A Game-Theoretic Approach Towards Congestion Control in Communication Networks Rahul Garg [email protected] Abhinav Kamra [email protected] ABSTRACT !"$#%&$'()+*,#-/.0%1 2 "'*3#$456 )*3 2 #7*3&8#19:*%9%14;<=&8;& 2 $#+"<=#$ *,9?>A@BC$:DE*3F 8C<#$CG$%1H&$ 2 $#I*%9%& 2 J $'()KDC9%9%9.L9'*3M%146%9:*67*N9% % *3<$>PON 2 # *3&QDC9'()J*9$()? 2 '*3A$#.L C9$9<%99P*3&QM 2R J# (S*3&*3()"K<=%999PJ#() T+$*3#9N#$ 2 #P 2 #$ 9)9G>F@BU$:DUI 2 $9)**()#96*3<<#*'?I *3!*%9%V 2 #$#"%14W<#<=$:X()'&*39$()IY1# 2 #'* CM=&*:.L9 2 #T&*,+%9:*TU9S3# *3#CM%99.9 2 FU1:> @BC<#<=$7*V%Z*3$Y$J#.99$9<% 9+:*3%9% S [V9() 9$ \@]9"^' 2 %9#S_`[C@a^b*3c< 2 9$B()9$M=*,.L9 2 $#!*&d#D *,#'X9e*,. 9fDY%9%7M=&*:.0: 2 $#> @B6*%9$S<#<=$Q**()<%9U$#.L c9$9<%996:*%9%9:UO7*, g/L.0#$U^LJ: 2 %9 S_`Og^bPZ#(h7%Z*3$ K[N@a^8$': 2 %9#> @X9E[N@a^d$J: 2 %9#;<% :4"i9E\jD+#k=I (S*,l()9 m*1#8#'*,81 2 !* 2 n 2 )o7*$W*W^L'*'k0%9M=#qpTn 2 1 %99M# 2 (r>A@]N$:Ds&*, Og^8$%9.0Y7<#M%9()FtJl$$9.0 9q 2 7 2 #$<=$9.0Vu:DCI&*3#$$ .Q.#$9C3 vCwYxtI( 2 %19<%9V<*3#'*3% %9%?J N*9N*%9$8`*39#N)vCwYxt> y!z{G|Q}&~3tcV*()vY3#$4"I?o7*$pTn 2 9% 9M# 2 (rIK^L'*'k0%9M=# pTn 2 9%99M# 2 (rI7#'*%99:!xP#"$$#7^*3#9IVx+^=I^': 2 %1 9Iw+9w+"$#%I&vCwYxtI= &*39#$IOg^I[N@e^> INTRODUCTION SN!&]& E"$#% $'()! I : I0"I&3I ,?*3#7.% 2 "'*3#$48 ;&*, 2 #*;#19:*3% %14!<=& !& 2 $#Y"<=#'*39?>FvY7vCwYxW9"$#%*3% #1()8 IALIAIt I I T.0% 2 "'*,# %14q#: 2 Q8$9 #'*, 2 <=]#9.9f*\9W$ &*3%Y 2 'd*p+w+o :I <*'k0%9$ I LI : A#7$ 2 #n 2 '] >7^ 2 J 9)"$#%$J()T*3#N 2 $ 2 %&M=:* 2 $*%9% & 2 $# "<=#'*,c*3&;.0% 2 "J#Y#: 2 N1#C$9#'*, 2 $9 g g/&Z*UON$:*,#J!K*3M?ILV* 2 NU&*3IoDX[7%9& LI g/o7[VgjQ> gj& *egj9 B3)vK'%934"IU[V%9IVV* 2 BU*IUoD [7%9 L2 Igjo[Vg6> o7/DY#k;N<<%9 *I&wYQIU^Q> 1. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Copyright 2001 ACM X-XXXXX-XX-X/XX/XX ... 5.00. 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A GAME-THEORETIC MODEL OF A NETWORK w+$ J#Q*;%99k\3Y:*3<&*9/4f©ª$&*,#:M"4q« 2 $#>cvY# 9!*B 2 ¡89"%94i% *3#$*3#:iM 2R J#:IN*BM 2R #S(S**()" <=%9 J4"I*&S*U$#.L99$9<%99NQ<*3#$19)N%99k8:*3<&*31j4 *3()8 2 $J#>C$ 2 ()V&*3 2 $#7¬F$&7*8'*3"N#'*, $#'*,¡)cu:D*3V*S#'*,c®,¯_mQ < 2 #'*,,bJ>6^L()6T9$#'*, H)(S*4qM=)#<<=:f 2 crM 2R #6,.0#$u&:DC>;N$ 2 ()*3:I 9]*4'*,8$#'*,¡)8 2 $#6¬N 6%99.0#:]*,U) 9*39XDC1e*X*,.#'* 2 < 2 S#'*3\° ¯ I6_m° ¯± ® ¯ bJ>vY 2 < 2 C#'*3U9* 2 9r3P$&98#'*3U3T*%9%KU« 2 $#I 6DC9'q$#.L9Q9$9<%99²+I*!6M 2R #N(S**()" <=%9 J4W³S>]r*3(S*39:*3% %14"IT99QD #9$E*3c° ´° µL¶C_`® bJI DC#)® ´_`®0·¸®3¹3¸:ºººG¸$®3»NbVV)«!/9()$ &*3%F.0 3#6F9< 2 V#'*3U*q° ´_m° · ¸° ¹ ¸º:ºº?¸° » b737«! 9()$9*%Y.#c 2 < 2 Q#'*,)*3&B° µL¶ _b69c) 2 9X_`:*%9%9:f#$ 2 #S(S**()"V 2 9=bV<=&" $': 2 %99c9$9<%99Q²]*3&SM 2R # (S**()"Y<=% 94!³ (S*3<< S.0#cN9< 2 6#'*36rS.0#cN 2 < 2 #'*,> w+$ J#U*8JjDY3#k()<#9$9)( 2 %19<%9UL7*3&%99kL> N$ 2 ()+*3A$#'*,¡)Y 2 $#T¬=$#'*:.0#$P%99kLT¼·¸¼¹¸º¾ ººG¸¼½L>PG¾ N#$ 2 #V(S**()"F 2 J *,Y%99kS¼ ¾UM=C° _bJ>P?Y® 3Q6.03#73+9< 2 C#'*37+*%9% 2 $#V*,V%99k¼ ¾ >vY 9< 2 U#'*,8 2 $#6¬*36%99k¼·696® ¯ · ´h®,¯>;^L9D+S*$ 2 () *3Y*%9% 2 $J#+$$#'*3¡)*3Y*V'*"+#'*,I"C · 2 < 2 T· #'*, 3 2 $#U¬ *,U%99k\¼·V9V*3% $*;'*3"V9.0M"4!° ¯ ´¦° ¯ _`®0· bJ> vY##IC < 2 )#'*3r3 2 $#S¬c*3S%99kW¼ ¹ DC9%9%V*3%9$M= '*3"9.0rM"4S® ¯¹ ´E° ¯ · >F^L9() % *,#%94;DYU*:.0¿ ® ¾¯ ´E° ¾:¯ À · ´s° ¾,¯ À · _`® ¾:À · bJº _b All other flows sending at 1 Mbps 8 FCFS RED FRED WF2Q LQD DT RIS 7 Output Rate (Mbps) 6 Á 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 2 4 6 8 Input Rate (Mbps) 10 12 ÂCÃÄ&ÅK~,zdÆQÇÈtÉ}&ÈKÄ&zÊzEËmÃÈtÌ All other flows sending at 4 Mbps 3.5 FCFS RED FRED WF2Q LQD DT RIS 3 Output Rate (Mbps) *3*,#M1$#'*3#$46jD+#kU9Q*$#'*3 "tm3#$D *3#'Q(S*#:>G@] 2 $F* "9 2 2 ?u 2 u&:D]M*$:U9< 2 ?$#'*3¡)T()L%DC9J69t()3# #*%99 8*&q*3()&*3M%9Q!**%14$9U *3f*,#M1$#'*3#$4qjD+#k=> vY9U(S*k07 2 #Q*3<<#0*'()#<#'*9:*3%+*3&*<<%99:*M% 8 jD+#kLC 2 'r*3NVgj"#:> vY!<$8N; ()9 $9\DY9Lc 2 9W#$ ()9?F*3() 2 L?<=*%1j47 ()<=$:UQ* ()9$M=&*:.L9Yu&:DU> ^"<=#FDY9L+ 2 9+9()<=$N$#9# <=*%19+Q()9$M= *:.9fu&:DC>X8!DY9") 2 J EM=()u&*3:I [C@a^ *3<<#0*'Q@e K¤¥$J: 2 % 9rDC9JB ()<=$Qr<=*%1j4f *c() $M=&*:.L cu,DU>A@BU*%9$)<#$"N**()<%9V$#.L9U9$1 <%9 C:*%9%9:SO7*,Ng/L.0#$N^' 2 %99_`Og^bKDC#CC9() 9$ DY "Q 2 9B9U L.0J#$8Y89< 2 V#'*,>;F4 2 $9) R J#"YDY9LC 2 J 9[C@a^=I7DC1'\$9 J#)*dg^xP:*3i'"$!Z#( *q.*3#9j4]N#D *,#'<=&*3%1j4 <#H% C() 9#N<=% 94;#:n 2 1#()L> @X9¦[N@e^a<%9:4":IUDY]$,D*3q1 \9a]9"#$ rQ:*3Je9&9. 2 *%&L 2 $#;m%9%9:D*dvCwYxP/4%99 J#:*$,3J#:*$*%93#9(r>Y$ )$9( 2 % *, DY6$,Da&*, & 2 $# 2 $9 R J#"V.0#$9U+vCwYxa*3#)*3 2 *3% %14*3M%9 SL.0#Q)1#7m*1#V#'*,I.0\9\Q<#$QF()9 M=&*:.L 2 $J#> g/X^L9XqD+r<#$L8 2 #S*()#9;m#( 2 % *39 *3&B$:D§*369B)<#$)C$%1H$ 2 $#IK8 2 #$#" #$ 2 #c(S*3&*()"N<=%999DC9%9%A%9:*;*89q%1 % *3<$>Wgji^L9iqD+<#$"8;[C@a^]$J: 2 % 9B*3% #1(¨*3&9$ 2 $81<#<=#$9c i^L9 >@]S<#$" $()8<#% 9()9&*,#$4$ ( 2 % *39f# 2 %969^L9]L>8@B8 % 2 F ^9c>PvY+<#"3mP*,#Y<#,.L :U9Q+N<<=1l> Á 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Input Rate (Mbps) ÂCÃÄ=ÅK~,zfÍGcÎ6}=ÈKÄ&zÊzEËÃmÈtÌ vYVH&*3%? 2 < 2 Y#'*3U3A 2 $#CDC9% %?M=U9.0!M"4G¿ ° ¯ ´E° ¯ ½ ´E° ¯½ À · _`® ½ À · b > gjE#'*%`I7* 2 $#:£ 2 9%99/4Ï_`3#*, m*9=b<=&S 1) 2 < 2 c#'*3I+%9$)#'*3*&dW% *4">d7:DY.#:I m3#)*\(S*:Ð#1/4*<<%99:*39; 2 < 2 Q#'*3; QS() 9()<=#$'*3LG`*3#A#()9 Y 2 $J#:£ 2 9%99/4">t #t9'*I -/H#$7*3<<%99:*, $5c$J# M=8 \ G*3#N()<%9%14c% $ %9#'*3":>] 3#8$#:*3()9q(): *\*3<<%99:*, IF%9$% J#'* :*3WM=;M'*9 2 $9\m3#$D *3#'W#$###$#9dJ n 2 ,>§ #!M 2 %9ki$#'*m#r*<<%99:*39IV%9$;%9#'*3:*eM= *'9.: 2 $ r$%99.0)#$#'*3$()9$$9; >vYJ#m3#IAm3# $9()<%991j4"ItD+;*$ 2 ())*3c* 2 $#:£ 2 9%99/4B9c*9J#:*$9 2 9i371 2 < 2 #'*,%14">vY· !% *3$) 2 ' 2 9% 1/4 2 97ÑÒ&I9 m3#(S*%9%14\H&:!*3 ¿ >NÑÓWÑ Ò (S*<V* 2 $J#:£ 7 2 < 2 V#'*,c°]!*;#*%1.*3% 2 : *39.0 2 %91j4"I L>NÑc_m°=ÔmbYÕXÑc_m°Gb+ R °=ÔKÕd°t> g/ 2 $#N¬AD *3 )*C9*$%1H&$r(S*3#:IL1 DY 2 % J"$6* $9U#'*3®,¯?DC9';D+ 2 %Z)(S*,l9()9C1 2 9%91j4\_*3&) T 2 < 2 K#'*3:bJI1#$#$<=J .+F*() 2 "K3&9L.0 :* 2 $:s_`%9$c 2 9%91j4bU\3# 2 $J#>]w+$ J#DC&*,cDC9%9% &*3<<= \ 2 Jr*S$&*,# )DC1q R #LN<*'k0N$#.L99 9<%997*3&!M 2R #C(S*3&*3()" <=%9 > w+$ #8*r% 9kBC*<&*31j4W©Ö´ ×eØ/ÙÚ;$*3#:]M"4H&.0 2 $J#;$&9B$#'*3¡)q*,!*B'*")#'*3>Û t9 2 # *X · ?*3#:I9)^9 DY *3% $U$ #AY%Z*3$F3 2 %91j46 2 J 9BÑ Ò,Ü DC#c* 2 $#:£ 2 %91j49V*%9$!<=&L\1% $ #'*3> G & ^': 2 %9989$9<%99 2R J#C(S*&*3()LY<=%994 KwY P^ t9#()7H#C$#. ^*3#:;M 2R J#IL#<'*39% @s P¤ @]#N:*3$U`*1#CDY ":!`*31#Vn 2 2 9 xt# u&:DaM 2R #I#<;'*9%+ , K¤7[ t9#()7H#C$#. ?7n 2 2 7'*39%KL#<] , [Vv t9#()7H#C$#. 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8 DT'M.KB 4'Aá ^ 9cl§_b9Q$# J%94B#:*$9IP®; #:*3$*30B #:*3$ *r.L .0#*> %9$)36*3NU.*% 2 63*,949) *M=,.0Un 2 *39;m3#V*9.0.*% 2 UA®c 2 n 2 > P > ÿ <;'k'/ÿ®c.'$>ÿ '/ÿ¥M"X'f>ÿ @AM1Q| ¡ éûCûCò > "% © PJñ Q « |5ÿ 5 ë _`®0$b IEQ© PJÜ « 5 úî?îGê=ý7 #Y® ± © P«fI"D+7$C#(§JH&19S3Ko7*$ #'*3)_pTn&> : b+&*, ë _`®0$b IEQ© P«> 3#C®cÕEQ© P«I&37#(?()(S* > I&*, ë _`®0b+9C9#:*3 989]_© P«4¸ ðWbJ>F%9$83V&*, ë _`®b+9"9 2 2 C*37Q© P« _pTn=> , bJI&*3& ë _© P«\bP´eQ© P«f>TI ë _`®+b IE© P«f> @sr* 2 $#N$&*,N®IUM=N$#'*,4;m3#73# 2 $J# 9Q$&f$#'*,¡)S*3Q9#Qo7*$B#'*, ë _`®bJ>vY96 6m3#(S*%9%14 '*397%9%9:DC )3#(r> ôGéîGú=éû > Q > Üÿ Ü«|'/ÿ ¬¥ÿ )'®'V®0® · ÿ ] ¯ â ¹ ä » ®,¯Q´ ë _`®0·u b %u ÿ -@Ac ÿ <8">¯?,@A -CA4DUA'uÿ o q ÿ DT'M.QE « V ÿ 4A5 vY<#"389r<#3.L X sBN<<=1l> ¢ M$#.0q&*3 1V* 2 $J#8$8*,)® ·± Q© P«fITJ#M"4]38"$# M 2 9\ ?I6T$<&*,#Y:*<*1/4c9A9. :Qn 2 *%9%14Q*() #V_ ë _`® · bP´Ï_J © V\® · >b PL_Ú « V b$bJ>Pg/A* 2 $J# ()9$M=&*:.0 *X$&!$#'*,¡)B*,\*]#'*3®0·Õ¨Q© P«I7DC9%9J# 2 $J# #(S*3 dDY% %NM=*,.:GIPi3# 2 $#8:*3E*3%14W #:*3$ 9#;#'*3 2 < ë _`®0·'bJICDC#*\() $M=&*:.L 2 $#!J <=*%99:869F#$ 2 *3%&oV*3$)#'*3 ë Ð _`®0bJI"H:8*3+m%9% :DC> èQéê"ëìëZí=ëZî?ì T> ê+Hÿ ¥%ÿ 8#1+'/ÿ® F$)0ÿ 938ÿ ÿ -)"'Ñ<;'>"/ÿ0'Aá © VE_U « V b ë _`®b _ : b ë Ð _`®bT´e[ vYm%9%9:DC9)jD+8%9()(S*Y9%9% 2 $#'*,V&*3 V()#V* 2 $J# L$#9M 2 9rU()#V<=*%1j4;1N9 2 #> PéûCûCò > L% > 8ÿ $ÿ 4)'M1Ñ<;''/ÿ2 ÿ 4QM'¥'c>ÿ @A' |cQ © Pò « |5mÿ 5 ë Ð _`®0b ± Q© PJÜ « 5 vY9C9()(): *,%14;%9%9:DC#(pFn&> : *3&G()(S* > L> PéûCûCò > > ë _`®0 b 844 N - )0ÿ N $>ÿ '.8 N -"/7 ® ÿ '."ÿ6_Q© P«¸ ðWÐ b 5 vY<#"3K9()():Z*,%14%9%9,DCYZ#(ªpFn&> : *)?()(S* > > e<!D+9"C 2 9;# 2 %1C9$.##C< 2 9$()LFm3# * 2 $#P"$# M 2 9 9*Q% *3##P:n 2 9%99M# 2 (¦ 2 $ < 2 #'*,Q#VD+%9%AM=&*:.L9 2 $#>UvY 9V9% % 2 $#'*3:\9 t 3 2 #cDC9'\<%9NoV*3$\#'*3Q*#$ 2 *3%toV*3$r#'*36m3#U1Z mJ#"S9()99$9qD+9"8 2 J >WN:*3i¹ M=;:*$9%14WM $#.0GI*<=#NDY "N 2 9K|_ lh_`®0bP´ P,® b+# 2 %9C9\* % *3##<=&*%1/4*6()<*3#:qr*;% $c<fDY "U 2 9 |_ l§_`®bA´ P`¼ z"{_`®b$bJ> n2 100 Mbps 30ms Nash Rates 2.5 n3 100 Mbps 30ms Nash Rate (n(r)) (Mbps) 2 n4 100 Mbps 30ms 1.5 W(r)=1/log(r) W(r)=1/log(r) (residual) W(r)=1/r W(r)=1/r (residual) W(r)=1/r^2 W(r)=1/r^2 (residual) 1 10 Mbps 2ms n0 n1 n5 100 Mbps 30ms n6 100 Mbps 30ms 0.5 ÂCÃÄ&ÅK~,z®÷G d `à äqÅtË Þ Ê:Ã}=È d É zÈ Þ ~3Ã} 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Input Rate (r) (Mbps) ÂCÃÄ=ÅK~,zOóG6à Þ :âi~ Þ Êz w+$ J# *;*,#M1$#'*3#$4/DY#kc$#.L99Q«u:DC>T$ 2 () *3Q[C@a^$': 2 %99r9Q<%9:4":B*,Q.0#$4%99kq9B)$ D+#k=>UN$ 2 ()V*376 < 2 #'*,c3+:*3J\u,DÛ97'*":> vY##I0Y9< 2 P*3&c 2 < 2 t#'*,A 2 $#P*3T.#$46# %99k!DC %9%T*%9$;M='*3L:>7o7:DUI=Q9< 2 7*&\ 2 < 2 #'*, 3 :*3Ju&:Dh*36:*3Jf%9 kq:*fM=8()< 2 : 2 $ rpTn&> I *3& > vY;%9%9:DC B#( '*M% 9$&*,8.d W*3i*,#M1 $#'*,#$4q/DY3#k\Y%99kLIG(S*3lL()9r`*39#69< 2 #'*3U1 2 *Uo7*$S*TDY%9%*6^"'*'k0%9M=#QpFn 2 %99M# 2 (h1G[C@a^$J: 2 %9# *,#q<%9,40:E*,S:*'X%99k=>ar*3lL()9Wm*1#$f 9;*fDY%9% kL,DC93C`*1#$9d*d*,#M1$#'*3#$4]/DY#k=>\[73 M"K4 ô I" , õ «.#Y?(S*3lL() 8m*1#Y#'*, G$Nu&:DC # 2 jD+#k=> 7ôéîGú=éû > K > Ò3'-)0ÿ Nò « ÿ 4;ÿ )'.%ÿ Q>² N ' « )" N '#,>'1.y''ACA'=ÿ #:'>ÓT#c)" ÿ ÿ ò )0ÿ +ÕuÖu×® N >ÿ )'B .'ÿ> N O Ó*5u0 ÿ DT°1|D0KA'8>'/ÿ ô ÿ 'uO×M| N Ó0Aÿ !C'ÿ -.®?(@A CAD N '/ÿ<;'æ'%#+A A';8 ÿ ÿ 4G5 vY8<#"3 96<#,.LZ:q )N<<=1l>8 2 #$J#()#IG1 9Q3c$*,#$4B*36)*3()8DY9"6 2 9M= 2 $:]*, *';%99k=>PvY9+(S*kP9+:*$9#FQ*<F[N@e^ S*V# 2 tL.L9#()"GDC1c R #"P*()99$#'*39.0F(S*9K*& <=%9 > F$ ô I#U(S*4;M=6#N:n 2 9%9 M# *)*%9$I*3& 2 $# (S*4W$#$4Ed* R ;DC9Je:n 2 %99M# 2 ( ]#*'?> gjs 2 JX* *$I1:*\M=6$:DCr*37*3% *V 2 $J#DC9%9%Al<=#9 %9$$)9i*3"4]#8o7*$WpTn 2 9% 9M#Z*L>dvY9c %9% 2 $#'*,:d Vm% %9:DC9;?()(S*> PéûCû ò > LK > Ò3'M4)"ÿ ö « ÿ ÿ )'.Kÿ Q² N '+« )" N ('#'1.yØ'X"GCA'4 ÿ #:'>ÓJ#)" ÿ ÿ )0ÿ +ÕuÖu×® N >ÿ )'B .'ÿ> N O Ó*5u0 ÿ DT°1|D0KA'8>'/ÿ ô N "/ÿ ÿ BM-@Aÿ <;'['#+Aÿ ('u ÿ ×| N Ó0Aÿ !C'ÿ -. ?,@A -CA4DE# N ÿ 0ÿ ';ÿ %!'ÿ ;8ÿ "4/ÿDK5 vYF<#"9K<#,.L :V9UTN<<=1l>?g/U#'*%`I* 2 $#:£ 2 9% 1/4](S*4f*¢ %9$<=f9Q%9$6#'*3S9d*19Br 2 < 2 Y#'*,> 2 3t(S*3L48oV*$!pTn 2 9% 9M#Z*3 9.L9c7*3() 2 < 2 S#'*3I#'*3% %14 2 $#SDC9% %7<##\DC1s$(S*%9%9# %9$$>A@]Pm3#(S*%9%146HA9t%Z*3$t 2 9%91j4V 2 9F_/Ñ Ò,Ü b *3N%9%9:DC¿ 4.2 Arbitrary Network of Links >NÑÏÓ\Ñ Ò,Ü (S*3<Y* 2 $J#:£ F 2 < 2 F#'*3C°\*3&8%9$#'*3V¼ *c#:*%1.*% 2 :;*39.0 2 %91j4"> L>NÑc_m° Ô ¸'¼mbYÕXÑc_m°t¸$¼`bY R ° Ô Õd°t> >NÑc_m°t¸¼ Ô +b XÑc_m°t¸$¼`bY R ¼ Ô Õi¼/> g/ *%9% 2 $#6&*:.08 2 J 2 9%99/4f 2 9It96 2 #U 2 6&*3 ô 9 2 n 2 7oV*$* DY% %t^L'*3Jk0% M=J#)pFn 2 %99M# 2 (r> vY9? K %9% 2 $#'*,:U96Am%9%9:DC97#(eDC9'6 ?$9() % *,# )vY#( > *&!vY3#( > cm3#*$9%96%99k=> ôGéîGú=éû > LK > Ò3"-)"ÿ Nè « ÿ 2ÿ )'.Kÿ ;² N ' « )' N M'#'1.y"'ACA>"K=ÿ #$"Ó=#%)" ÿ ÿ ò )"ÿ MÕuÖu×% N >ÿ )'B .0'Pÿ> N K BÓ*5Tþtÿ ?ÑA ¯ C',ÿ (ÿ 3 N -'¯;Bÿ 7A ¬ 52ñ] ¯ Ñ ¯ ÓBÑ Ò,Ü F+ÿ ¥0ÿ DK°1-D==G''/ÿ ô ÿ @A&+ÿ <8'%')8×| N Ó0Aÿ !C'ÿ -.8?,@A -CA4D%5 N '/ÿ(( vY\<#"Q9!<#,. :E9EqN<<=1l>¦vY##q -jM=8$%1H&$WM=*,.L9 2 #5\m#8* 2 $#89Q$&]$#'*3¡)!*31 (S*3lL()9)`*1#N#'*3> vYc# 2 %169f<#.L9 2 U$9]9()<%94\*3V]-jM= $%1H&$;M=*,.L9 2 #5Q#N* 2 $#Y SN<#$KJ# $9() % *,# 2 $J#T9tV$&U$#'*3¡)C*,P9P(S*,l()9V`*31#T#'*,>P7:D+.0#:I3 (S*3lL()9Qm*1#T#'*3N<=&Ar_*0bt+% 9kc:*3<&*31 I_`M=bK 2 (cM=#K3u:DCK# 2 6:*3JQ%99k=I_`,bF9< 2 G#'*3F&3# u&:DCQ*W_bc<&*3f *'fu&:DU>S 2 $J#UDC %9%F6kL,D $F<*3#'*()J#?9U#'*3%L*7 2 =DC %9%"?M=F*3M%9PNkL,D 1+(S*,l()9cm*1#Y#'*,>P7:DY.0#:I0Z#(¥G()(S*TL> *)> V1 "F$(Ï&*3T98:*3$ G*7$9%9C% 9kQDC18[C@a^Q$' 2 %99I :*3JW1#'*39i7*fvCwYx j4%99#:*$:#:*$q*3%9#1( DC1! 2 1'*M%9<&*3#'*3()#TDC %9%M#9c9< 2 T#'*3 % $#Y6 `*31#U#'*3>vY#Jm#It1 *;$ %98%99krDC1[N@a^r$': 2 %99 9()L%9:**q*()IAdvCwYxA/%99k0;& 2 $#)*3%9#1() $(¥M=V#:*$&*M%9Q$#'*,9C8<%Z*4SU*()> gj!9$9\DY69%9% 2 $#'*36# 2 \$9( 2 % *39N*3N R #LF.0#$9Y3KvCwYxd*3% #1()+*3#N9&:S*M%9C6 .0#Q)1#7(S*,l()9!m*1#V#'*,IP_*\*3Vo7*$r#'*,79\ <#$)3C()9$M=&*:.L9 2 $#'bJItDC][C@a^$': 2 %9#Q*3# <%9:4":r9r6JjDY3#k=>7vY6L.0#QSoV*3$r#'*39 *%9$U$,DCcm#F R J#"T9()99$9DY9"P 2 9>T3# ,.0#:IK$<=1H&).0J#$ QCvCwYxÛ*&q8# 2 &q$#9<f9()6 9& .L 2 *%Cu&:DC;&*:.0\%91$% q9()<&*3SXq*:.0#'*q 2 < 2 #'*3;*ru&:DU>BvY#Jm#I+[C@a^B$': 2 %99\$%9.08()c C<#M%9()T? S"$#%=98N<#$3G() $M=J &*:.L9 2 $#6 I > 5. SIMULATION RESULTS All other flows sending at 4 Mbps 3.5 2.5 2 Output Rate (Mbps) Output Rate (Mbps) 3 ø 4 TCP and 1 CBR 2.5 FCFS RED DYNTHRESH WF2Q w(r)=1/log(r) RIS: w(r)=1/r w(r)=1/r^2 w(r)=1/r^4 2 1.5 ø 1.5 1 1 TCP (w(r)=1/log(r)) CBR (w(r)=1/log(r)) TCP (w(r)=1/r) CBR (w(r)=1/r) TCP (w(r)=1/r^2) CBR (w(r)=1/r^2) 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 ÂCÃÄ&ÅK~,z%ùmK^ }|) û 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Input Rate (Mbps) db zL~,á/}&~ä Þ ÈtÉzÃmÈ\Ê:âKzåK~3zzÈtÉzQ}&áTÎú=} Yv $9( 2 % *39)$&*,# Q9+$,DCS9S t9 2 #7L>TvYNM=$%9 'k!%99k!&**8:*3<&*9/43 SM<7*3&<#<*0*,9% *4 3()>rvY#;*3#)H&.)*$%99kLQC:*3<&*9/4 M< *3&<#<*0*,9\% *:4c()> vY7M 2R #F$9#N*Vu&:De*, :*'S%9 kD *3Y$YQ1F# 2 & $#9<B% *4LM*DC <#L 2 :>8xT[C@a^qDC1O ÅX$()" I <=J#Nu:DÛM 2R #C*3&!'*3 %K#<D *3 2 $:G>ToU^ KDY* 2 $:! *3#$#$4! 2 *3% %U$9( 2 % *39> 5.1 Simulation Scenario vY8M=$%9'k\% 9k9U$*3#:ML4H&.08wY+Ohu:DCIKm 2 #63 DC9J]$&f$#'*,¡)S*3c*'*3L6#'*,) M<>;vY8#'*, 3PVHZu&:Da9.*3#9:;#()M<C > SM<> Û<% 3 3U1S 2 < 2 8#'*,\.L>Xr9< 2 #'*3rm3#;.*,# 2 )$': 2 %1 9*3% #1()7*qM 2R #7(S**()"<=%9 U $:DC t9 2 # > vY9K9t* $*3#9N:*:."4V9G>Ao73TZ#(¦ t 2 # I *3YDC1S[C@a^8$J: 2 % 96Nu:Ds9 *M% NQ#9.071+m*1# #'*,V*3Y%9c*+9Y"++:* 2 $79?>FvYNu,DX'*3#$ #9.L Q*V<=&*3%9/4cDC81T < 2 T#'*,Cl:TY`*1#F#'*3> vY *() 2 "A3=<=&*3%1j4Q<=&AcFD+9"P 2 9T l§_bJ> o)&*,6S<=&*3%1 *,#;9J#cDC1J l§_`®bU´ P3® ¨ *& %9:DYJ#DC1 l§_`®bA´ PA%9=_`®bJ> 5.2 CBR flows su&:Ds*3C" 3 J*V1 9< 2 +#'*,U 2 #9Q 9]96#Jm#$#:Br*Q* 2 #$<=$9.0u:D >!ON$<=$ . u:DCcM*'kf R M"4q#: 2 9r1#c$&9r#'*3 2 <=]J$ 9f9iDC9% 2 #$<=$9.0Su&:DC8"9 2 ;9Ðj <*'k0 9"7/DY#k)#M"4;#'*MM98*c% *3##7$*3#U3 rM&*3&LDCZL?>eN;*# 2 %9Sr<#$\3 2 #$<=$ . u:DC 9.0Y#9$7 2 `*1#$ 9!M*&LDC !*%9%9":*39G>F@X9 xP[C@a^$J: 2 %9 6<%9,40:GIDYC$:DE*3+vCwYx]j4%9Ng$[ *3%9#1()c:*3]9(S*3S*3&B$&f$#'*,¡)S*369#Q(S*,l()9 m*1# #'*3c_`# o7*$S#'*3,bT.0S9;<#$73K()9$M=*,.L9 u:DC> vY]M=$%9'ks% 9ka9\$*3#:aML4¦ 2 $#I 2 $9¦_m# $<=$9.0,b!vCwYxÖvK*"B*e 2 #$<=$9.0'*"M1 #'*,r_wY+O7b$ 2 #>cO$<=$9.08vCwYxeu,DCUM*'k\ R 2 #9 9DC9% 2 #$<=$9.0UwY+Osu&:DCC"9 2 Q9Ðj <*'k069")jD+#kq 2 Q*3$()< !r3#'*Md*% *,## $*3#U3tVM*DC G>T t 2 # $:DCCU*:.0#'*3U 2 < 2 #'*, m3#V*6#<#$L'*,9.06vCwYxWu,D¦*3CV9< 2 Y#'*,Ut 5.3 TCP with unresponsive flows 0 2 4 6 8 10 Input Rate (Mbps) of CBR ÂCÃÄ=ÅK~,z%üQmK^ db zL~,á/}~ä Þ ÈtÉz8ÃmÈÊâKz8åt~,zzÈtÉz}á Ý Î Þ KÈ eÎ0ú=} û }|) b wY+Oªu:Dª9.*3#9:>\pT*'d<=9"c9])#'*<]#<#$"* $ 9( 2 %Z*,9E363f$&>E,D+.0#:IF! 2 < 2 c#'*3)3#$ #$<=&W\*:.0J#'*!#'*3\9i% * f$)3V $9( 2 %Z*,9DC!4;N'*M9% 9G> t9 2 # $:DC*3)vCwYxÏu,DC*3#*M%9Sf8% $! 9#FoV*3$8#'*36_`$:DC)9S t9 2 #7bF*3& V1#+o7*$ pTn 2 9% 9M# 2 (ç_*#'9)vY#( > bJ> o73V&*, DC9 l§_`®0bP´ PA%9=_`®bFV 2 < 2 #'*363TwY+O u&:D9V3#:*3J#U&*\*3U3F8vCwYxXu&:DU>QvY9U9VM=* 2 $ )9L.0#$S%9\D+9"c 2 99.0c.0J#$4B%91$%9;<=&*%1/4f ()9$M=*:.96wY+OEu,DE*9F.#$4$9()9% *3#TV@e t¤c>vY M&*3&LDCZL%9Z+M"4QvCwYxBM=* 2 $C3&9() 2 P*&Q#$#'*$()9 9Y#'*3MM=:)M"4VwYFOXu&:De$<11V_`$%99"%14bT$(S*3% %=Vx+^ DY ":>PKwY+O9#*$t1G#'*3P 2 #$#:I,P<=*%1j47$% :DC%14 9#*$*%9%9:DC ;vCwYxi8#'*3M\*% *3##$&*3#> [V R #"P.0J#$ P=vCwYxf%99k0Cvt*"I0ON *I ºF*C ,I * Q^*'k 33*3#TkL:DCUC<=#$m3#(Û R J#"%94 >A@BT$:D &*,UDC1B[C@a^q$' 2 %99!#89U.0J#$4f%91$%9) R #)9 N 2 < 2 F#'*,Y*3J .0:)M"4$.0J#$ >TvY$9( 2 % *39 $*3#9Q +$:DCS S t9 2 #VVDC1; R #"F.0#$9Y?vCwYx *3r=LI7&LIV *3&s=">xA*'k09:s#'*39L.0#$B$' 2 %9# _xPOg^bD *3 2 $X*3;qM=$%9'ki%99k=> t9 2 # $:DC c'*%FM"4UN*!u,D $#'*3mJ#$#:]*Q* 2 J B3 ()> vY) 2 < 2 6#'*3)9Q9.0]M"4q)$%9<=;3 )3#'*<G>\^L9 $% <=Q*3#S*3% ()QZ"9:*%PDY8$8&*3Q*3%9%F.0J#$ 6J "9:*3%G#'*,> 5.4 TCP Versions ¢ <= 6( 2 %19<%9C$9( 2 %9'*3 2 F9Y9 *U.0#$4$9(8 < %96D *4S3#'*Mq()#6M&*3&LDCZL#( $9()<%9Q twY P^B_L#< '*9%ZbA0*3JD *4>TvYC$9( 2 % *, 8$*3#9U9F$:DC89) t9 2 #N DC1) twY P^Q()<%9:4":Q*3TL &L>AvY 2 $#T*3TLP="I0&LI I&&*&<= ILI=I *&r8vCwYxEO89 8LU #$<=9.0%94"> vT4< *%9%14"IT* 2 $#c<=9\()#)$9( 2 %1'* 2 c9 98*3M%9)\#'*Md()3#)M&*DC G>\7:D+.0#:IA Q9cQ :*3$DC1S[N@a^Q$J: 2 % 96DC;*%9%7vCwYx]9Y * 2 $#Y*3#C$#:*3)* *U$9% Cu&:DU>T t9 2 # Q$:DCY*U<%9+ M"4L7$#'*m#$#B.L>c9()cDC]xPONg$^r9c<%9:4":*36L &L>t@] $N*3F*%9% 2 $#T+*S*3% ()+ " *%M*DC G> 5.5 Multiple vs Single Connection 5.6 TCP with different Round Trip Times 4 TCP Versions 7 Sack Reno Vegas Tahoe ý 5 TCPs with Different RTT 5 5 Rtt 14ms Rtt 24ms Rtt 44ms rtt 104ms Rtt 204ms 4.5 4 4 Total data received (MB) Total data received (MB) 6 3 2 1 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 0 0 2 ÂCÃÄ&ÅK~,z¥þ ázL~,zÈÊ Ý Î 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 b zL~,á}&~ä Þ ÈtÉzfÃÈEÊ:âKzqåt~,zzÈtÉz\}&átÃá-¹ =zL~3:Ã}=Èt b }c~ dæb \ Multiple TCP connections 5 4 Total data received (MB) 0.5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 time (sec) ÂCÃÄ=ÅK~,zÆ&Æ& b }c~ dæb zL~,á}&~ä Þ ÈtÉzqÃmÈEÊ:âKz\åK~3zzÈtÉz û } |) |)ÃÊâ\ Þ ~,{KÃmÈ?Ä/} ÝcÝ 1 connections 2 connections 3 connections 4 connections 5 connections 4.5 ý 1 time (sec) 3.5 3 2.5 2 n0 n4 1.5 40 ms 10 ms 1 20 ms 0.5 n2 n3 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 time (sec) 14 16 18 20 ÂCÃÄ&ÅK~,zÆÿ? b }%~ d b zL~,á/}&~ä Þ ÈtÉz ÃmÈÊ:âKzåt~,zzÈtÉz}&á äqÅtËÊÃåAËzfÉ}=ÈtÈ?zÉÊ:Ã}=Èt /g i S$J XDY\$,D*3SDC1X[N@e^W$': 2 %99] <%9,40:X9e*djD+#kE**3<9.0\u&:DC;%9 kBvCwYx*,#B*3M%9 (S*,N*&cL.0# V1#T(S*3lL()9Qm*1#+#'*,>TvYC$9(8 2 % *39W$*3#9f9c$:DCd W t9 2 # L>]vY#!*3#vCwYx ON]u&:DC>§vYq<&*,;6u&:DCrLI IU"II I7*&e]*,# _`3=: bJIN_` &,/&bJIN_`&,=,3 bJIC_` &,&,/&bJIC_`3 &,&,=bc*&s_` =:/3 b6#$<=9.0%14">WvYrM 2R #$9 3C:*'Bu,D ]:*3J]*3DY*4fDY*6'*k0rM=)r<&*3Jk DC9J97QM&*3&DC Lf% *4q<#L 2 V3FQu:DÏDC1 Link Capacities 10Mbps n1 n5 ÂCÃÄ&ÅK~,zdÆLÍG d `à äqÅtË Þ Ê:Ã}=Ès:ÉzÈ Þ ~3Ã}á}&~ Þ ÈKzLÊ'|c}&~3Ì RIS scheduling in a Network 10 Flowid 0 Flowid 1 Flowid 2 Flowid 3 Flowid 4 Flowid 5 9 8 Output Rate (Mbps) vYON 2 &v?#9<WvY9()f_`OTv vCbQ3U*qvCwYx 9i J#() Y,Dsm*C1N**< 9$%9?c7 2 #$#" '*3V3K jD+#k=>PE98DC18$(S*3%9% J#+OTv v9+*3M%9 V9mJ#F '*, 2 V3FcjD+#kr*3#%99#U&*3f*)9qDC1% *,## OTv v7>CvY##I7%Z*,#OTv vÖ9!j4< *%9%14s*'9. %9:DYJ#7 2 < 2 #'*3> vYV$9( 2 %Z*,9$&*,# 7*()V* $:DC! t9 2 #V Jl<;&*,!<#<*0*,9a% *4!3Q% 9kf_`=:/0bJI6_`3 0bJIC_` &bJIY_`=:&0bU*3&E_`3&b6*,#S$c"I LIFIF3I 6()A#$<=9.0%14">PxPONg$^$': 2 %9#TD * 2 $:)*3&N.*% 2 33 ÅdDY*N'*k0!)M=cLº DC9Jr#$#$<=&N88 ÅdA ()9 ( 2 ( OTv v u&:D¥*33#'9qqpFn L>B t9 2 # $:DC *3 DCrxPOg^S9N<%9:4":GI*,#*6mDe$#'*$9"N99 *3% %14"I *3%9%?u&:DCN*3#6*3M%9U8*3J .06*%9()N L9:*3%G#'*,> 80 ms 15 ms ø 5.7 Network 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 time (sec) 70 80 90 100 ÂCÃÄ=ÅK~,zWÆæG8ÅKÊåtÅKÊ!~ Þ Êz;}&á û } |8!ÃmÈ Þ ÈKzLÊ'|c}~ÌW|)ÃÊ:â b }%~ d % *,#7OFv v7> 3#N9$&*3#98U(S*3lL() )m*1##'*,S K# u:DCc!* 9Q!M<6*3&qm#Uu:DC"ItLI IA*BS9"> M<> t9 2 # B$:DC*B<%9!U 2 < 2 )#'*3q.L>e ()!m#*%9% u:DC>!@B)$)&*3Q*,#c$())99 *3%+$#'*$ LQ*3% %Tu&:DC L.0#V1#N(S*3lL()9)`*1#N#'*3> $9CONCLUSIONS 7' n 2 A*()#$4"I"DYU$:DY:!*3 2 #$#"V#$ 2 #c$&*,# ()'&*39$()N qcgj"#V1# 2 #'*U9r:* 2 $98M=*:.9 2 #:I#N*,#VM% 9.L9 2 C 1:>Ö@s9%9B$]()'&*39$()(S*4sM=B*n 2 *3] 2 #$#"%14"I 1#C*<<%99:*M9% 1/4!9)N 2 2 #C#(S*9Yn 2 9*M%9>A@X9 3#:D ?IY#1j4W*()()#Z*3%9 *39i7!g/"#$ :I+r*3$ 2 ()<9i3V 2 $#M=9B"<=#'*, .\() " C#(S*3 !.*3%9Z>TvY9C(S*4!%9:*!8*c9\%9% *<$63 Ugj"#C 2 78$%1H$rM=&*:.L9 2 #3t7&L 2 $#> @BS<#<=$:d*\% *$83DC1'd$J: 2 % 9f*3%9#1()M"4 P&*()A[7 ()9 $9Y@] "A^LJ: 2 % J#F_`[C@a^b=*3&7$,D+: *3t46 2 #'*+9*:.0 97M=*,.L9 2 #A*3&6< 2 9$rM=&*:.L 2 # &*,N% *!89G>+@]7$:DY:;&*3C# *c$ %9U%99k)DC1r[N@e^S$': 2 %99Im*1##'*,C1 2 7 2 n 2 Uo7*$\*3&\^"'*'k0%9M=#SpTn 2 9% 9M# 2 (r>F@BQ*%9$)$:DY *3Pm3#Y*3)*3#M1$#'*3#$48jD+#kUDC1)[N@e^Q$': 2 %99U*,+.#$4 %99k=Ic(S*3lL()9r`*1#U#'*,V1 2 )*SoV*3$B*3VDY%9%T*V* ^"'*'k0%9M=#;pTn 2 9% 9M# 2 (r>NvY#Jm#IGDC\[C@a^$J: 2 %9# *,#7<%9:4":I".0C$%1H&$ 2 $#FDC9%9%$#$4U (S*,N1# (S*,lL/()9)`*31##'*,6*&!$&S$#'*3¡)U%14r*, &*,N#'*,> g)9)<=$$9M%9r$; R #L8[N@a^]DY "8m#; R #" 2 $#r_`3#$#'*3¡8% *$$'bJ>WvY98$ 2 % %9:*]W_` W*\0*3() #J S(S*3J#JbNDY9Lf`*39#c$&*,#9r9]:*3$)N*$9%9 %99kc*QD+9":(S*,l()9U`*39#F$&*,#9V98:*3$ G*7jD+#k=> vY$VDY "N(S*4)M=7$C9r*#'*VDC9;<#99c# 3#C#$ 2 #6$*3#98<=%9 > @BBH&:Xf<oV*$e#'*3B*e$:DY:e:D J9hi R #"aDY9L¦ 2 9¦*¹ * R J¦ #JD *3#'L<=&*3%9/4q<#3H&%93Y[C@a^>&@X9q P,® 9()99$9 D+9" 2 9?I7<=&*%1/4S ()<=$:S % *,#IDC#:*3 DC9 PP%9=_`®0bG9()99$9YD+9"t 2 J ?I,PM=*:.9 2 #t3[C@a^ 9T%94(S*3# *%9%14) R J#"TZ#(&*,T?VxF^cDC9J)9()<=$ r<=*%1j4">SvY##;[N@a^\(S*4f*%9$\M=8.L9DY:B*Q* J#'*%99:*39BCVxF^r$J: 2 %9 ;DC1 2 1'*M%980*3()3#9 <#<=#$9>T[C@a^8"+3+#:n 2 9# R #LFLF 2 $N *3())DY9"c 2 9G>qvY#Jm#IF1c9cDY% %+ 2 1:Bm3#8$ J# 2 PL.1#()"?$ 97& R #"P*()99$#'*, . (S*3 IPDC#!:*'W(S*39W(S*4B <=&L%14fJ"$* 9() 9$9D+9"N 2 9q*3#'9)817*()99$#'*, . <=%9 > N%1 2 ;U(S*3lL()9)#'*3U1 2 Uo7*$\*3&r^"'*'k0%1 M=J#VpTn 2 9% 9M# 2 (rI39P9AA%9:*,#P:D 2 $J#A:*Q9(S*3+1# (S*,lL/()9W`*1#r#'*,>ª #;9I7*W"$#'*3% 9a9$# M 2 : $'()c 2 J*Qc97<#<=$:d :F97#n 2 1#:G>U# ,.0J#U87!'*M% 9$&*3V 2 'B*!9$#9M 2 $'() DC9%9%tM=U'*3M%9*3&!DC9%9%K9:!L.0#U8U(S*3lL()9;m*1# #'*,)DCE[N@a^$': 2 %9#;*3#q<%9:4":d9ErjD+#k=> vY9N9N*c<9 2 # 9L.09*39G> ¢ 2 #C 2 #$#LC<*<=#N" Q*#$V9U9$ 2 )9]*S3#9:*%P#'*3()DY3#k>)%9$IK 9U<&*<=J#VDY)*3$ 2 ():r*3V9< 2 V#'*,+.0#$4 2 $#U9 '*3":>Q@X9*;9$#9M 2 :$'()Q;9(S*3QQ(S*3lL ()9q`*39#6#'*,IK 6*3$ 2 ()< DC9%9%TU#(S*9B.*%9 G>8&*, %149![N@e^\$' 2 %99SDC1BL4&*()9:*3%9%94rJ*9!#'*,V9 *33#N<=r<#M%9(r> @BFM=% 9.T*3:I31t$ 2 % UM=F<=$$9M%9F$9c9$# M 2 : 6. *%9#1()T&*3+*3#N'*M%97*3&8.#CUC(S*3lL()9Qm*1# #'*3+9S<#$NG[N@e^$J: 2 % 9>Pg/F$()P&*, *19.0 9#*$V*3&)( 2 %1 <%9 *39.0NJ#:*$7*%93#9()7_` 2 JS*3+ m%9%9:DY:;M"48vCwYxFbPDC1)<#<=#Y9#96(S*4<=J#$m#( DY% %GDC1r[N@e^S$': 2 %99> 7$9V$9( 2 % *, ADY $:DY:c*3P98*/DY#k6DC18[C@a^ $': 2 %99IK()63Y)vCwYx¦.*,#Z*3"6*3#S*M%98r9(S*3 9#+(S*3lL()9c`*31#Y#'*3C#:*$&*3M%148DY% %`I1#$#$<=9.0NG9# .0#$9V*3&# 2 &$#9<r9()Q_`OTv vCbJ>@]Q*3% $;$:D+:r&*3 DC1)[N@e^I3CvCwYx 2 $#F9:cT#D *,#':)*33#'9V 9#Co7*$S#'*3C9SV<#$V 2 #$<=$9.0I()9$M=*:.L 9SwYFO¦u&:DC DC9'rJ< 2 $:G> ¢ 2 #Ï<#<=$: ()L%#:n 2 1#<=#$u,D n 2 2 9 *3& $': 2 %99)9r63#6# 2 #IDC9J\(S*4!3M=6.0J#$4:*34 B9()<% ()"9i*q#:*3%9 9\$1 2 *,9?>i7:D+.0#:IF9DY3#k <#$"A*N$91H&:*3"%94Q R #"t.L9D3#$ 2 #+$&*3#97*3& "$#%F9]()( 2 9:*39fjD+#kLQ*&9.0Q* *r% *$N$J: 2 %9 q*%93#1()6&*3c:*3M= 2 $:B\$%9.0 Q<#M%9(Ö9f*)*()#96#'*()JDY#k=>VY*$:qr9 DY3#k=I0Y(S*46M= *M%9YV$ ]-j# '*3% $$5U<=%999 DC1r$9()9%Z*,#N<#<=J#$ > @]f&*kX]()< 2 #q()( 2 9:*39e#.L9D :13# * X*"4() 2 S#.L9DYJ#m3#9#%9< 2 %7()()" !9C<&*<=J#:> 7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 8. REFERENCES 6o7/DY#kS$9( 2 % *3#Q_`oV^bJI >7OT¿ L$<G¿ ,D D DU> 9$`> : 2 3$*(;,'L> :QQ>%9M&*3$I>+%9()#:I>&pF()&If>= 2 M"4"I* f>=^ 2 *3?>xA# 3#1j4!L98$#'*$()9$$ ?>gj?:?3? ×"DQB'D '')1'-'MTÒ3'DQ/ÿ8× N ÿ N ÿJI <&*N "I :3 > ,>w>OQ>LF$C*)c> =&*>"@e P¤c¿"DY3#$/*$7m*1# DY9":;`*1#7n 2 2 9>g/+ > N ÿÿ )".'0><,2 Ò\I <&* 3 & I?^* #'*$9$IGwY*3%99#Z*LIGr*3#:> : > 6[>&xt>+#$$k*37*3&!O6>&c>=V*3% % *3#:> Õ8'|=<Qÿ #:'>Ó"> xP#"9U7*%9%`I=pP%9D+"Lqw+%9 R IoIU^QI : "> :QT>&^>F#'*kL())*3&^>@Ï> ¢ £ r*3% %94">vCwY x ºT0*3¿To7D J n 2 Y#N q9\*3&*:.0 *>gj N ÿ>ÿ )'.'02×B"ê2ÒqI<&* 0"I=?&?I 71:;U90(rI 2 > : >Nw f> ,QQ>8>=w+ 2 2 #$4;*3&rp >&P>7*>[74&*3()9Vn 2 2 % !#$% C9r*$*3#:!()()#$4;TvC DC1JG>&gj N ÿ>ÿ )'.'0><(2 ÒqI^*3r #'*3$9$IwY*%91m3# *I r*3#:> > c^> t% :4G>w+ q"$#%G<#99<%9>O:n 2 m3# w+()()"C I=gj"#CpP #9SvK*$k! #I ^<:>&3> c^> t% :4*3&;8>& &*3%9%>&xP#()9c 2 $UA 9\"$#%G9V9"#:Ñ> ?3?3?B 6Ò >'M N -'M="<Qÿ #:'>Ó".I _ bJ¿ 0" LIG 2 2 : > c^> t% :4*3&!v7>&7&J#$?>vYUo7DCON ()L1H&:*,9!8vCwYxC£ m*C#,.0J#$4r*3% #1(r> O:n 2 m3#Vw+()()"N LIgj"#NpT9#9 vt*$k! #I&N<#:> : > ,c^> t% :4*3&c ºc>0*M$?>&O*(¥:*3#%149 0*3JD *4N#N9q*,. *3> 6ÒB ?3?3? >'M N -'M="<Qÿ #:'>Ó".I _ bJ¿ 00 IG 2 > : > 6[> 2 LM=#c*&>&vY1#% >+ê,'D)ÿcÿ>'4>=gv xA#$I ¢ M=# : > ,6O6>=V*,#I=6>6*(8#'*I*uºQ>U 2 #'*&*L>&pP%991 "<=#'*39rZ#($%1H&$ 2 $#¿F¦*()#9 *<<#*':D *3#'C9\"$#%? ()( 2 9:*39!/DY3#k>vK'9:*%GO<=#$CONg I gYçON$:*,#JGI&N<#9%K >&.*9% *M%9Q*3 "$<?¿ :D D DU> #$:*3#'?> 9M(r> (;,#$ 2 #' <&*3<=# $*3#'?> "()%> 3c^>>&7%9'*3`>¦$%9Z%9"Jk0`*1#n 2 2 9$'()7m3# M#*M&**3<<%99:*, >=g/+ > N ÿ>ÿ )'.'L2><,2 ÒqI <&*3 LI<#9% > 8 ºc>0*3M$?>=w+9q*:.0 *6*L$#%`> Ò3'D/ÿcÒ3"D=D=M N '-'MN ÿ Hÿ #TI : _ bJ¿ 0 I 2 > : > ,>=f>0* R >=F$%9JkSu&:Da"$#%> ?3?:? ' N -"0'/Ò3'D=D0 N '-"I= _ bJ¿ L LI : > 36O6>0*39?I&^>6*%14L**3#'*3(S*?IO6>&7:4L*3%`I^> &*3(Q4"I*& O6> º DY**3&*3?>pTONg$wYaDC1J\*3%9#1(r¿+ ()<%9U$#9<9G>=vKJ9:*%#<=3#$:I&TvC 3# 2 (; 3 : "I= 2 2 : > : 6c>v7> 2 Iv7>=+% *'k"DY%9%`I*3&6>w+&*<(S*G>=wF#:1 2 <*3V<#"%?#Nu&:D "$#%9%9:rTvC /DY3#k¿ ^L'*,9 *%K( 2 %19<%9l9*&!**<9.0UJ#:1*%9%9":*39?> gj N ÿ'>ÿ )'.'02×B"ê2ÒqI<&*3 & I?&?I 78I^L<:> : > 6[>?9r*3&O6>#$#9>&[4*()9 3A#'*&(¥*3#%14 J9G>g/+ > N ÿÿ )".'02;ÿ 6Ò§ ×"ê2Ò7 ± ! Ò3'G: ÿ ÿ N ÿJI&<&* & Io7D#"F#k=I^<(M=# :0 > cf>&r*39*>=r*&*:.`> #$DY*3#' *'kL:DC%9:()":¿PONH& 8vCwYxE9\"$#%`> Ò3'D/ÿcÒ3"D=D=M N '-'MN ÿ Hÿ #TI&_ bJ¿ L I ¢ :> : > 33cf>&r*39I>r*3&*:.L`I=^=> t% :4GI*rQ>ON(S*3:DU> vCwYxE$%9J .6*'k:DC% ()"<9>ON:n 2 m# w+()()L I=g/"#NpP9#9)vt*$k! 3#I ¢ :> : > >=IOQ>K*LI ºQ>&N&*"*3#'*(rI*3&>@]*%1#'*G> *%14$9*3&;()<*3#9$r3TvCwYxEON*&c ºF0*>gj > N ÿÿ )".'0><,2 Ò\IoD#"+3#k=I&r*,#:> > + ,QQ>8>xA*3#kL\*3&;OQ>&c>=V*3%9%Z*3#:>=¦#'*3% 9 <#"$$#$&*,# S*<<#0*3J;u&:DaL$#%?P7$ %9 LU:*$>&gj N ÿ'>ÿ )'.'Q><(2 ÒqIr*4 : L> 33>&xt%`>=vG#'*$()9$$9"$#%G<#3"%`>=ON:n 2 Ym3# w+()()L LI=gj"#CpP #9SvK*$k! #I ^<:> : > U@Ï>xP# 2 6*>xt%`>G^L()9c* 2 % r DC1r$ 2 #6n 2 JG¿PvYU$ 2 #Qn 2 '!9"$#L 2 : %Z*4f_^¤ 2 gj[6bJ>LON:n 2 #7w+()()L I=g/"# pP9#9Svt*3$k #I 2 %94 :0 > ,68>O7*3(S*k"#9$&*3*3&\^=> t% :4G>¦<#<=*%?8* l<%991N9\1H:*39B_p+w+oVbYgx >ON:n 2 m3#Uw+()()"C I&gj"#NpP9#9Svt*3$k #I 0*3?> > 3368>O7*3(S*k"#9$&*3*3&O6>0*9G>=¦M9&*3#$4S:M*'k $'()7#9\*:.0 *3U9r()< 2 # JjDY3#kLI Ñ> 6Ò¢ >'MA53'/Ò3'D/ÿ;×"/ÿD=I _bJ¿ & IKr*4 : > c^>&^k#:>r*kL9)3#:!D+#k; !/DY3#k¿F 0*()J#J 7**%14$ C3tDC1J!$#.L9U9$9<% 9>gj N ÿ>ÿ )'.'02×B"ê2ÒqI<&* " I=?&?I78I ^<:> 3 > 6[>=^"9% *9N*&QB> º+*,#(S*>[V$9\*r**%14$ C3 #'*()J/M*$:S`*39#7n 2 2 9¿TaDe$#'*,¡)U$J: 2 %9 *%93#9(ªm3#C<&*3Jk0J DC1J:;jD+#kL>gj+ > N ÿÿ )".' 2; ÿ 6Ò§ ×B"êu ?8,"Ò&×u4M/ÿ'-'1$Ò3'G:ÿ ÿ N ÿ 'B>ÿ 'B$ÿ DSÿ M,')$O )"Aÿ .uLKÒ3"DQ/ÿ8×"/ÿD=I <&* & "Io7D#"F#k=Ir*:4 : L> 6gJ>^L *I^=>^k0#:I*3&;c> *>&w+#'*3% $Nm*1# n 2 2 ¿TNJ .98*<<#:l9(S*3%14S`*39#M&*3&LDCZL *%9%9":*3979r $<=/DY3#k>gj 6Ò§ ×µ. 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APPENDIX úî?îGê=ýoV*3 J Ô es ¸ ]Bg8¿()9G_ Kº l§_`® ¾ bJ¸$® ¾ b ± ()9?_ Ô º l§_`® ¾ bJ¸$® ¾ bJº\_ : b vYJ#m3#ªI _ K¸j® b ± _ &Ô¸$® bJ> w+$ # dÓs_4¸ È$ÉGÊ bJIK$9) X/ È$ÉÊ I&³L¬F> :>3J ®,|¯ P1l§_`®,¯bAM"4)JH&19)3 È$ÉÊ>TvY#m3#I()9?_Kº l§_`®,¯bJ¸®,¯/b ´ Kº l§_`®,¯bJ>Y7UmQ# ® [ Ô È$ÉÊI&DY6JV()9?_ ?º lh_`®,¯`bJ¸ £ ®,¯Qb e() G_ &Ôº l§_`®,¯bJ¸$®,¯bJ>U 3#U*3% %P3#u&:DC, gpTn&> : %Z> 7V 2 ()()9Q3.#*%9%Gu:DCND+UQ _ K¸j® $b [_ &Ô`¸® bJ> o7:Df$ # rÓ] È$ÉÊ ¸ ðibJI,$9: Iæ È$ÉÊ D+Fª ]&:¬ I v n >PvY## I ]=¬P()9G_ Kº l§_`®,¯bJ¸$®,¯bP´s®,¯>TvYN*3()C% mtu3#Wo!v n *q "¦ 4 &ÔEÙ Õ K> WDYi:KI ]=¬P()9G_ Kº l§_`®,¯bJ¸$®,¯b¦´ ()9K_ Ô º l§_`® ¯ bJ¸$® ¯ bi´ ® ¯ » > ^ 2 ()()9i3.#f*%9%u&:DCqDYdJ _ ¡ K¸$® bP ´ _ Ô ¸® bP ´ W ¯ Yt· ®,¯ úî?îGê=ý7vY#(ç> ¿321ÇÈtÃ54GÅKzÈKz:!}á0+6 g/W ¯`» Yt· ®,¯ ± ©cI0K )9 2 n 2 M"48H&99?>A$ 6?()(S* > MI _ ?¸$® b 9)*q()9:*%9%149» J#:*$9 2 9d32d9d(S*3 _L4¸ È$ÉÊ bJ>6o:D1 W `¯ YA· ® ¯ ÕÛ©h¯_- È:ÉÊ ¸$® bN´ W ¯ ® ¯ Õ ©c>X^9 E*,9H&c _ K¸® b)´©cI 2 $9f?()(S* > I,Ø È:ÉÊ >FvY#Jm# I r9 2 n 2 > 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