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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Videos and Links
o http://wn.com/muscle_contraction_contractions_by_muscle_type

General Muscle Overview
http://web.mit.edu/tkd/stretch/stretching_toc.html#SEC6

Types of Muscle Contraction
http://www.athleticquickness.com/musclecontractions.asp

Analysis of Movement
http://www.jroscoe.co.uk/download/tryouts/AQAAS_ch3.pdf

Anatomy Zone
http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCR9m1bxGaw3Ubrap34U-yDA

The Rotator Cuff
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfUmN_V-28w
Women can and should get strong. Since the admission of women to West Point in
1976, for example, that institution has had several women graduates who could perform
more than 100 straight-back push-ups (the so-called “male push-up”) in two minutes,
including one woman in 1990 who did 132 push-ups in two minutes (CSS, 2012).
Review for Topic 1.2: Types of Synovial Joints
Identify six types of synovial joints and provide one example in the human body for each.
Type of Joint
Example(s) in the Human Body
Hinge Joint
Knee
Ball and socket
Hip
Pivot
Between the atlas and axis in the neck.
Saddle
Thumb
Condyloid
Between the metacarpals and phalanges in the
hand
Gliding
Between the tarsals in the ankle
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Investigation 1: JOINTS IN ACTION
During most physical activity, the knee joint plays a vital role in movement.
1.
Describe how the anatomical structures of the knee joint protect and stabilise
the joint.
Answer:
Ligaments and Tendons

The cruciate ligaments cross inside the joint and prevent hyper-extension and rotation
of the knee.

The medial and lateral ligaments prevent sideways bending of the knee and are the
two most important strengthening ligaments of the knee.

The insertion of quadriceps into the patella and patella ligament onto a tubercle on the
tibia and other tendons of the hamstrings and gastrocnemius protect this joint.
Joint features

Large surface area, condyles increase this surface area even more, thereby increasing
joint stability.

Menisci absorb shock and deepen the socket thereby increasing joint stability.

The patella provides slight protection.
2.
Observe the action pictures in Figure 1.3. Name the types of synovial joint
located at the knee and hip of the swimmer and basketball player. Analyse
the movement patterns happening at these joints.
Answer:

Knee - hinge joint.

Hip - ball and socket.

Swimmer - the knee joint is extended with
slight rotation that locks the joint as it is
fully extended in this racing dive. The hip
joint is also extended.

Basketball player- the knee and hip joint
are both flexed.
Figure 1.3 Swimming and basketball
actions
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3.
Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
What factors determine the degree of movement at joints?
Answer:
 Shape of articulating bones.
 Strength and tension of ligaments.
 Arrangement and tension of muscles.


4.
Identify and categorise four joints that are involved in the arm action of the
tennis serve.
Answer:
 All the joints listed below are synovial joints.
 Shoulder: ball and socket
 Intercarpal: gliding
 Elbow : hinge
 Metacarpal-phalangeal: condyloid
 Wrist: condyloid
 Inter-phalangeal: hinge
 Thumb: saddle.
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4.2.1
Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Outline the types of movement of synovial joint
Table 1
Movement
Description
Application
Flexion
decrease joint angle
Bicep curl- Upward phase
Extension
increase joint angle
Bicep curl- Downward phase
Adduction
Moving towards the body or midline
Moving away from the body or
mid-line
Lateral raises- Downward phase
Pronation
Palms down- face down
Awkward Pose- Bikram Yoga
Supination
Palms up – face up
Supine crunches
Inversion
Lateral movement in the ankle
leaving the sole inward and up
Eversion
Sole outward and up
Dorsiflexion
Pointing the foot up
Plantarflexion
Planting the foot down
Abduction
Lateral raises- Upward phase
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Investigation
Working with a partner, locate the joints identified in Table 1.2 and identify the joint type.
Place a tick in the appropriate boxes relevant to the movement patterns for each of the joints
listed.
Table 1.2 Joint analysis
*
*
*
Eversion
*
*
Inversion
*
*
*
*
Dorsiflexion
*
*
*
*
*
*
Plantarflexion
*
*
*
Depression
*
Elevation
2.
*
Pronation
S pivot
S hinge
S ball and socket
S gliding
(sterno-clavicular)
S ball and socket
S hinge
S hinge
*
Supination
Radio-ulnar
Elbow
Shoulder
Shoulder
Girdle
Hip
Knee
Ankle
*
Rotation
S condyloid
Adduction
Wrist
Abduction
Joint type
Extension
Joint
Flexion
C = cartilaginous
S = synovial
*
*
*
*
*
*
Define circumduction and, using the information in Table 1.2, list the joints
where this can occur.
Answer:
 Circumduction is sometimes described as simply a "circular movement"
because circumduction movements of (e.g. the arm and hand) result in the outer
edge of the limb (e.g. the finger tips) tracing circles in space. Another way to
express this is to say that circumduction is the movement of the distal end of a
body part so that it traces a circle.
(http://www.ivyroses.com/Define/Circumduction)

Circumduction of an arm (from the shoulder joint):

Circumduction of a leg (from the hip joint):
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Sports,
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
1. Identify the movement patterns performed at the joint sites listed for the
following physical activities:

Sit and reach test: abdomen area, hip.
Answer:
 Hip - extension to flexion.
 Abdomen area - extension to flexion.

Step up onto a bench: knees, hip.
Answer:
 Knees - flexion to extension.
 Hip - flexion to extension.

Basketball shooting : wrists, elbows, shoulders.
Answer:
 Wrists- flexion to extension.
 Elbow- flexion to extension.
 Shoulders- flexion.
Design an Animation
OK, now your task is to design an animation which
educates people (PE students especially) about
movement types. The way you’re going to do this is by
setting up a free account on the animation desk’ website
and follow the instructions from there.
Your website must include all the movements from the
table (if possible), it must give sporting examples and of
course it would help if it was entertaining!!
Good luck!
HERE IS ONE ON YOUTUBE THAT WAS DONE QUICKLY. YOURS SHOULD BE MILES BETTER!
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4.2.2
Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Outline the types of muscle contractions (Please read below carefully)
When we think of a muscle contracting normally, we tend to think of the muscle shortening
as it generates force. While it's true that this is a way of muscle contracting, there are many
different ways that a muscle can generate force.
Have you ever tried to pick something up that was really heavy, only to find out that you
couldn't lift it? Or, how about, have you ever pulled on something, like a door handle, but
didn't open it? In these situations, you contracted muscles and created tension, but the
muscle did not shorten.
The shortening of the fibers creates mechanical force, or muscle tension. Whether the
muscle itself changes length (isotonic contraction) or not (isometric contraction)
depends upon the load attached to the muscle.
For example, your biceps muscle is attached to your shoulder blade at one end and to your
ulna in your forearm at the other end. When the biceps contracts, it shortens and pulls the
ulna towards the shoulder blade. This movement allows you to lift your forearm and a given
load or resitance. In contrast, if you are carrying a heavy load, such as a full suitcase, that
makes you unable to lift your forearm, then the biceps does not shorten significantly. But the
force that the muscle generates is helping you carry the suitcase.
1. Explain the following terminology in relation to muscle movement:

Static- Answer:
Static exercise, also known as isometrics, exert muscles at high intensities without
movement of the joints. Holding a squat position, calf stretch is an example of static
exercise.

Dynamic- Answer:
These involve slow and controlled movements through a complete range of motion.
Dynamic exercise activities keep joints and muscles moving.
https://www.athomefitness.com/whats-the-difference-between-static-and-dynamic-exercise-on-an-acceleratedvibration-training-machine/
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Until the mid-20th century, most scientists assumed that when a muscle
shortened, its components did too, thereby resulting in contraction (movement). In
1954, however, two research teams (one from MIT and one from Cambridge)
discovered that when muscles contract, the filaments within each muscle fiber
actually slide past each other. Known as the sliding filament theory, their findings
serve as the basic explanation for the process of muscular contraction. (CSS, 2012)
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4.2.2
Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Outline the types of muscle contractions (cont)
Watch….
Types of Contractions
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3OiOJ6-x34
Types of Muscle Contractions
For each of the following, explain how the muscle is contracting and provide an example.
1. Isometric- Answer:
The muscle doesn’t lengthen or shorten during the contraction; generates force
without changing length.
2. Isotonic- Answer:
Isotonic exercises are the exact opposite of isometric exercises: You are moving and
you are working your muscle(s) through a range of motion.
3. Concentric- Answer:
The shortening of a muscle, most common.
4. Eccentric- Answer:
The lengthening or elongating of a muscle.
5. Isokinetic- Answer:
The muscle contracts and shortens at constant rate of speed.
See…
www.ptdirect.com/training-design/anatomy-and-physiology/musculoskeletal-system/skeletal-muscleroles-and-contraction-types
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/isometric-and-isotonic-contraction-definition-andexamples.html#lesson
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Application
1.
When kicking a football, the quadriceps muscle works to straighten the knee
and the hamstrings contribute to control and slow down the motion of the
lower limb. In this action, which muscle is contracting:
a. Concentrically?

Answer: Quadriceps
b. Eccentrically?

2.
Answer: Hamstrings
Which type of contraction (isometric or isotonic) is prevalent in the
following exercises:
a. When holding a plank position.
Answer: Isometric
b. The lift on a lateral raise
(http://www.exrx.net/WeightExercises/DeltoidLateral/DBLateralRaise.html)
Answer: Isotonic
c. A wall sit (static squat)
Answer: Isometric
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4.2.3
Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Explain the concept of reciprocal inhibition
Please Watch “Muscle Theory”: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4t2X2IvGyUE
Read more- Movement Analysis: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/moveanal.htm
1. Explain each of the following in terms of their role in joint movement:
a. Agonist- Answer:
The muscle that is directly responsible for the movement at the joint. Shortens and pulls
on the bone to cause movement
b. Antagonist- Answer:
The muscle that has an action opposite to that of the agonist and helps in the
production of co-ordinated movement.
For Your Information- Stabilizer and Neutralizer
c. Stabilizer- Answer:
Certain muscles are considered to have the primary function of stabilizers in the body,
being, by virtue of their position, shape, angle or structure, more suited to work as a
stabilizer than as a mobilizer.. For instance, the abdominal group of muscles, once
primarily thought of as a muscle we perform sit ups with, is much more important as a
major stabilizer of the spine.
d. Neutralizer- Answer:
Like fixators, act to prevent unwanted movement. But instead of acting to prevent the
unwanted movement of a body part they act to pull against and cancel out an
unwanted line of pull from the agonist or prime mover. Many muscles can produce a
pulling force in more than one direction so that an undesired joint action may occur
simultaneously. Neutralizers prevent this.
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
2. Explain reciprocal inhibition using a bicep curl as an example.
Answer:
Reciprocal inhibition is where one muscle contracts and it’s opposite partner relaxes/
contraction of a prime mover (agonist) with the simultaneous relaxation of the other
(antagonist) muscles; the triceps are considered the antagonist/ triceps are relaxing;
the biceps muscle are considered the agonist/ biceps are contracting.
Investigation: The Lateral Raise
http://www.exrx.net/WeightExercises/DeltoidLateral/DBLateralRaise.html
1. Identify the following when considering the lift on a lateral raise:
a. Type of joint: Answer- Shoulder Joint
b. Type of movement (in the frontal plane): Answer- Abduction (in the frontal plane)
c. Main agonist: Answer- Deltoid
d. Main antagonist: Answer- Latissimus dorsi (also Teres major)
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A
Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
detailed
analysis
of
movement
is
a
complex
activity
requiring
sophisticated equipment. However, a basic analysis of movement can be
done visually and should involve the following.
o a description of the movements which occur at the joints involved
o the body plane and axis in which the movement occurs
o the major muscles producing the movement
o the function of the muscles involved (agonists, antagonists, synergists or fixators)
o the type of contraction (isotonic -concentric or eccentric, isometric)
Movement Analysis: The Strike Phase of a Soccer Kick
Movement(s)
Main
Body
Type of
Produced
Agonist
Plane
Contraction
Ankle
(hinge)
plantar
flexion
tibialis
anterior
sagittal
eccentric
Knee
(hinge)
extension
quadriceps
group
sagittal
concentric
Hip
(ball and
socket)
flexion
iliopsoas
sagittal
concentric
Joint Type
Action at Joints: An Overview
Complete the missing information for each of the actions identified.
Action
Main Agonist
Main
Antagonist
Type of
Contraction
Elevating the
shoulders
Trapezius,
Levator
Scapulae,
Rhomboids
Latisimus Dorsi,
Pectoralis
Concentric
Extending the elbow
Triceps
Biceps
Concentric
Flexing the knee
Hamstrings
Quadriceps
Concentric
Dorsiflexion of the
ankle
Flexing the abdomen
area
Tibialis Anterior
Rectus
Abdominis
Gastrocnemius
+ soleus
Erector Spinae
Concentric
Concentric
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Websites to help you with the above
https://quizlet.com/13808388/muscle-agonist-antagonist-flash-cards/
http://www.aworkouts.com/skeletal-muscles-and-antagonistic-pairs/
4.2.4
Analyse movements in relation to joint action and muscle
contraction
Please watch “Analysis of Movement”- Squats and Press Ups:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFDl4cL9ts0
The Hip Joint
1. What bones are articulating at the hip joint during a squat?
Answer: Femur and Pelvis
2. At what type of joint is the movement taking place?
Answer: Ball and Socket
3. What type(s) of movement(s) is occurring at the joint?
Answer: Flexion
4. In which plane is the movement occurring?
Answer: Sagittal
5. Identify the major muscle(s) involved in the motion:
Answer: Gluteals, Erector Spinae
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
The Knee Joint
1. What bones are articulating at the knee joint during a squat?
Answer: Femur, Tibia, Fibula
2. At what type of joint is the movement taking place?
Answer: Hinge
3. What type(s) of movement(s) is occurring at the joint?
Answer: Flexion
4. In which plane and axis is the movement occurring?
Answer: Sagittal, Frontal - (Squatting with your feet turned out also creates some
lateral movement of your thighs, termed abduction and adduction, as you lower down
and stand up. Those movements occur in the frontal plane. The thighs also rotate as
you squat, which happens in the horizontal plane).
5. Identify the major muscle(s) involved in the motion:
Answer: Quadriceps, Hamstrings, Gastrocnemius,
Motion of the Squat: Down with Knee Flexion
During the downward motion of a squat, which major muscle(s) would be:
1. The agonist(s)?
.
Answer: gluteus maximus, semimembranosus, semitendinosis and biceps femoris,
Gastrocnemius.
2. The antagonist(s)?
Answer: rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius and vastus lateralis,
gastrocnemius and soleus
http://healthyliving.azcentral.com/muscles-used-different-phases-squat-13787.html
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Motion of the Squat: Up with Knee Extension
During the upwards motion of a squat, which major muscle(s) would be:
1. The agonist(s)?
Answer: rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius and vastus lateralis,
gastrocnemius and soleus
2. The antagonist(s)?
Answer: gluteus maximus, semimembranosus, semitendinosis and biceps femoris,
Gastrocnemius.
http://www.ptdirect.com/training-design/anatomy-and-physiology/skeletal-muscle-roles-andcontraction-types

Biomechanics of the Squat http://www.breathe.edu.au/biomechanics-of-the-squat/
OR
https://books.google.co.th/books?id=FLibPedEE2YC&pg=PA14&dq=what+is+the+ago
nist+muscles+in+upward+phase+of+the+squat&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjctNqL8
M7JAhWCWI4KHfjbCZoQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=what%20is%20the%20agonist%2
0muscles%20in%20upward%20phase%20of%20the%20squat&f=false
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4.2.5
Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Explain delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in relation
to eccentric and concentric muscle contractions
Please read below
UC HEALTH LINE: Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness—a Real Pain After
Exercise
For the fitness-inclined, a hard workout can actually feel good: a chance to loosen up
tight joints, sweat out the day’s stress and push through the burn of those last few
reps. But anyone who has pushed themselves with heavier weights or more miles has
surely experienced the consequences the next day, when tight and sore muscles will
barely let you walk up steps or lift your arms.
It’s called Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness, or DOMS, and it’s perfectly normal, says
Dan Carl, PhD, an assistant professor of clinical rehabilitative sciences at UC’s College
of Allied Health Sciences. In typical DOMS, severe soreness and a decreased range of
motion will develop between 24 and 48 hours after exercise, peak within 72 hours and
then subside shortly after. It’s the body’s normal process after an intense workout and,
Carl says, there isn’t much you can to do avoid it.
"When you’re truly working the muscle, DOMS is inevitable,” he says. "You’re creating
microtrauma at the individual fiber level, so you’re actually creating tears and
disruption in the protein itself.”
When muscle fibers tear, Carl said calcium will leak out, leading to further breakdown
of the protein and stimulation of the body’s inflammatory-repair response, which floods
the area with cells known as macrophages and neutrophils to begin the repair process.
While the response creates soreness and stiffness in the muscle, it quickly mends the
torn fibers, even making them stronger and thicker than before.
What isn’t in the muscle during this process? Lactic acid. Carl said the past theory that
a buildup of lactic acid caused muscle soreness has been discredited.
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
"It was the theory among scientists in the ’60s and ’70s,” he says, "but we have since
figured out lactate has nothing to do with it. Lactic acid clears out fairly quickly from
the muscles, within 15 to 20 minutes, if you do any sort of cool down or activity after
the true intensity of the workout.”
Carl says DOMS is particularly prevalent among "weekend warriors” or light exercisers
trying to increase their stamina: "If you’re training every day, then part of your body’s
training adaption is your ability to recover and offset that damage. Those people will
have minor swelling within the tissue, but not the kind of swelling you get with DOMS.”
If you do find yourself aching after a tough workout, try to keep moving. "Light
walking or activity would help out tremendously,” says Carl. "It can produce an
increase in fluid movement throughout the muscle tissue. Ice is your friend, too, as it
reduces swelling. Regardless, DOMS takes 24 to 48 hours to repair itself, at minimum.”
While DOMS is a normal response to intense exercise, Carl says it doesn’t include
sharp, piercing pain or throbbing in the affected muscle. If you’re affected by any of
those symptoms after a workout, contact your doctor.
o Retrieved from… http://healthnews.uc.edu/news/?/14616/
What is DOMS, how is it
caused and what can we do??
Click on this link and read an
interesting article about this
common cause of muscle
soreness.
Then in the space below,
note the information that you
think is most important.
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Check Your Understanding…
1. What causes delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?
Answer:
 Any type of activity that places a muscle under unaccustomed loads.
 Eccentric movements
2. Outline the progress of DOMS from when an exercise is completed to the onset of
symptoms.
Answer:
Subsequent research has suggested that damage to the muscle ultra structure and
connective tissue may be responsible for DOMS. It is suggested that a sequence of
events, starting with exercise, causes muscle damage followed by muscle protein
breakdown, resulting in cell inflammation and increased local muscle temperature. As a
result, pain receptors are activated, causing the sensation of DOMS. Further research
suggests that muscle damage alone may not be the best explanation for the cause of
DOMS. Inflammation and swelling should also be considered as they also activate and
sensitise pain sensors around the muscle fibres.
3. Which type of muscle contraction typically contributes to DOMS, concentric or
eccentric? Explain.
Answer:
All types of exercise can lead to delayed onset muscle soreness but it is especially true
of Eccentric training.
An eccentric contraction is the motion of an active muscle while it is lengthening under
load. Eccentric training is repetitively doing eccentric muscle contractions. Eccentric
training focuses on slowing down the elongation of the muscle process in order to
challenge the muscles, which can lead to stronger muscles, faster muscle repair and
increasing metabolic rate.
"Eccentric actions place a stretch on the sarcomeres to the point where the
myofilaments may experience strain, otherwise known as exercise induced delayed
onset muscle soreness (DOMS)"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccentric_training
4. What are the symptoms of DOMS?
Answer:
It is the pain and stiffness felt in muscles several hours to days after unaccustomed or
strenuous exercise. The soreness is felt most strongly 24 to 72 hours after the
exercise.
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
5. What are three non- medicinal remedies for DOMS?
Answer:
 Do a proper warm up to increase blood flow
 Progress Slowly
 Take time to adapt
Read more: No pain, no gain? 5 myths about post-workout muscle soreness
http://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/04/health/muscle-soreness-myths/
Review
1. Bookmark it! Review key terminology at the following website:
Anatomy Flash Cards: http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/hhp/flashcards/
2. Quiz Busters! Challenge yourself or play with a partner:
http://www.teachers-direct.co.uk/resources/quiz-busters/quiz-busters-game.aspx?game_id=80322
3. For each type of movement, identify the opposite motion:
o Flexion ----
Extension
o Adduction ---- Abduction
o Pronation ---- Supination
o Plantarflexion ----- Dorsiflexion
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
4. Read-
Movements
Agonist
Antagonist
Wrist flexion
flexor digitorum
extensor digitorum
Wrist extension
extensor digitorum
flexor digitorum
Elbow flexion
biceps brachii
triceps brachii
elbow extension
triceps brachii
biceps brachii
anterior deltoid
pectoralis major
biceps brachii
posterior deltoid
latissimus dorsi
latissimus dorsi
pectoralis major
posterior deltoid
latissimus dorsi
triceps brachii
anterior deltoid
pectoralis major
Shoulder flexion
Shoulder extension
Shoulder adduction
deltoid (middle)
shoulder abduction
deltoid (middle)
latissimus dorsi
pectoralis major
Spine/ trunk flexion
rectus abdominis
erector spinae
Spine/ trunk extension
erector spinae
rectus abdominis
iliopsoas
quadriceps
gluteus maximus
hamstrings
gluteus maximus
hamstrings
iliopsoas
(quadriceps)
Knee flexion
hamstrings
quadriceps
Knee extension
quadriceps
hamstrings
Dorsiflexion
tibialis anterior
gastrocnemius
soleus
Plantarflexion
gastrocnemius
soleus
tibialis anterior
Hip flexion
Hip extension
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Investigation 1: An Analysis of limb movement
Task One
1. Perform a curl with a light bar.
Figure 1: Performing a curl with a
light bar
2. Identify the bones numbered 1-4 in Figure 2.
Answer:




1 - Scapula
2 - Humerus
3 - Ulna
4 - Radius.
3. Identify the structure numbered 5 in figure 2.
Answer:

Tendon.
4. Explain what is meant by origin and insertion.
Answer:
Origin: the attachment of a muscle tendon to a
stationary bone.
Insertion: the attachment of a muscle tendon to a
moveable bone.
5. Identify and classify the muscles, which are used in
the action of curling a bar into the functional categories
of agonist, (or prime mover) and antagonist.
Answer:
 Agonist - biceps brachii,
 Antagonist - triceps brachii.
Figure 2
A. Flexion of the elbow
B. Extension of the elbow
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
6. Identify the agonists and antagonists that are active in:
Table 1
Elevating the shoulders
Hyper-extending the
back
Flexing the knee
Agonist
Levator scapulae
Antagonist
Pectoralis major
Erector spinae
Rectus abdominus
Hamstrings : biceps femoris,
semitendinosus,
semimembranosus and
gastrocnemius
Quadriceps : rectus femoris, and
vasti medialis, intermedius and
lateralis
7. Identify the muscles that are active in:
Table 2
A pull up
A sit up
A vertical jump
Active Muscle
biceps brachii, latissimus dorsi
rectus abdominus
quadriceps group : rectus femoris, & semitendinosus,
semimembranosus
8. List the main agonists active in; The legs whilst cycling.
Table 3
Agonist
Depressing the pedal
gluteus maximus /
Hip extensors
hamstrings group
Knee extensors
quadriceps group
Ankle tibialis anterior
dorsiflexors
Antagonist
Hip flexors
Knee flexors
Ankle plantarflexors
quadriceps group / psoas,
iliacus, sartorius
hamstrings & gastrocnemius
gastrocnemius, soleus
IB
Sports,
Exercise and
Health Science
Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
9. A backward roll, as illustrated in
Figure 3, involves a series of
coordinated muscle actions.
Figure 3. Backward roll
a) Question: Describe the
movement patterns created at
the hip and knee joints during
the whole of the backward
roll.
Answer:
 Crouched starting position (position 2 in figure 3) - hip flexion, knee flexion.

The crouched position is maintained as a tight ball with knee and hip fully flexed
through positions 3,4 and 5 of figure.

Position 4 has slight extension of knee joint (presumably to maintain balance).

Position 5 has hip and knee in full extension.
b) Question: Identify two agonist muscles acting on the shoulder joint during the
push-off phase from the mat.
Answer:
 Deltoid
 Pectoralis major.
10. Figure 4, A and B shows a shot putter during the delivery phase of the technique.
a) List the bones that articulate in the shoulder
and knee joints.
Figure 4. Shot put action
Answer:
 Shoulder: scapula, humerus
 Knee: femur, tibia, patella
11. Explain the movement sequence of the right arm
during the delivery phase of the shot put.
Answer:
A. Shoulder extended and abducted, elbow flexed,
wrist extended, hand pronated.
B. Shoulder flexed and elevated, elbow extended, wrist pronated and extended, and
fingers extended.
IB
Sports,
Exercise and
Health Science
Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Investigation
o Hang from a bar, as shown in Figure 5A, holding a
90o angle in the elbow joint.
Figure 5. Chinning bar
o From the bent arm position, pull yourself up, as
shown in Figure 5B.
o When you have completed the chin-up, lower
yourself slowly down to an arms extended position,
as shown in Figure 5C.
Task
Work out the agonist muscles used for each exercise,
and the type of muscular contraction being used for each exercise. Write your answers in
table 4.
Table 4 results - The chin up
Agonist
Type of contraction
A. Biceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
B. Biceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
isometric
isometric
isotonic and concentric
isotonic and concentric
C. Latissimus dorsi
Biceps brachii
isotonic and eccentric
isotonic and eccentric
1. In which part of the movement sequence is eccentric work being done?
Answer:
 Phase C or the slow lowering down phase.
2. Identify the muscle that is exerting force whilst lengthening.
Answer:
 Biceps brachii.

Latissimus dorsi.