A Game-Theoretic Approach Towards Congestion

A Game-Theoretic Approach Towards Congestion Control
in Communication Networks
Rahul Garg
[email protected]
Abhinav Kamra
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
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INTRODUCTION
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1.
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for
personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are
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permission and/or a fee.
Copyright 2001 ACM X-XXXXX-XX-X/XX/XX ... 5.00.
›
Varun Khurana
[email protected]
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A GAME-THEORETIC MODEL OF A
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5. SIMULATION RESULTS
All other flows sending at 4 Mbps
3.5
2.5
2
Output Rate (Mbps)
Output Rate (Mbps)
3
ø
4 TCP and 1 CBR
2.5
FCFS
RED
DYNTHRESH
WF2Q
w(r)=1/log(r)
RIS: w(r)=1/r
w(r)=1/r^2
w(r)=1/r^4
2
1.5
ø
1.5
1
1
TCP (w(r)=1/log(r))
CBR (w(r)=1/log(r))
TCP (w(r)=1/r)
CBR (w(r)=1/r)
TCP (w(r)=1/r^2)
CBR (w(r)=1/r^2)
0.5
0.5
0
0
0
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Input Rate (Mbps)
db
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5.3 TCP with unresponsive flows
0
2
4
6
8
10
Input Rate (Mbps) of CBR
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5.4 TCP Versions
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5.5 Multiple vs Single Connection
5.6 TCP with different Round Trip Times
4 TCP Versions
7
Sack
Reno
Vegas
Tahoe
ý
5 TCPs with Different RTT
5
5
Rtt 14ms
Rtt 24ms
Rtt 44ms
rtt 104ms
Rtt 204ms
4.5
4
4
Total data received (MB)
Total data received (MB)
6
3
2
1
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
0
0
2
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ázL~,zÈÊ Ý Î
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
b
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Multiple TCP connections
5
4
Total data received (MB)
0.5
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
time (sec)
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1 connections
2 connections
3 connections
4 connections
5 connections
4.5
ý
1
time (sec)
3.5
3
2.5
2
n0
n4
1.5
40 ms
10 ms
1
20 ms
0.5
n2
n3
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (sec)
14
16
18
20
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Link Capacities 10Mbps
n1
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RIS scheduling in a Network
10
Flowid 0
Flowid 1
Flowid 2
Flowid 3
Flowid 4
Flowid 5
9
8
Output Rate (Mbps)
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80 ms
15 ms
ø
5.7 Network
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
time (sec)
70
80
90
100
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7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
8. REFERENCES
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