OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
ACT 1994 (ACT 514)
 Provides for the promotion, coordination,
administration and enforcement of Occupational
Safety and Health.
 Places certain duties on employers, employees,
self-employed persons, manufacturers,
designers and suppliers.
 Places emphasis on the prevention of
accidents, ill health and injury.
OBJECTIVES OF OSHA 1994
 To secure the safety and health of persons at
work.
 To protect persons at a place of work other than
employees
 To promote an appropriate and suitable
environment for persons at work
 To enable previous legislation to be replaced by
regulations and approved industry codes of
practice operating in combination with OSHA
1994.
OSHA REGULATIONS
 OSH (Employer’s Safety and Health General Policy
Statements) (Exception) Regulations 1995.
 OSH (Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards)
Regulations 1966.
 OSH (Safety and Health Committee) Regulations 1966
 OSH (Classification, Packaging and Labeling of Hazardous
Chemicals) Regulations 1997.
 OSH (Safety and Health Officer) Regulations 1997.
 OSH (Hindrance on the Use of Materials) Regulations 1999
 OSH (Use and standard of Exposure of Dangerous
Chemicals to Health) Regulations 2000
MAJOR INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
 FLIXBOROUGH.
 BHOPAL.
 CHERNOBYL
 PIPER ALFA.
 CHALLENGER.
 HERALD OF FREE ENTERPRISE
 COLUMBIA
PREVENTION
 Tighten regulations and requirements
CIMAH, responsible care
 International pressure, ILO, APEC
 Public awareness
 Improvement in OSH management
FIRE SERVICE ACT/988 & REGULATION FEB 1997
 Fire safety – the control of the start and spread of
fire is an important feature of the prevention of
accidents and damage.
 Five main hazards produced by fire
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Oxygen depletion
Flame/heat
Smoke
Gaseous combustion products
Structural failure of buildings
FIRE SERVICE ACT/988 & REGULATION FEB 1997
 Classification of fire
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Class A – Fires which involve plastic material
Class B – B1 fires which involves liquids soluble in water
B2 fires – not liquids soluble in water
Class C – Fires which involve metals
Class D – Fires which involve the electricity supply to
live equipment
 Notes : Knowledge of the correct type of
extinguisher to use, install in areas at particular risk
is essential
INTERNATIONAL SAFETY MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
 ISO 14000 – Environmental Management
System
 OHSAS 18001 – Occupational Health and
Safety Management
System
SAFE SYSTEMS OF WORK
 Formal procedure which results from a systematic
examination of task in order to identify all the hazards and
assess the risks, and which identifies safe methods of work
to ensure that the hazards are eliminated or the remaining
risks are minimized
 Example:
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Cleaning and maintenance operations
Changes to normal procedures, including layout, materials and
method
Working alone or away from the workplace and its facilities
Breakdown and emergencies
Control of the activities of contractors in the workplace
Vehicle loading, unloading and movement
SAFE SYSTEMS OF WORK
 Formal analysis can be used to develop a safe
system of work. Can be used for training are
eliminated or the remaining risks are minimized
 For all safety systems, five basic steps in
producing all:
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Assessment of the tasks
Hazard identification and risk assessment
Identification of safe methods
Implementing the system
Monitoring the system
Task Assessment
 All aspect of the task must be looked at and should
written to ensure nothing is overlooked
 Aspect to consider
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What is used – the plant and substance, potential failure
of machinery, substances used, electrical needs of the
task
Sources of errors – possible human failures, short cuts,
emergency work
Where the task is carried out
Identification of Hazards
 Critical appraisal of all activities to take account of hazards to employees,
others affected by activities and to those using products and service
 Methods of identifying workplace hazards include:
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Previewing legislation and supporting codes of practice and guidance
NIOSH/DOSH published information
Reviewing
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industry or trade association guidance
relevant Malaysian and international standard
published information
information from designers or manufacturers
Developing hazard checklist
Conducting walk-through surveys and inspections
Assessing the adequacy of training/knowledge required to work safely
Analyzing
unsafe incident, accident and injury data
work processes
Job safety
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Consulting with employees
Observation
Examining and considering material safety data sheets and products labels
Seeking advice from specialist
RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS
 Gather information about each hazard identified
 How many people are exposed to each hazard for
how long
 How likely is the hazardous
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Very likely – Could happen frequently
Likely – Could happen occasionally
Unlikely – Could happen but only rarely
Highly unlikely – Could happen but probably never will
RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS
 The consequences
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Fatality
Major injuries (normally irreversible injury or
damage to health)
Minor injuries (normally irreversible injury or
damage to health requiring day off work)
Negligible injuries (First aid)
RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS
 The Quantitative Risk Assessment
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Fault Tree Analysis
HAZAN ( Hazardous Analysis)
Human Error Analysis
RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS
 Fault Tree Analysis
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Logical method of analyzing how and why a disaster
could occur
Graphical technique that starts with the end event which
is the accident or disaster and works backward to fine the
initiating event or combination of events that would lead to
the final event
Logic diagram based on the principle of multicausality that
traces all the branches of event that can contribute to an
accident or failure
RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS
 HAZAN
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To ascertain the magnitude of the potential problem and
its potential for harm to the people, plant, process and the
public
Hazardous analysis covers:
 which toxic, reactive, explosive or flammable substances in the
installation constitute a major hazard
 which failure or errors could cause abnormal conditions leading
to a major accident
 the consequences of a major accident for the workers, people
living or working outside the installation/the environment
 Prevention measures for accidents
 Mitigation of the consequences of an accident
RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS
 HAZAN
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Hazardous analysis should indicates:
 the worst event consider
 the route to those events
 the time scale to lesser events which might lead to the
worst event
 the size of lesser event if their development is halted
 the relative likelihood of events
 the consequences of each event
RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS
 Human Error Analysis
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Human performance to the hazard evaluation process
Human behavior must be factored into reliability analysis accurate in
the increasing number of systems where errors in man-machine
interaction can be initiating event in disaster
Commonly quantitative method for the measurement and assessment
of personnel-induced errors is the Technique for Human Error
Prediction (THERP) involving the following steps:
 Identification of human activities which create a hazard
 Estimation of failure rates
 Effect of Human Failures on the system
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The output of THERP – input of FAULT TREE or other methods of
hazard analysis
RISK CONTROL
 Information or ideas on control measures
can come from:
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Codes of practices
Industry or trade associations
Specialists
MSDS
Other publications including those by
manufacturers and suppliers
5S HOUSEKEEPING ON WORKPLACE
 Japanese program of cleanliness/organizing work place
 To build an awareness regarding on planning and carry out
the activity of cleanliness voluntarily
 From the program waste problem can be identified
 Done at :
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Floor area
Storage
Yard
Material shelves
Parts, tools, gauge
Storage for oil and grease
Others
5S HOUSEKEEPING ON WORKPLACE
 5S is short name for
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Seiri ( Sorting )
Seiton ( Straighten or Set in order )
Seiso ( Sweeping/Shining )
Seketsu ( Standardizing )
Shitsuke ( Sustaining )
5S HOUSEKEEPING ON WORKPLACE
Seiri ( Sorting )
•
Going through all the tools, materials, etc., in the plant
and work area and keeping only essential items.
Everything else is stored or discarded.
 Seiton ( Straighten or Set in order )
•
Focuses on efficiency. When we translate this to
"Straighten or Set in Order", it sounds like more sorting or
sweeping, but the intent is to arrange the tools, equipment
and parts in a manner that promotes work flow. For
example, tools and equipment should be kept where they
will be used (i.e. straighten the flow path), and the
process should be set in an order that maximizes
efficiency
5S HOUSEKEEPING ON WORKPLACE
Seiso ( Sweeping/Shining )
•
Systematic Cleaning or the need to keep the workplace
clean as well as neat. At the end of each shift, the work
area is cleaned up and everything is restored to its place.
This makes it easy to know what goes where and have
confidence that everything is where it should be. The key
point is that maintaining cleanliness should be part of the
daily work - not an occasional activity initiated when
things get too messy
5S HOUSEKEEPING ON WORKPLACE
Seketsu ( Standardizing )
•
Standardized work practices or operating in a consistent
and standardized fashion. Everyone knows exactly what
his or her responsibilities are to keep above 3S's
 Shitsuke ( Sustaining )
•
Refers to maintaining and reviewing standards. Once the
previous 4S's have been established they become the
new way to operate. Maintain the focus on this new way
of operating, and do not allow a gradual decline back to
the old ways of operating. However, when an issue arises
such as a suggested improvement, a new way of working,
a new tool, or a new output requirement then a review of
the first 4S's is appropriate
5S HOUSEKEEPING ON WORKPLACE
 Level on applying 5S
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First Level – General housekeeping
Second Level – Details housekeeping for parts
and function units for equipment
Third Level – Generate prevention action on dirty
sources and area that difficult to clean
Fourth Level – Preparation on cleanliness
standard, improvement on activity before
5S HOUSEKEEPING ON WORKPLACE
 Main item of 5S application
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Discard unused items and materials
Move and clean all the items on the wall and
post
Repaint all the wall and post until the level of
workers can not reach
Indicates clearly all the path on the floor with
paint or lines. Do not obstruct all the path.
5S HOUSEKEEPING ON WORKPLACE
 5S PREVENTION
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Unused items
Not organized
Cleanliness without any dirt's again
Avoiding decreasing of cleanliness level
Systematic practices