/)/. - /$*)*!
CWQ)CP?
$)$/$)" /#/ /# ($-*"'$ * )*/ - .+*) $) '..$''4
+-*C$)!'((/*-4 ()) -B 0. . ) $)- . $) /# +#*.+#*-4'/$*)*!
Y$)($-*"'$' ''0'/0- .?2#$#(4
..*$/ 2$/#+-*C- " ) -/$1 +-*+ -/$ .B
&(
- C ) +*./")"'$*)$ ) -1 $)%0-4 0. $./$)/$1 '4
$!! - )/ #)" . $) /# 1 )/-' #*-) "- 4 (// - $)
#$./*'*"$' +- +-/$*).B # . #)" . ) '.* / / 0.$)"
*!/# !! / . "( )/.B
62
+*+(&(%)&*)
# ./0$ . +- . )/ $) /#. /# .$. .#*2 /# ) 0-*+-*/ /$1 ? )/$C
$)!'((/*-4 ) .+-*0/$)"C$)0$)" /$*). *! ) /- /( )/
!/ - B -*( /# -+ 0/$ +*$)/ *! 1$ 2? */# " )/. (4 *! !0/0- '$)$' $)/ - ./B ** /*' -$'$/4 2$/# ! 2 1 -. !! /. 1 ) / #$"# -
*. . ) '*)" - /- /( )/ /$( . )*0-" . '$)$' /-$'.B # +- . )/ +- '$)$' 3+ -$( )/. $)1*'1 $)/-/# ' ($)$./-/$*) *! /# )/$*3$)/.B ) '$)$' . )-$*? #*2 1 -? $. .$'4 ($)$./ - $)/-1 )*0.'4?2#$' ) "$1 )$)+- +-/$*).!*-*-'0. B
)/# '$"#/
*!+*..$' ) !$/...*$/ 2$/#/- /( )/?/# - - )*- '*./' ./*
'$)$' /-$' *! ) !/ - B ! +-*1 ) '$)$''4 0. !0'? $/ $.
/ (+/$)" /* .+ 0'/ /#/ /# )/$*3$)/. (4 $)'0 $) !0/0- *($)/$*)'/# -+4!*-
?+-*'4*0+' 2$/#.0-"$')I*- ''0'-
++-*# .B
# +- . )/ +-*/**'!*-/# $!! - )/$/$*)*!+- C)+*./C")"'$*)$
) -1 $)%0-4 $. 0)$,0 $) $/. &$)B * */# - ++-*# #$/# -/* #.
- .. /# #)" . *0--$)" $) /# .+$)' *- "- 4 (// - !/ - ) -1 $)%0-4B *($) 2$/# /# 0-4 $) $!! - )/$/$)" /# /2* $)%0-4 /4+ .?
/#$. )*1 ' ++-*# $. $)/-$"0$)" !*- '$)$' 0. B /0-''4? /#$. +-**!C*!C
+-$)$+' ./04 * . )*/ )/$- '4 - !' / /# '$)$' . )-$* *! $)%0-4 )
$")*.$.B# ) 1 '*+$)"+-*/**'!*-'$)$' 3($)/$*)*!#)" .$)
/# -1$'.+$)'*-!/ -
?!$-././ +2*0' /**(+- ./'$.# 10'.$*) $)%0-$ . 2$/# + -$+# -' 3*/*($ .B /$ )/. 2$/# ./'$.# ? '*)"C
./)$)"? ) 3/ ).$1 10'.$*) $)%0-$ . *0' *(+-$. /# !*-( - "-*0+B
# 3*/*(4 "-*0+ *0' *(+*. *! +/$ )/. 2$/# 0++ - '$(
(+0//$*).B
!+-*1 ).0 ..!0'$)$!! - )/$)/$)"/# $)%0-$ .$)- "-/*
#)" . $) /# .+$)' *-? #)" . $)0 4 3*)' $)%0-$ . '*. - /* /# .+$)'*-*0' ./0$ $)+0-.0$/*!'$)$''40. !0'+-*/**'B
*+ !0''4 ) C. ( /#* -$1 !-*( /# +- . )/ ./04 *0' 0. . *(+' ( )/ $) !0/0- $")*./$. *! B # 3($)/$*)
*0' + -!*-( 0-$)" /# .( . ..$*) . /# */# - .).? . $/
2*0' )*/ - ,0$- .$")$!$)/ - +*.$/$*)$)" *! /# +/$ )/ *- #)" *!
#-2- ,0$+( )/B +/$(''4? /# *)/-$0/$*) *! .+$)' *- 2*0'
$ /# '$)$' +-/$/$*) - $) .. ..$)" /# ' 1 ' *! $)%0-4B #$. 2*0' +-/$0'-'4 1'0' $) ($"0*0. . .? 2# - -**/ 10'.$*) $. .0.+ / .+$/ '&*!. *)-4.$").*!$)%0-4$)
$(" .B
63
!$%-"#$*)
!"(?(4.0+ -1$.*-B#)&4*0!*-.0++*-/$)"( ? '$ 1$)"$)( ) )*0-"$)" ( /* /# ./ /#/ ) B *0- $)0-' - '$.(?
$/$*)? ) 2*-& /#$ - /-0 $).+$-/$*).B , %,!%,? 2#*. &)*2' " )+/$ ) //$( .. (*0)' ..B
F(#++4/*#1 #/# #) /* ' -) !-*( 4*0? ) F( /-0'4 +-*0 /#/ ) '' 4*0 (4 !-$ )B
+#"%,!%,?2#*. .&$''.$)/# '- *)'4(/# 4# -2-(/#B
*)F/ /#$)& 4 #. +.. 2# ) 4*0 #1 )F/ .& ( *0/ (4 !($'4B
>"+(&%*$*? +" $# !*- '24. #1$)" /$( !*- ( ? .+$/ $)"
*) *! /# 0.$ ./ + *+' &)*2B )*2' " ? #- 2*-& ) #0($'$/4 $. )
0) /' *($)/$*)B /#$ "!7 )/#0.$./$ '$& ! 2 */# -.B *0F- /0''4+' *!(&$)"/# -0))$)"*!
.*)-$4)$"#/!0)/$( B
"$? /-0 !-$ ) ) G$" -*/# -HB F( )*/ .0- F 2# - (
)*22$/#*0/4*0B"!)$((*?G$".$.H?.0+ -.0-" *))!*-( -
-**((/ B # .&4 $. )* '$($/ !*- 4*0B +$$" %"!))%$ ; +$,%(
1"")*(3#? /# ./' !*0)/$*) *! /# 'B #)& 4*0 !*- +0//$)" 0+ 2$/#
/# *1 - )/#0.$./$? ( ..4 ) *)!$ )/ X[C4 - *' /#/ ( /* /# 'B
) %0./ !*- /# - *-? 2. " /# *) 2#* ( .. 0+ /# )$ $"$/'
2 $"#$)".' D+)*,$())%$?!*-4*0-(0#++- $/ # '+2$/#/# $(" ? ) !*- '' /# -54 )$"#/. 2 F1 # *0/B *0F- -$"#/@ ) G!/ -
2*-&H$.%0./" //$)"./-/ /XBBD
-$>%$/?%$)7((!%))?
(7 ( (%"$? #+" %$))%$? %) $ ) (4
*/# - ! ''*2 /-1 '' -. *) /# $ *'*-*. *! .$ ) B #)& 4*0 !*- '' /# "** /$( . $) /# 'D 3($ "($? !*- '24. +-*1$$)" 3 '' )/
.0++*-/)!*-''/# "- //'&.2 F1 #B
$?/# "- /'*1 *!(4'$! B**) ..?+/$ ) ) 0/4$)-)/ B
F(
/# '0&$ ./"04$)/# 2*-'2# )
F(2$/#4*0)/# '$//' *) B"#?/# /-0 %*4 ) ( )$)" *! (4 '$! B ) *(+-$.*) 2$/# 4*0 1 -4/#$)" '. . (.+ //4)0)$(+*-/)/B/&($*)?2#*( /*2 )/*0/(4
" 2$/# /2* (+/4 #). ) .('' &$B #)& 4*0 !*- / #$)" ( /# $(+*-/) *! $/$*)? )0-) ) . '!C*)!$ ) B 0// 1/
'+$ (B/+$*))#/%+)$)$)2 );*-24?!*-''/# '*1 )
.0++*-/B'**2$'''24.-0)/#$& -B
'' (4 !-$ ).@ , ""? $() 2"%()? %#) &**? %(*
%"#($? "$ * ($($*? ( %(#(!? *( ##()*$ )
()4(*- B*-# '+$)"( & +!*0.*)2#/F.$(+*-/)/)(&$)"( '0"#2# )
) $//# (*./B
64
4*'' "0 .)!-$ ).//# '$)$*!#))+'./$.0-" -4B*- $)"
'$& ) 3/ ) !($'4B .+ $' /#)&. /* (4 '$)$' .0+ -1$.*- $$
() +,(+? 2#* #. ( ( ! ' /-0'4 2 '*( !-*( /# 1 -4 !$-./
(*( )/
( /*/# '$)$B
65
($)
Abdul Muneer PM, Alikunju S, Szlachetka AM, Haorah J (2011)
Methamphetamine inhibits the glucose uptake by human neurons
and astrocytes: stabilization by acetyl-L-carnitine. PloS one
6:e19258.
Adam-Vizi V, Chinopoulos C (2006) Bioenergetics and the formation of
mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Trends Pharmacol Sci
27:639-645.
Adams JM, Cory S (1998) The Bcl-2 protein family: arbiters of cell survival.
Science 281:1322-1326.
Ahuja CS, Fehlings M (2016) Concise Review: Bridging the Gap: Novel
Neuroregenerative and Neuroprotective Strategies in Spinal Cord
Injury. Stem cells translational medicine 5:914-924.
Ahuja CS, Martin AR, Fehlings M (2016) Recent advances in managing a
spinal cord injury secondary to trauma. F1000Research 5.
Alexander JK, Popovich PG (2009) Neuroinflammation in spinal cord
injury: therapeutic targets for neuroprotection and regeneration.
Progress in brain research 175:125-137.
Andreyev AY, Kushnareva YE, Starkov AA (2005) Mitochondrial metabolism
of reactive oxygen species. Biochemistry (Mosc) 70:200-214.
Aralasmak A, Karaali K, Cevikol C, Uysal H, Senol U (2010) MR imaging
findings in brachial plexopathy with thoracic outlet syndrome. AJNR
American journal of neuroradiology 31:410-417.
Atkuri KR, Mantovani JJ, Herzenberg LA, Herzenberg LA (2007) NAcetylcysteine--a safe antidote for cysteine/glutathione deficiency.
Current opinion in pharmacology 7:355-359.
Aureli T, Puccetti C, Di Cocco ME, Arduini A, Ricciolini R, Scalibastri M,
Manetti C, Conti F (1999) Entry of [(1,2-13C2)acetyl]-L-carnitine in
liver tricarboxylic acid cycle and lipogenesis: a study by 13C NMR
spectroscopy in conscious, freely moving rats. European journal of
biochemistry / FEBS 263:287-293.
66
Ayala A, Munoz MF, Arguelles S (2014) Lipid peroxidation: production,
metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4hydroxy-2-nonenal. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
2014:360438.
Bains M, Hall ED (2012) Antioxidant therapies in traumatic brain and spinal
cord injury. Biochimica et biophysica acta 1822:675-684.
Ballermann M, Fouad K (2006) Spontaneous locomotor recovery in spinal
cord injured rats is accompanied by anatomical plasticity of
reticulospinal fibers. The European journal of neuroscience 23:19881996.
Bareyre FM, Schwab ME (2003) Inflammation, degeneration and
regeneration in the injured spinal cord: insights from DNA
microarrays. Trends in neurosciences 26:555-563.
Batchelor PE, Liberatore GT, Wong JY, Porritt MJ, Frerichs F, Donnan GA,
Howells DW (1999) Activated macrophages and microglia induce
dopaminergic sprouting in the injured striatum and express brainderived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic
factor. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the
Society for Neuroscience 19:1708-1716.
Beattie MS, Hermann GE, Rogers RC, Bresnahan JC (2002) Cell death in
models of spinal cord injury. Progress in brain research 137:37-47.
Beghi E, Pupillo E, Bonito V, Buzzi P, Caponnetto C, Chio A, Corbo M,
Giannini F, Inghilleri M, Bella VL, Logroscino G, Lorusso L, Lunetta
C, Mazzini L, Messina P, Mora G, Perini M, Quadrelli ML, Silani V,
Simone IL, Tremolizzo L (2013) Randomized double-blind placebocontrolled trial of acetyl-L-carnitine for ALS. Amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis & frontotemporal degeneration 14:397-405.
Belizario JE, Alves J, Occhiucci JM, Garay-Malpartida M, Sesso A (2007) A
mechanistic view of mitochondrial death decision pores. Brazilian
journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de
pesquisas medicas e biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira de Biofisica
[et al] 40:1011-1024.
Benn SC, Woolf CJ (2004) Adult neuron survival strategies--slamming on
the brakes. Nature reviews Neuroscience 5:686-700.
Berk M, Malhi GS, Gray LJ, Dean OM (2013) The promise of Nacetylcysteine in neuropsychiatry. Trends Pharmacol Sci 34:167-177.
67
Bernstein JJ, Wacker W, Standler N (1984) Spinal motoneuron dendritic
alteration after spinal cord hemisection in the rat. Experimental
neurology 83:548-554.
Bhandari PS, Maurya S (2014) Recent advances in the management of
brachial plexus injuries. Indian journal of plastic surgery : official
publication of the Association of Plastic Surgeons of India 47:191198.
Bhandari PS, Sadhotra LP, Bhargava P, Bath AS, Mukherjee MK, Bhatti T,
Maurya S (2009) Surgical outcomes following nerve transfers in
upper brachial plexus injuries. Indian journal of plastic surgery :
official publication of the Association of Plastic Surgeons of India
42:150-160.
Borgens RB, Liu-Snyder P (2012) Understanding secondary injury. The
Quarterly review of biology 87:89-127.
Bracken MB (2012) Steroids for acute spinal cord injury. The Cochrane
database of systematic reviews 1:Cd001046.
Brannstrom T, Kellerth JO (1998) Changes in synaptology of adult cat spinal
alpha-motoneurons after axotomy. Experimental brain research
118:1-13.
Busquets S, Serpe R, Toledo M, Betancourt A, Marmonti E, Orpi M, Pin F,
Capdevila E, Madeddu C, Lopez-Soriano FJ, Mantovani G, Maccio A,
Argiles JM (2012) L-Carnitine: an adequate supplement for a multitargeted anti-wasting therapy in cancer. Clinical nutrition
(Edinburgh, Scotland) 31:889-895.
Butterfield DA, Reed TT (2016) Lipid Peroxidation and Tyrosine Nitration in
Traumatic Brain Injury: Insights into Secondary Injury from Redox
Proteomics. Proteomics Clinical applications.
Bydon M, Lin J, Macki M, Gokaslan ZL, Bydon A (2014) The current role of
steroids in acute spinal cord injury. World neurosurgery 82:848854.
Calabrese V, Ravagna A, Colombrita C, Scapagnini G, Guagliano E, Calvani
M, Butterfield DA, Giuffrida Stella AM (2005) Acetylcarnitine
induces heme oxygenase in rat astrocytes and protects against
oxidative stress: involvement of the transcription factor Nrf2.
Journal of neuroscience research 79:509-521.
68
Caranci F, Briganti F, La Porta M, Antinolfi G, Cesarano E, Fonio P, Brunese
L, Coppolino F (2013) Magnetic resonance imaging in brachial
plexus injury. Musculoskeletal surgery 97 Suppl 2:S181-190.
Carlstedt T, Cullheim S (2000) Spinal cord motoneuron maintenance, injury
and repair. Progress in brain research 127:501-514.
Castillo M (2005) Imaging the anatomy of the brachial plexus: review and
self-assessment module. AJR American journal of roentgenology
185:S196-204.
Cavus UY, Yilmaz A, Aytekin MN, Taburcu G, Albayrak A, Yildirim S, Agir I
(2014) Efficacy of N-acetylcysteine on neuroclinical, biochemical,
and histopathological parameters in experimental spinal cord
trauma: comparison with methylprednisolone. European journal of
trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European
Trauma Society 40:363-371.
Chai H, Wu W, So KF, Yip HK (2000) Survival and regeneration of
motoneurons in adult rats by reimplantation of ventral root
following spinal root avulsion. Neuroreport 11:1249-1252.
Charriaut-Marlangue C (2004) Apoptosis: a target for neuroprotection.
Therapie 59:185-190.
Chen Y, Vartiainen NE, Ying W, Chan PH, Koistinaho J, Swanson RA (2001)
Astrocytes protect neurons from nitric oxide toxicity by a
glutathione-dependent mechanism. Journal of neurochemistry
77:1601-1610.
Chew DJ, Carlstedt T, Shortland PJ (2011) A comparative histological
analysis of two models of nerve root avulsion injury in the adult rat.
Neuropathology and applied neurobiology 37:613-632.
Cort A, Timur M, Dursun E, Kucuksayan E, Aslan M, Ozben T (2012) Effects
of N-acetylcystein on bleomycin-induced apoptosis in malignant
testicular germ cell tumors. Journal of physiology and biochemistry
68:555-562.
Cotgreave IA (1997) N-acetylcysteine: pharmacological considerations and
experimental and clinical applications. Advances in pharmacology
(San Diego, Calif) 38:205-227.
Coull JA, Beggs S, Boudreau D, Boivin D, Tsuda M, Inoue K, Gravel C, Salter
MW, De Koninck Y (2005) BDNF from microglia causes the shift in
69
neuronal anion gradient underlying neuropathic pain. Nature
438:1017-1021.
Cregg JM, DePaul MA, Filous AR, Lang BT, Tran A, Silver J (2014)
Functional regeneration beyond the glial scar. Experimental
neurology 253:197-207.
Cui W, Allen ND, Skynner M, Gusterson B, Clark AJ (2001) Inducible
ablation of astrocytes shows that these cells are required for
neuronal survival in the adult brain. Glia 34:272-282.
Cummings JP, Stelzner DJ (1988) Effect of spinal cord transection in the
newborn, weanling, and adult rat on the morphology of thoracic
motoneurons. Experimental neurology 100:381-393.
De Grandis D (1998) Tolerability and Efficacy of L-Acetylcarnitine in
Patients with Peripheral Neuropathies. Clinical Drug Investigation
15:73-79.
Deepmala, Slattery J, Kumar N, Delhey L, Berk M, Dean O, Spielholz C, Frye
R (2015) Clinical trials of N-acetylcysteine in psychiatry and
neurology: A systematic review. Neuroscience and biobehavioral
reviews 55:294-321.
Deumens R, Koopmans GC, Joosten EA (2005) Regeneration of descending
axon tracts after spinal cord injury. Progress in neurobiology 77:5789.
Di Cesare Mannelli L, Ghelardini C, Calvani M, Nicolai R, Mosconi L, Vivoli
E, Pacini A, Bartolini A (2007) Protective effect of acetyl-L-carnitine
on the apoptotic pathway of peripheral neuropathy. The European
journal of neuroscience 26:820-827.
Diaz-Ruiz A, Rios C, Duarte I, Correa D, Guizar-Sahagun G, Grijalva I,
Madrazo I, Ibarra A (2000) Lipid peroxidation inhibition in spinal
cord injury: cyclosporin-A vs methylprednisolone. Neuroreport
11:1765-1767.
Doi K, Otsuka K, Okamoto Y, Fujii H, Hattori Y, Baliarsing AS (2002)
Cervical nerve root avulsion in brachial plexus injuries: magnetic
resonance imaging classification and comparison with myelography
and computerized tomography myelography. Journal of
neurosurgery 96:277-284.
70
Donnelly DJ, Popovich PG (2008) Inflammation and its role in
neuroprotection, axonal regeneration and functional recovery after
spinal cord injury. Experimental neurology 209:378-388.
Dumont RJ, Okonkwo DO, Verma S, Hurlbert RJ, Boulos PT, Ellegala DB,
Dumont AS (2001) Acute spinal cord injury, part I: pathophysiologic
mechanisms. Clinical neuropharmacology 24:254-264.
Dusart I, Schwab ME (1994) Secondary cell death and the inflammatory
reaction after dorsal hemisection of the rat spinal cord. The
European journal of neuroscience 6:712-724.
Eakin K, Baratz-Goldstein R, Pick CG, Zindel O, Balaban CD, Hoffer ME,
Lockwood M, Miller J, Hoffer BJ (2014) Efficacy of N-acetyl cysteine
in traumatic brain injury. PloS one 9:e90617.
Elbini Dhouib I, Jallouli M, Annabi A, Gharbi N, Elfazaa S, Lasram MM
(2016) A minireview on N-acetylcysteine: An old drug with new
approaches. Life sciences 151:359-363.
Ellis JH, Cohan RH (2009) Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: an
overview. Radiologic clinics of North America 47:801-811, v.
Erta M, Quintana A, Hidalgo J (2012) Interleukin-6, a major cytokine in the
central nervous system. International journal of biological sciences
8:1254-1266.
Ewan EE, Hagg T (2016) Intrathecal Acetyl-L-Carnitine Protects Tissue and
Improves Function after a Mild Contusive Spinal Cord Injury in
Rats. Journal of neurotrauma 33:269-277.
Fehlings MG, Vawda R (2011) Cellular treatments for spinal cord injury: the
time is right for clinical trials. Neurotherapeutics 8:704-720.
Ferrini F, De Koninck Y (2013) Microglia control neuronal network
excitability via BDNF signalling. Neural plasticity 2013:429815.
Fiskum G, Starkov A, Polster BM, Chinopoulos C (2003) Mitochondrial
mechanisms of neural cell death and neuroprotective interventions
in Parkinson's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 991:111-119.
Fitch MT, Doller C, Combs CK, Landreth GE, Silver J (1999) Cellular and
molecular mechanisms of glial scarring and progressive cavitation:
in vivo and in vitro analysis of inflammation-induced secondary
71
injury after CNS trauma. The Journal of neuroscience : the official
journal of the Society for Neuroscience 19:8182-8198.
Fitch MT, Silver J (2008) CNS injury, glial scars, and inflammation:
Inhibitory extracellular matrices and regeneration failure.
Experimental neurology 209:294-301.
Gottlieb M, Wang Y, Teichberg VI (2003) Blood-mediated scavenging of
cerebrospinal fluid glutamate. Journal of neurochemistry 87:119126.
Grandjean EM, Berthet P, Ruffmann R, Leuenberger P (2000) Efficacy of
oral long-term N-acetylcysteine in chronic bronchopulmonary
disease: a meta-analysis of published double-blind, placebocontrolled clinical trials. Clinical therapeutics 22:209-221.
GrandPre T, Nakamura F, Vartanian T, Strittmatter SM (2000)
Identification of the Nogo inhibitor of axon regeneration as a
Reticulon protein. Nature 403:439-444.
Grossman SD, Rosenberg LJ, Wrathall JR (2001) Temporal-spatial pattern
of acute neuronal and glial loss after spinal cord contusion.
Experimental neurology 168:273-282.
Gu HY, Chai H, Zhang JY, Yao ZB, Zhou LH, Wong WM, Bruce I, Wu WT
(2004) Survival, regeneration and functional recovery of
motoneurons in adult rats by reimplantation of ventral root
following spinal root avulsion. The European journal of
neuroscience 19:2123-2131.
Guest J, Dietrich WD (2015) Commentary Regarding the Recent Publication
by Tabakow et al., "Functional Regeneration of Supraspinal
Connections in a Patient with Transected Spinal Cord following
Transplantation of Bulbar Olfactory Ensheathing Cells with
Peripheral Nerve Bridging". Journal of neurotrauma 32:1176-1178.
Guo J, Li Y, Chen Z, He Z, Zhang B, Li Y, Hu J, Han M, Xu Y, Li Y (2015) Nacetylcysteine treatment following spinal cord trauma reduces
neural tissue damage and improves locomotor function in mice.
Molecular medicine reports 12:37-44.
Gurcay AG, Gurcan O, Kazanci A, Bozkurt I, Senturk S, Bodur E, Turkoglu
OF, Bavbek M (2016) Comparative Biochemical and Motor Function
Analysis of Alpha Lipoic Acid and N-Acetyl Cysteine Treatment on
Rats with Experimental Spinal Cord Injury. Turkish neurosurgery
26:119-126.
72
Haddad JJ (2004) Redox and oxidant-mediated regulation of apoptosis
signaling pathways: immuno-pharmaco-redox conception of
oxidative siege versus cell death commitment. International
immunopharmacology 4:475-493.
Hagberg H (2004) Mitochondrial impairment in the developing brain after
hypoxia-ischemia. J Bioenerg Biomembr 36:369-373.
Hagen TM, Ingersoll RT, Wehr CM, Lykkesfeldt J, Vinarsky V, Bartholomew
JC, Song MH, Ames BN (1998) Acetyl-L-carnitine fed to old rats
partially restores mitochondrial function and ambulatory activity.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America 95:9562-9566.
Hall ED (2011) Antioxidant therapies for acute spinal cord injury.
Neurotherapeutics 8:152-167.
Harkey HL, 3rd, White EAt, Tibbs RE, Jr., Haines DE (2003) A clinician's
view of spinal cord injury. Anatomical record Part B, New anatomist
271:41-48.
Hart
AM, Terenghi G, Kellerth JO, Wiberg M (2004) Sensory
neuroprotection, mitochondrial preservation, and therapeutic
potential of N-acetyl-cysteine after nerve injury. Neuroscience
125:91-101.
Hart AM, Wiberg M, Youle M, Terenghi G (2002) Systemic acetyl-Lcarnitine eliminates sensory neuronal loss after peripheral axotomy:
a new clinical approach in the management of peripheral nerve
trauma. Experimental brain research 145:182-189.
Harvey AR, Lovett SJ, Majda BT, Yoon JH, Wheeler LP, Hodgetts SI (2015)
Neurotrophic factors for spinal cord repair: Which, where, how and
when to apply, and for what period of time? Brain research 1619:3671.
Hausmann ON (2003) Post-traumatic inflammation following spinal cord
injury. Spinal cord 41:369-378.
Hawryluk GW, Rowland J, Kwon BK, Fehlings MG (2008) Protection and
repair of the injured spinal cord: a review of completed, ongoing,
and planned clinical trials for acute spinal cord injury. Neurosurgical
focus 25:E14.
73
Heard KJ (2008) Acetylcysteine for acetaminophen poisoning. The New
England journal of medicine 359:285-292.
Heese K, Fiebich BL, Bauer J, Otten U (1997) Nerve growth factor (NGF)
expression in rat microglia is induced by adenosine A2a-receptors.
Neuroscience letters 231:83-86.
Hoang TX, Nieto JH, Tillakaratne NJ, Havton LA (2003) Autonomic and
motor neuron death is progressive and parallel in a lumbosacral
ventral root avulsion model of cauda equina injury. The Journal of
comparative neurology 467:477-486.
Hoffer ME, Balaban C, Slade MD, Tsao JW, Hoffer B (2013) Amelioration of
acute sequelae of blast induced mild traumatic brain injury by Nacetyl cysteine: a double-blind, placebo controlled study. PloS one
8:e54163.
Holdiness MR (1991) Clinical pharmacokinetics of N-acetylcysteine. Clinical
pharmacokinetics 20:123-134.
Hou Q, Cymbalyuk E, Hsu SC, Xu M, Hsu YT (2003) Apoptosis modulatory
activities of transiently expressed Bcl-2: roles in cytochrome C
release and Bax regulation. Apoptosis : an international journal on
programmed cell death 8:617-629.
Jia Z, Zhu H, Li J, Wang X, Misra H, Li Y (2012) Oxidative stress in spinal
cord injury and antioxidant-based intervention. Spinal cord 50:264274.
Jia ZQ, Li G, Zhang ZY, Li HT, Wang JQ, Fan ZK, Lv G (2016) Time
representation of mitochondrial morphology and function after
acute spinal cord injury. Neural regeneration research 11:137-143.
Jin Y PS, Hong Y (2015) Effects of Melatonin on Neural Reconstruction and
Motor Recovery through Regulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum
Stress Response and Autophagy in Spinal Cord Injured Animal The
Faseb journal 29.
Jivan S, Kumar N, Wiberg M, Kay S (2009) The influence of pre-surgical
delay on functional outcome after reconstruction of brachial plexus
injuries. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery :
JPRAS 62:472-479.
Jivan S, Novikova LN, Wiberg M, Novikov LN (2006) The effects of delayed
nerve repair on neuronal survival and axonal regeneration after
74
seventh cervical spinal nerve axotomy in adult rats. Experimental
brain research 170:245-254.
Joosten EA, Houweling DA (2004) Local acute application of BDNF in the
lesioned spinal cord anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects.
Neuroreport 15:1163-1166.
Kaiser R, Waldauf P, Haninec P (2012) Types and severity of operated
supraclavicular brachial plexus injuries caused by traffic accidents.
Acta neurochirurgica 154:1293-1297.
Kaplan GB, Vasterling JJ, Vedak PC (2010) Brain-derived neurotrophic
factor in traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, and
their comorbid conditions: role in pathogenesis and treatment.
Behavioural pharmacology 21:427-437.
Kaplowitz N (1981) The importance and regulation of hepatic glutathione.
The Yale journal of biology and medicine 54:497-502.
Kawano H, Kimura-Kuroda J, Komuta Y, Yoshioka N, Li HP, Kawamura K,
Li Y, Raisman G (2012) Role of the lesion scar in the response to
damage and repair of the central nervous system. Cell and tissue
research 349:169-180.
Khan M, Sekhon B, Jatana M, Giri S, Gilg AG, Sekhon C, Singh I, Singh AK
(2004) Administration of N-acetylcysteine after focal cerebral
ischemia protects brain and reduces inflammation in a rat model of
experimental stroke. Journal of neuroscience research 76:519-527.
Kigerl KA, Gensel JC, Ankeny DP, Alexander JK, Donnelly DJ, Popovich PG
(2009) Identification of two distinct macrophage subsets with
divergent effects causing either neurotoxicity or regeneration in the
injured mouse spinal cord. The Journal of neuroscience : the official
journal of the Society for Neuroscience 29:13435-13444.
Kocsis K, Frank R, Szabo J, Knapp L, Kis Z, Farkas T, Vecsei L, Toldi J
(2016) Acetyl-l-carnitine restores synaptic transmission and
enhances the inducibility of stable LTP after oxygen-glucose
deprivation. Neuroscience 332:203-211.
Kok BP, Saez E (2014) Activating PI3-kinase to dampen inflammation.
Chemistry & biology 21:917-918.
75
Koliatsos VE, Price WL, Pardo CA, Price DL (1994) Ventral root avulsion: an
experimental model of death of adult motor neurons. The Journal of
comparative neurology 342:35-44.
Kouttab NM, De Simone C (1993) Modulation of cytokine production by
carnitine. Mediators of inflammation 2:S25-28.
Kowluru RA, Koppolu P (2002) Diabetes-induced activation of caspase-3 in
retina: effect of antioxidant therapy. Free radical research 36:993999.
Kucuksayan E, Cort A, Timur M, Ozdemir E, Yucel SG, Ozben T (2013) Nacetyl-L-cysteine inhibits bleomycin induced apoptosis in malignant
testicular germ cell tumors. Journal of cellular biochemistry
114:1685-1694.
Kullberg S, Aldskogius H, Ulfhake B (2001) Microglial activation, emergence
of ED1-expressing cells and clusterin upregulation in the aging rat
CNS, with special reference to the spinal cord. Brain research
899:169-186.
Kwon BK, Liu J, Messerer C, Kobayashi NR, McGraw J, Oschipok L, Tetzlaff
W (2002) Survival and regeneration of rubrospinal neurons 1 year
after spinal cord injury. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 99:3246-3251.
Lee-Liu D, Edwards-Faret G, Tapia VS, Larrain J (2013) Spinal cord
regeneration: lessons for mammals from non-mammalian
vertebrates. Genesis (New York, NY : 2000) 51:529-544.
Li L, Wu W, Lin LF, Lei M, Oppenheim RW, Houenou LJ (1995) Rescue of
adult mouse motoneurons from injury-induced cell death by glial
cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92:9771-9775.
Li S, Li Q, Li Y, Li L, Tian H, Sun X (2015) Acetyl-L-carnitine in the
treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain: a systematic review and
meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PloS one
10:e0119479.
Lin MT, Beal MF (2006) Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in
neurodegenerative diseases. Nature 443:787-795.
Lin TK, Cheng CH, Chen SD, Liou CW, Huang CR, Chuang YC (2012)
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress promote apoptotic
76
cell death in the striatum via cytochrome c/caspase-3 signaling
cascade following chronic rotenone intoxication in rats.
International journal of molecular sciences 13:8722-8739.
Lipton SA (2008) NMDA receptor activity regulates transcription of
antioxidant pathways. Nature neuroscience 11:381-382.
Liu D, Liu J, Sun D, Wen J (2004) The time course of hydroxyl radical
formation following spinal cord injury: the possible role of the ironcatalyzed Haber-Weiss reaction. Journal of neurotrauma 21:805816.
Lundborg G (2000) A 25-year perspective of peripheral nerve surgery:
evolving neuroscientific concepts and clinical significance. The
Journal of hand surgery 25:391-414.
Ma J, Novikov LN, Kellerth JO, Wiberg M (2003) Early nerve repair after
injury to the postganglionic plexus: an experimental study of sensory
and motor neuronal survival in adult rats. Scandinavian journal of
plastic and reconstructive surgery and hand surgery / Nordisk
plastikkirurgisk forening [and] Nordisk klubb for handkirurgi 37:19.
Ma J, Novikov LN, Wiberg M, Kellerth JO (2001) Delayed loss of spinal
motoneurons after peripheral nerve injury in adult rats: a
quantitative morphological study. Experimental brain research
139:216-223.
Mamounas LA, Altar CA, Blue ME, Kaplan DR, Tessarollo L, Lyons WE
(2000) BDNF promotes the regenerative sprouting, but not survival,
of injured serotonergic axons in the adult rat brain. The Journal of
neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience
20:771-782.
Mant TG, Tempowski JH, Volans GN, Talbot JC (1984) Adverse reactions to
acetylcysteine and effects of overdose. British medical journal
(Clinical research ed) 289:217-219.
Mardikian PN, LaRowe SD, Hedden S, Kalivas PW, Malcolm RJ (2007) An
open-label trial of N-acetylcysteine for the treatment of cocaine
dependence: a pilot study. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology &
biological psychiatry 31:389-394.
Mates JM, Sanchez-Jimenez FM (2000) Role of reactive oxygen species in
apoptosis: implications for cancer therapy. The international journal
of biochemistry & cell biology 32:157-170.
77
McBean GJ, Lopez MG, Wallner FK (2016) Redox-based therapeutics in
neurodegenerative disease. British journal of pharmacology.
McEwen ML, Sullivan PG, Rabchevsky AG, Springer JE (2011) Targeting
mitochondrial function for the treatment of acute spinal cord injury.
Neurotherapeutics 8:168-179.
McKay Hart A, Wiberg M, Terenghi G (2002) Pharmacological enhancement
of peripheral nerve regeneration in the rat by systemic acetyl-Lcarnitine treatment. Neuroscience letters 334:181-185.
Mehta A, Prabhakar M, Kumar P, Deshmukh R, Sharma PL (2013)
Excitotoxicity: bridge to various triggers in neurodegenerative
disorders. European journal of pharmacology 698:6-18.
Merenda A, Bullock R (2006) Clinical treatments for mitochondrial
dysfunctions after brain injury. Current opinion in critical care
12:90-96.
Mukaino M, Nakamura M, Yamada O, Okada S, Morikawa S, RenaultMihara F, Iwanami A, Ikegami T, Ohsugi Y, Tsuji O, Katoh H,
Matsuzaki Y, Toyama Y, Liu M, Okano H (2010) Anti-IL-6-receptor
antibody promotes repair of spinal cord injury by inducing
microglia-dominant
inflammation.
Experimental
neurology
224:403-414.
Mylonas C, Kouretas D (1999) Lipid peroxidation and tissue damage. In vivo
(Athens, Greece) 13:295-309.
Nacimiento W, Sappok T, Brook GA, Toth L, Schoen SW, Noth J, Kreutzberg
GW (1995) Structural changes of anterior horn neurons and their
synaptic input caudal to a low thoracic spinal cord hemisection in
the adult rat: a light and electron microscopic study. Acta
neuropathologica 90:552-564.
Nakajima K, Honda S, Tohyama Y, Imai Y, Kohsaka S, Kurihara T (2001)
Neurotrophin secretion from cultured microglia. Journal of
neuroscience research 65:322-331.
Noctor G, Foyer CH (1998) ASCORBATE AND GLUTATHIONE: Keeping
Active Oxygen Under Control. Annual review of plant physiology and
plant molecular biology 49:249-279.
78
Noszal B, Visky D, Kraszni M (2000) Population, acid-base, and redox
properties of N-acetylcysteine conformers. Journal of medicinal
chemistry 43:2176-2182.
Novikov L, Novikova L, Kellerth JO (1995) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
promotes survival and blocks nitric oxide synthase expression in
adult rat spinal motoneurons after ventral root avulsion.
Neuroscience letters 200:45-48.
Novikov L, Novikova L, Kellerth JO (1997) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
promotes axonal regeneration and long-term survival of adult rat
spinal motoneurons in vivo. Neuroscience 79:765-774.
Novikov LN, Novikova LN, Holmberg P, Kellerth J (2000) Exogenous brainderived neurotrophic factor regulates the synaptic composition of
axonally lesioned and normal adult rat motoneurons. Neuroscience
100:171-181.
Novikova L, Novikov L, Kellerth JO (1996) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
reduces necrotic zone and supports neuronal survival after spinal
cord hemisection in adult rats. Neuroscience letters 220:203-206.
Novikova L, Novikov L, Kellerth JO (1997a) Effects of neurotransplants and
BDNF on the survival and regeneration of injured adult spinal
motoneurons. The European journal of neuroscience 9:2774-2777.
Novikova L, Novikov L, Kellerth JO (1997b) Persistent neuronal labeling by
retrograde fluorescent tracers: a comparison between Fast Blue,
Fluoro-Gold and various dextran conjugates. Journal of
neuroscience methods 74:9-15.
Novikova LN, Novikov LN, Kellerth JO (2000) Survival effects of BDNF and
NT-3 on axotomized rubrospinal neurons depend on the temporal
pattern of neurotrophin administration. The European journal of
neuroscience 12:776-780.
Novikova LN, Novikov LN, Kellerth JO (2002) Differential effects of
neurotrophins on neuronal survival and axonal regeneration after
spinal cord injury in adult rats. The Journal of comparative
neurology 452:255-263.
Ohlsson M, Hoang TX, Wu J, Havton LA (2006) Glial reactions in a rodent
cauda equina injury and repair model. Experimental brain research
170:52-60.
79
Oliveira AL, Risling M, Negro A, Langone F, Cullheim S (2002) Apoptosis of
spinal interneurons induced by sciatic nerve axotomy in the neonatal
rat is counteracted by nerve growth factor and ciliary neurotrophic
factor. The Journal of comparative neurology 447:381-393.
Olney JW (1969) Brain lesions, obesity, and other disturbances in mice
treated with monosodium glutamate. Science 164:719-721.
Onur R, Semercioz A, Orhan I, Yekeler H (2004) The effects of melatonin
and the antioxidant defence system on apoptosis regulator proteins
(Bax and Bcl-2) in experimentally induced varicocele. Urological
research 32:204-208.
Ouzounian JG (2014) Risk factors for neonatal brachial plexus palsy.
Seminars in perinatology 38:219-221.
Oyinbo CA (2011) Secondary injury mechanisms in traumatic spinal cord
injury: a nugget of this multiply cascade. Acta neurobiologiae
experimentalis 71:281-299.
Palacios HH, Yendluri BB, Parvathaneni K, Shadlinski VB, Obrenovich ME,
Leszek J, Gokhman D, Gasiorowski K, Bragin V, Aliev G (2011)
Mitochondrion-specific antioxidants as drug treatments for
Alzheimer disease. CNS & neurological disorders drug targets
10:149-162.
Panov AV, Kubalik N, Zinchenko N, Ridings DM, Radoff DA, Hemendinger
R, Brooks BR, Bonkovsky HL (2011) Metabolic and functional
differences between brain and spinal cord mitochondria underlie
different predisposition to pathology. Am J Physiol Regul Integr
Comp Physiol 300:R844-854.
Park E, Velumian AA, Fehlings MG (2004) The role of excitotoxicity in
secondary mechanisms of spinal cord injury: a review with an
emphasis on the implications for white matter degeneration. Journal
of neurotrauma 21:754-774.
Parnetti L, Gaiti A, Mecocci P, Cadini D, Senin U (1992) Pharmacokinetics of
IV and oral acetyl-L-carnitine in a multiple dose regimen in patients
with senile dementia of Alzheimer type. European journal of clinical
pharmacology 42:89-93.
Patel SP, Sullivan PG, Lyttle TS, Magnuson DS, Rabchevsky AG (2012)
Acetyl-L-carnitine treatment following spinal cord injury improves
mitochondrial function correlated with remarkable tissue sparing
and functional recovery. Neuroscience 210:296-307.
80
Patel SP, Sullivan PG, Lyttle TS, Rabchevsky AG (2010) Acetyl-L-carnitine
ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction following contusion spinal
cord injury. Journal of neurochemistry 114:291-301.
Patel SP, Sullivan PG, Pandya JD, Goldstein GA, VanRooyen JL, Yonutas
HM, Eldahan KC, Morehouse J, Magnuson DS, Rabchevsky AG
(2014)
N-acetylcysteine
amide
preserves
mitochondrial
bioenergetics and improves functional recovery following spinal
trauma. Experimental neurology 257:95-105.
Piehl F, Lundberg C, Khademi M, Bucht A, Dahlman I, Lorentzen JC, Olsson
T (1999) Non-MHC gene regulation of nerve root injury induced
spinal cord inflammation and neuron death. Journal of
neuroimmunology 101:87-97.
Pillich RT, Scarsella G, Risuleo G (2005) Reduction of apoptosis through the
mitochondrial pathway by the administration of acetyl-L-carnitine
to mouse fibroblasts in culture. Experimental cell research 306:1-8.
Porter AG, Janicke RU (1999) Emerging roles of caspase-3 in apoptosis. Cell
death and differentiation 6:99-104.
Putcha GV, Johnson EM, Jr. (2004) Men are but worms: neuronal cell death
in C elegans and vertebrates. Cell death and differentiation 11:38-48.
Rahimi-Movagha MS-AV (2014) In: Topics in Paraplegia (Dionyssiotis, Y.,
ed), pp 209-228: InTech.
Rebouche CJ (2004) Kinetics, pharmacokinetics, and regulation of Lcarnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine metabolism. Ann N Y Acad Sci
1033:30-41.
Rebouche CJ, Seim H (1998) Carnitine metabolism and its regulation in
microorganisms and mammals. Annual review of nutrition 18:39-61.
Reid AJ, Shawcross SG, Hamilton AE, Wiberg M, Terenghi G (2009) Nacetylcysteine alters apoptotic gene expression in axotomised
primary sensory afferent subpopulations. Neuroscience research
65:148-155.
Reid AJ, Welin D, Wiberg M, Terenghi G, Novikov LN (2010) Peripherin and
ATF3 genes are differentially regulated in regenerating and nonregenerating primary sensory neurons. Brain research 1310:1-7.
81
Rhee SG (2006) Cell signaling. H2O2, a necessary evil for cell signaling.
Science 312:1882-1883.
Rolls A, Shechter R, Schwartz M (2009) The bright side of the glial scar in
CNS repair. Nature reviews Neuroscience 10:235-241.
Rosenblat JD, Gregory JM, McIntyre RS (2016) Pharmacologic implications
of inflammatory comorbidity in bipolar disorder. Current opinion in
pharmacology 29:63-69.
Rubiano AM, Carney N, Chesnut R, Puyana JC (2015) Global neurotrauma
research challenges and opportunities. Nature 527:S193-197.
Rudel T (1999) Caspase inhibitors in prevention of apoptosis. Herz 24:236241.
Sakellariou VI, Badilas NK, Mazis GA, Stavropoulos NA, Kotoulas HK,
Kyriakopoulos S, Tagkalegkas I, Sofianos IP (2014) Brachial plexus
injuries in adults: evaluation and diagnostic approach. ISRN
orthopedics 2014:726103.
Samantaray S, Das A, Thakore NP, Matzelle DD, Reiter RJ, Ray SK, Banik
NL (2009) Therapeutic potential of melatonin in traumatic central
nervous system injury. Journal of pineal research 47:134-142.
Scafidi S, Racz J, Hazelton J, McKenna MC, Fiskum G (2010)
Neuroprotection by acetyl-L-carnitine after traumatic injury to the
immature rat brain. Developmental neuroscience 32:480-487.
Scheller J, Chalaris A, Schmidt-Arras D, Rose-John S (2011) The pro- and
anti-inflammatory properties of the cytokine interleukin-6.
Biochimica et biophysica acta 1813:878-888.
Schwab ME (2010) Functions of Nogo proteins and their receptors in the
nervous system. Nature reviews Neuroscience 11:799-811.
Seddon HJ (1942) A Classification of Nerve Injuries. British medical journal
2:237-239.
Sekhon LH, Fehlings MG (2001) Epidemiology, demographics, and
pathophysiology of acute spinal cord injury. Spine 26:S2-12.
Selvan VA, Calvert SH, Cavell G, Glucksman E, Kerins M, Gonzalez J (2007)
Weight-based N-acetylcysteine dosing chart to minimise the risk of
calculation errors in prescribing and preparing N-acetylcysteine
82
infusions for adults presenting with paracetamol overdose in the
emergency department. Emergency medicine journal : EMJ 24:482484.
Sepand MR, Razavi-Azarkhiavi K, Omidi A, Zirak MR, Sabzevari S, Kazemi
AR, Sabzevari O (2016) Effect of Acetyl-L-Carnitine on Antioxidant
Status, Lipid Peroxidation, and Oxidative Damage of Arsenic in Rat.
Biological trace element research 171:107-115.
Siegenthaler MM, Tu MK, Keirstead HS (2007) The extent of myelin
pathology differs following contusion and transection spinal cord
injury. Journal of neurotrauma 24:1631-1646.
Silbermann-Hoffman O, Teboul F (2013) Post-traumatic brachial plexus
MRI in practice. Diagnostic and interventional imaging 94:925-943.
Silva NA, Sousa N, Reis RL, Salgado AJ (2014) From basics to clinical: a
comprehensive review on spinal cord injury. Progress in
neurobiology 114:25-57.
Silver J, Schwab ME, Popovich PG (2014) Central nervous system
regenerative failure: role of oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and
microglia. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology 7:a020602.
Smirnoff N (2001) L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis. Vitamins and hormones
61:241-266.
Smith JA, Park S, Krause JS, Banik NL (2013) Oxidative stress, DNA
damage, and the telomeric complex as therapeutic targets in acute
neurodegeneration. Neurochemistry international 62:764-775.
Snigdha S, Smith ED, Prieto GA, Cotman CW (2012) Caspase-3 activation as
a bifurcation point between plasticity and cell death. Neuroscience
bulletin 28:14-24.
Somashekar D, Yang LJ, Ibrahim M, Parmar HA (2014) High-resolution
MRI evaluation of neonatal brachial plexus palsy: A promising
alternative to traditional CT myelography. AJNR American journal
of neuroradiology 35:1209-1213.
Song Y, Zeng Z, Jin C, Zhang J, Ding B, Zhang F (2013) Protective effect of
ginkgolide B against acute spinal cord injury in rats and its
correlation with the Jak/STAT signaling pathway. Neurochemical
research 38:610-619.
83
Springer JE, Nottingham SA, McEwen ML, Azbill RD, Jin Y (2001) Caspase3 apoptotic signaling following injury to the central nervous system.
Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine 39:299-307.
Starkov AA (2008) The role of mitochondria in reactive oxygen species
metabolism and signaling. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1147:37-52.
Stoll G, Muller HW (1999) Nerve injury, axonal degeneration and neural
regeneration: basic insights. Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)
9:313-325.
Sullivan PG, Rabchevsky AG, Waldmeier PC, Springer JE (2005)
Mitochondrial permeability transition in CNS trauma: cause or
effect of neuronal cell death? Journal of neuroscience research
79:231-239.
Sun G, Wu Z, Wang X, Tan X, Gu Y (2014) Nerve transfer helps repair
brachial plexus injury by increasing cerebral cortical plasticity.
Neural regeneration research 9:2111-2114.
Swett JE, Wikholm RP, Blanks RH, Swett AL, Conley LC (1986)
Motoneurons of the rat sciatic nerve. Experimental neurology
93:227-252.
Tabakow P, Raisman G, Fortuna W, Czyz M, Huber J, Li D, Szewczyk P,
Okurowski S, Miedzybrodzki R, Czapiga B, Salomon B, Halon A, Li
Y, Lipiec J, Kulczyk A, Jarmundowicz W (2014) Functional
regeneration of supraspinal connections in a patient with transected
spinal cord following transplantation of bulbar olfactory ensheathing
cells with peripheral nerve bridging. Cell transplantation 23:16311655.
Tang Y, Le W (2016) Differential Roles of M1 and M2 Microglia in
Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecular neurobiology 53:1181-1194.
Thal LJ, Calvani M, Amato A, Carta A (2000) A 1-year controlled trial of
acetyl-l-carnitine in early-onset AD. Neurology 55:805-810.
Trivedi A, Olivas AD, Noble-Haeusslein LJ (2006) Inflammation and Spinal
Cord Injury: Infiltrating Leukocytes as Determinants of Injury and
Repair Processes. Clinical neuroscience research 6:283-292.
Vaishnav RA, Singh IN, Miller DM, Hall ED (2010) Lipid peroxidationderived reactive aldehydes directly and differentially impair spinal
84
cord and brain mitochondrial function. Journal of neurotrauma
27:1311-1320.
Vejsada R, Tseng JL, Lindsay RM, Acheson A, Aebischer P, Kato AC (1998)
Synergistic but transient rescue effects of BDNF and GDNF on
axotomized neonatal motoneurons. Neuroscience 84:129-139.
Visalli V, Muscoli C, Sacco I, Sculco F, Palma E, Costa N, Colica C, Rotiroti D,
Mollace V (2007) N-acetylcysteine prevents HIV gp 120-related
damage of human cultured astrocytes: correlation with glutamine
synthase dysfunction. BMC neuroscience 8:106.
Vukojevic K, Carev D, Sapunar D, Petrovic D, Saraga-Babic M (2008)
Developmental patterns of caspase-3, bax and bcl-2 proteins
expression in the human spinal ganglia. Journal of molecular
histology 39:339-349.
Wang LL, Zhao XC, Yan LF, Wang YQ, Cheng X, Fu R, Zhou LH (2011) C-jun
phosphorylation contributes to down regulation of neuronal nitric
oxide synthase protein and motoneurons death in injured spinal
cords following root-avulsion of the brachial plexus. Neuroscience
189:397-407.
Wang W, Lu Y, Xue Z, Li C, Wang C, Zhao X, Zhang J, Wei X, Chen X, Cui W,
Wang Q, Zhou W (2015) Rapid-acting antidepressant-like effects of
acetyl-l-carnitine mediated by PI3K/AKT/BDNF/VGF signaling
pathway in mice. Neuroscience 285:281-291.
Wang X, Michaelis EK (2010) Selective neuronal vulnerability to oxidative
stress in the brain. Frontiers in aging neuroscience 2:12.
Wang X, Yue TL, Barone FC, White RF, Gagnon RC, Feuerstein GZ (1994)
Concomitant cortical expression of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta mRNAs
follows early response gene expression in transient focal ischemia.
Molecular and chemical neuropathology / sponsored by the
International Society for Neurochemistry and the World Federation
of Neurology and research groups on neurochemistry and
cerebrospinal fluid 23:103-114.
Welin D, Novikova LN, Wiberg M, Kellerth JO, Novikov LN (2008) Survival
and regeneration of cutaneous and muscular afferent neurons after
peripheral nerve injury in adult rats. Experimental brain research
186:315-323.
85
Welin D, Novikova LN, Wiberg M, Kellerth JO, Novikov LN (2009) Effects of
N-acetyl-cysteine on the survival and regeneration of sural sensory
neurons in adult rats. Brain research 1287:58-66.
West CA, Hart AM, Terenghi G, Wiberg M (2007) Analysis of the doseresponse of N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of sensory neuronal
loss after peripheral nerve injury. Acta neurochirurgica Supplement
100:29-31.
Wiberg M, Terenghi G (2003) Will it be possible to produce peripheral
nerves? Surgical technology international 11:303-310.
Wilson AD, Hart A, Wiberg M, Terenghi G (2010) Acetyl-l-carnitine
increases nerve regeneration and target organ reinnervation - a
morphological study. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic
surgery : JPRAS 63:1186-1195.
Witiw CD, Fehlings MG (2015) Acute Spinal Cord Injury. Journal of spinal
disorders & techniques 28:202-210.
Wu S-J, Ng LT, Lin C-C (2005) Effects of antioxidants and caspase-3
inhibitor on the phenylethyl isothiocyanate-induced apoptotic
signaling pathways in human PLC/PRF/5 cells. European journal of
pharmacology 518:96-106.
Wyndaele M, Wyndaele JJ (2006) Incidence, prevalence and epidemiology
of spinal cord injury: what learns a worldwide literature survey?
Spinal cord 44:523-529.
Xing Z, Gauldie J, Cox G, Baumann H, Jordana M, Lei XF, Achong MK
(1998) IL-6 is an antiinflammatory cytokine required for controlling
local or systemic acute inflammatory responses. The Journal of
clinical investigation 101:311-320.
Yan HQ, Banos MA, Herregodts P, Hooghe R, Hooghe-Peters EL (1992)
Expression of interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6 and their respective
receptors in the normal rat brain and after injury. European journal
of immunology 22:2963-2971.
Yonutas HM, Pandya JD, Sullivan PG (2015) Changes in mitochondrial
bioenergetics in the brain versus spinal cord become more apparent
with age. J Bioenerg Biomembr 47:149-154.
86
Yuan Q, Xie Y, So KF, Wu W (2003) Inflammatory response associated with
axonal injury to spinal motoneurons in newborn rats.
Developmental neuroscience 25:72-78.
Zaleska MM, Floyd RA (1985) Regional lipid peroxidation in rat brain in
vitro: possible role of endogenous iron. Neurochemical research
10:397-410.
Zhang CG, Welin D, Novikov L, Kellerth JO, Wiberg M, Hart AM (2005)
Motorneuron protection by N-acetyl-cysteine after ventral root
avulsion and ventral rhizotomy. British journal of plastic surgery
58:765-773.
Zhang N, Yin Y, Xu SJ, Wu YP, Chen WS (2012a) Inflammation & apoptosis
in spinal cord injury. The Indian journal of medical research
135:287-296.
Zhang R, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Wang T, Niu J, Cui D, Xu S (2012b)
Neuroprotective effects of pre-treatment with l-carnitine and acetylL-carnitine on ischemic injury in vivo and in vitro. International
journal of molecular sciences 13:2078-2090.
Zhang ZY, Fan ZK, Cao Y, Jia ZQ, Li G, Zhi XD, Yu DS, Lv G (2015) Acetyl-Lcarnitineameliorates mitochondrial damage and apoptosis following
spinal cord injury in rats. Neuroscience letters 604:18-23.
Zhou H, Zheng XQ, Zhang ZJ, Teng GJ (2009) [Effects of N-acetylcysteine
upon methylglyoxal-induced damage in hippocampal neuronal
cells]. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi 89:2789-2792.
87