Situation analysis
Nationwide co-operation
Elina Järvenpää
30.06.2016
JUST/2014/SPOB/AG/VICT
Table of contents
1.
Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 3
2.
Legislation ................................................................................................................................ 4
3.
Guidelines, instructions and operating models......................................................................... 5
4.
Interprofessional collaboration ................................................................................................ 8
5. Current challenges for working with child maltreatment cases from the perspectives of
various authorities ........................................................................................................................ 10
6.
Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 13
References .................................................................................................................................... 14
APPENDIX 1. .................................................................................................................................. 16
APPENDIX 2. .................................................................................................................................. 17
"This publication has been produced with the financial support of the Action grants to support victims of
violence and crime- rights, equality and citizenship Programme of the European Union. The contents of this
publication are the sole responsibility of Rape Crisis Centre Tukinainen and can in no way be taken to reflect
the views of the European Commission."
JUST/2014/SPOB/AG/VICT
1. Introduction
If a child is not sufficiently protected by his or her family, the government must step in to ensure
that the child is not subjected to maltreatment. In the present report, the term child maltreatment
stands for all kinds of violence directed against children and adolescents. The term is often used
interchangeably with terms such as “child abuse” or “violence against children”. However,
“maltreatment” can be considered a general term that includes not only what is usually considered
overt violence, but all forms of actions and neglect that have a negative impact on the child. When
investigating cases of child maltreatment, various kinds of professionals are typically involved,
including ones from the child protection authority, healthcare system and judiciary.
Child protection is about putting the best interests of the child first. This principle is included in the
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, where Paragraph 1 of Article 3 states that the
best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration in all actions concerning children,
whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative
authorities or legislative bodies. The EU Victims' Directive (2012/29/EU) has been adopted to
strengthen the rights, support and protection of victims of crime. On the national level, the Finnish
Child Welfare Act (417/2007) states that professionals are to consider various options and decide
what is best for the child.
Interprofessional investigation of child maltreatment is associated with a number of challenges, one
of which is the difficulty of coordinating, in a child-centred manner, the public services needed by
affected children and families. Child-centred coordination is about considering each situation and
encounter from the child’s point of view and understanding how the child would feel. Moreover,
those coordinating the services should consider how to utilise the resources of the adults supporting
the child so as to help the child receive the best possible assistance. In Finland, the goal of a currently
ongoing project called LASTA is to create a national collaboration model for the police, the
JUST/2014/SPOB/AG/VICT
prosecution service, child protection authorities and healthcare (both somatic and psychiatric) for
situations where one may suspect that a child is subjected to violence or sexual abuse. 1
This report introduces legislation, guidelines and operating models used by Finnish authorities when
investigating cases of child maltreatment. As interprofessional collaboration constitutes a key part
of this work, it is discussed in a section of its own. For the purposes of this report, experiences of
interprofessional collaboration were collected through phone interviews (N=5) with professionals
working with children. Other topics touched upon during these interviews included what to do when
suspecting child maltreatment, what kind of help professionals can receive in the context of their
work, and what kind of additional training professionals hope to receive in the future.2 In addition,
the report utilises the results of questionnaires handed out during training sessions on the topic of
child maltreatment (N=49).
2. Legislation
When working with cases of child maltreatment in Finland, various national laws are applied
depending on the authorities involved at each level of the process. The following list includes key
national legislation referred to during the investigation:
•
Child Welfare Act (417/2007)
•
Act on Child Custody and Right of Access (361/1983)
•
Criminal Code of Finland (39/1889)
•
Act on Organising the Investigation of Crimes of Sexual Abuse and Violence Against Children
(1009/2008)
•
Social Welfare Act (710/1982)
1
The LASTA project is a nationally coordinated and regionally managed development process involving several levels
of management. The project is coordinated by the National Institute for Health and Welfare and supported by the
Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, the Ministry of Justice and Ministry of the Interior. LASTA is carried out within the
special responsibility area of Turku University Hospital and, initially, within the Hospital District of Southwest
Finland. Source: https://www.thl.fi/fi/web/lastensuojelun-kasikirja/ajankohtaista/lastensuojelu-thl-/tutkimus-jakehittaminen/lastensuojelun-kehittaminen/lasta-hanke.
2
Interview questions, Appendix 2.
JUST/2014/SPOB/AG/VICT
In addition, the following laws are applied in the judicial process:
•
Criminal Procedure Act (689/1997)
•
Code of Judicial Procedure (4/1734)
•
Criminal Investigations Act (805/2011)
The Act on Child Custody and Right of Access prohibits oppressing, physically punishing or subjecting
a child to any other form of abusive treatment. The Criminal Code of Finland prohibits sexual abuse
of and violence against children. The Child Welfare Act obliges professionals to notify the local
authorities whenever they discover that there is a child for whom it is necessary to investigate the
need for child welfare on account of the child’s need for care, circumstances endangering the child’s
development, or the child’s behaviour. The main purpose of these laws is, of course, to protect the
child.
The Criminal Procedure Act gives victims of sexual or violent crime the right to be assisted by a trial
counsel, a service which is paid for by the government. Moreover, the Act gives the victim, his or
her close ones and those testifying during the judicial process the right to be assisted by a support
person. The task of the support person is to help with various practical matters pertaining to the
judicial process. The Criminal Investigations Act and the Code of Judicial Procedure include rules on
hearing a child during the judicial process.3
3. Guidelines, instructions and operating models
In addition to legislation, various national guidelines and instructions, as well as regional operating
models developed by municipalities and local organisations, are used to organise interprofessional
collaboration for investigating cases of child maltreatment. The purpose of these guidelines,
instructions and operating models is to help professionals identify child maltreatment, intervene at
as early a stage as possible, follow common procedure, forward the case to the proper authorities,
guide interprofessional collaboration, and direct children and their parents to support and care.
3
Lapsi rikoksen uhrina – Tietoa väkivalta- tai seksuaalirikoksen uhriksi joutuneen lapsen vanhemmalle. Source:
http://www.oikeusministerio.fi/material/attachments/om/julkaisut/esitteitaoikeudellisistaasioista/6KEuvMmeV/Lapsi
_rikoksen_uhrina_opas.pdf, pp. 9–12.
JUST/2014/SPOB/AG/VICT
Social work and healthcare professionals and others working with children (and families with
children) have been given evidence-based care guidelines written by experts. These guidelines are
based on studies on the effectiveness, utility, meaningfulness and significance of various methods
tested on clients. The care guidelines for working with victims of child maltreatment were updated
on 13.11.2015. The purpose of the updated guidelines is to provide professionals with a collection
of the most effective methods, as verified by recent research, for identifying child maltreatment. 4
The City of Tampere operating model for identification of and early intervention in cases of child
maltreatment and various publications by the National Institute for Health and Welfare are
examples of how legislation, scientific studies and best practices can be collected and thereby used
to support professionals in their work.
The City of Tampere operating model for identification of and early intervention in cases of child
maltreatment is featured in a handbook for professionals working with victims of child
maltreatment. The purpose of this book, which was updated in 2015, is to strengthen the
professionals’ ability to:
- identify the maltreatment at as early a stage as possible,
- intervene,
- forward the case to authorities that have the power to make key decisions, and
- direct the child and the family to necessary examination and care.5
The operating model was developed in Tampere from 2004 onward. It was developed in
collaboration with the city’s social welfare services, Tampere University Hospital, the regional police
department and prosecutor’s office, and the Tampere Mother and Child Home and Shelter.6
The operating model clearly defines which professional is to do what when:
4
Lasten kaltoinkohtelun tunnistamisen tehokkaat menetelmät sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollossa. Hoitosuositus. Source:
http://www.hotus.fi/system/files/SUOSITUS_lasten_kaltoinkohtelu.pdf.
5
Kaltoin kohdeltu lapsi. Käsikirja kaltoin kohdellun lapsen kanssa työskenteleville. Tampereen kaupunki. 2015. Source:
http://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/k/unnamed_7426/Kaltoin_kohdeltu_lapsi_kasikirja.pdf, p. 4.
6
Kaltoin kohdeltu lapsi. Käsikirja kaltoin kohdellun lapsen kanssa työskenteleville. Tampereen kaupunki. 2015. Source:
http://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/k/unnamed_7426/Kaltoin_kohdeltu_lapsi_kasikirja.pdf, p. 4.
JUST/2014/SPOB/AG/VICT
- there is initial concern about maltreatment of a child,
- follow-up measures are planned within the unit,
- the child protection authorities and the police are to be notified,
- the client is to be directed to a medical examination (in cases of violence or sexual abuse),
- immediate action for guaranteeing the safety of the client and the necessity of such measures is
evaluated and appropriate support organised,
- finding a guardian of interest for the victim,
- filing for a restraining order,
- conducting a preliminary investigation,
- conducting, at the request of the police, a physical examination of a child victim of violence or
sexual abuse, and managing collaboration between different authorities,
- considering charges,
- managing matters pertaining to the trial,
- deciding on post-trial measures, and
- organising support and care for the child and his or her family. 7
The operating model is structured according to the various sectors pertaining to the successful
resolution of a case of child maltreatment. This allows the reader to understand the big picture and
thereby comprehend the wider context of his or her particular tasks. The operating model can also
be used as a checklist to see at which stage the investigation is and whether all necessary prior
measures have indeed been taken into consideration. The development of this kind of tools is useful
for creating uniform practices and clear guidelines. The Tampere operating model is an example of
how a city can organise the investigation of child maltreatment within its jurisdiction. Developing
7
Kaltoin kohdeltu lapsi. Käsikirja kaltoin kohdellun lapsen kanssa työskenteleville. Tampereen kaupunki. 2015. Source:
http://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/k/unnamed_7426/Kaltoin_kohdeltu_lapsi_kasikirja.pdf, pp. 5–11.
JUST/2014/SPOB/AG/VICT
such guidelines for the entire country and guaranteeing uniform quality remains a challenge that
needs to be addressed by developing such regional operating models into ones for nationwide use.
The National Institute for Health and Welfare has issued a handbook for child protection, a
publication that includes various kinds of information that can help professionals in the field develop
their work with clients.8 The handbook contains a section with guidelines for investigating suspected
cases of violence against or sexual abuse of children. The handbook features many kinds of
information about various forms of violence and their effects on child victims. The publication also
contains information on particular topics such as sexual abuse of children online and female genital
mutilation.
4. Interprofessional collaboration
Jaana Inkilä’s doctoral dissertation, published in 2015, presents an interprofessional collaboration
model for identification of and early intervention in child maltreatment within families. The purpose
of Inkilä’s study is to promote the availability of support and assistance to children and parents at
an early stage of maltreatment and to develop interprofessional collaboration as well as preventive
measures. The context of the study was formed by the need to identify child maltreatment and
intervene at an early stage through interprofessional collaboration between kindergartens, schools,
healthcare, social services, the police and, of course, the children and their families.9
According to Inkilä’s study, the interprofessional collaboration was mostly considered helpful, but it
also became apparent that some aspects require further development. Employees at schools,
kindergartens and healthcare facilities need to strengthen their contribution to the
interprofessional collaboration pertaining to victims of child maltreatment. Among professional
groups, police officers and healthcare professionals in particular need more support for their part
in this joint effort.10
8
https://www.thl.fi/fi/web/lastensuojelun-kasikirja.
Inkilä, Jaana; Lasten kaltoinkohtelun tunnistamisen ja varhaisen puuttumisen moniammatillista yhteistyötä kuvaileva
malli, p. 25. Source: http://tampub.uta.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/98212/978-951-44-9981-4.pdf?sequence=1.
10
Inkilä, Jaana; Lasten kaltoinkohtelun tunnistamisen ja varhaisen puuttumisen moniammatillista yhteistyötä
kuvaileva malli, p. 66. Source: http://tampub.uta.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/98212/978-951-44-99814.pdf?sequence=1.
9
JUST/2014/SPOB/AG/VICT
Interprofessional collaboration across organisational boundaries could be developed by bringing
together regional measures and knowledge, for example by regular face-to-face meetings during
negotiations and training sessions. The study also verified earlier information on how the training
should be developed. The education received by professionals with the eventual duty of notifying
authorities, as stated in the Child Welfare Act (417/2007), should include training on identification
of and early intervention in child maltreatment through interprofessional collaboration. In addition,
in-service training on the topic should be organised regularly and with uniform content for the
purpose of yielding long-term effects. Professionals should be encouraged to actively participate in
in-service training in order to build the knowledge, skills and confidence needed to bring up the
topic of child maltreatment with children and parents.11
After a training session organised as part of the present project in June 2016, Child maltreatment
and child victims of foreign background (title translated from Finnish), feedback on the training was
collected from the participants, who were asked to share their thoughts on the content of the
education and what they wanted to learn more about. The training session consisted of four parts
that dealt with identifying child maltreatment, the effects of child maltreatment on the grown-up
victim, directing the victim to necessary support, and child victims of foreign background,
respectively.
Of those surveyed (N=49), 26 were school counsellors, 9 psychologists, 5 social workers, 3 student
advisors, 4 miscellaneous (e.g. social counsellors), and 2 did not state their profession. 12 The
feedback was positive, the participants having found the matters discussed relevant and topical.
The open-ended questions pertained to, among other matters, interprofessional collaboration and
suggestions for future training.
-
”Discussion on working across government agency boundaries – How different professions
could better work with these matters while considering and respecting the client.”
-
”Examples of collaboration with other authorities/associations.”
11
Inkilä, Jaana; Lasten kaltoinkohtelun tunnistamisen ja varhaisen puuttumisen moniammatillista yhteistyötä
kuvaileva malli, p. 66. Source: http://tampub.uta.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/98212/978-951-44-99814.pdf?sequence=1.
12
Feedback form, Appendix 1.
JUST/2014/SPOB/AG/VICT
For this report, telephone interviews were conducted with professionals from different fields
(kindergarten, social services and healthcare, judicial authorities) in order to learn about their
experiences of interprofessional collaboration in the investigation of child maltreatment. In general,
interprofessional collaboration was considered to be working well, but certain restraints such as
rapidly changing teams (e.g. caused by short-term contracts) were considered challenges for the
proper functioning of interprofessional collaboration. Moreover, some commented that the
exchange of information between professionals is often feared for the wrong reasons, making
professionals hesitant to intervene in child maltreatment cases at an early stage. Developing the
exchange of information and the courage to act at an early stage was thus considered an area of
future improvement.
5. Current challenges for working with child maltreatment cases from
the perspectives of various authorities
Healthcare professionals are often aware of child maltreatment, but due to the sensitivity of the
issue, constant scarcity of time, and the lack of common guidelines, proper identification of child
maltreatment is often difficult in a healthcare setting. Moreover, a publication in the field states
that views on family privacy and the fear of erroneous interpretations that damage trust between
clients and practitioners may explain why it often proves difficult to intervene. It is, therefore,
important that healthcare professionals learn to identify maltreatment and how to intervene
properly. The professional is not to escape his or her responsibility in such situations, but rather
intervene calmly, courageously and professionally, bringing the matter to further investigation and
being prepared to participate in interprofessional collaboration. Only then can children and families
receive the help they need from a team following a well-defined procedure of interprofessional care
and investigation.13
Only a fraction of all violence committed is reported to the judicial authorities, and it must be noted
that violence in general and violence against children in particular is, to a great extent, so-called
hidden crime. Since the amount of violence reported to the police does not reveal the true extent
13
Lasten kaltoinkohtelun tunnistaminen ja siihen puuttuminen. Hoitotyön suositus. Hoitotyön Tutkimussäätiö
5.3.2008. Source: http://www.hotus.fi/system/files/Lasten_kaltoinkohtelun_tunnistaminen_SUM.PDF.
JUST/2014/SPOB/AG/VICT
of the problem, various kinds of questionnaires and interviews have been used since the early 1980s
to make more accurate estimates. In 2013, the Police University College and the Finnish Youth
Research Society conducted a joint study on child victims of crime, including the extent and forms
of violence against children. In addition, the new statistics were compared to those of the
corresponding investigations conducted in 1988 and 2008. 14
According to the study, a fairly large share of children and adolescents subjected to certain kinds of
violence have not told anyone about what has happened. In some of these cases, the victims have
not considered the violence significant enough to talk about, but in other cases, the silence has been
caused by the lack of a trustworthy listener. Experiences of sexual abuse were considered a
particularly sensitive subject in this respect, a trend that was apparent from the answers given. 15
Sexual violence against children must thus be considered an area of great challenges for judicial
authorities investigating such cases.
Helping victims of sexual violence is a topic discussed in a new publication by the National Institute
for Health and Welfare titled Chain of care to help victims of sexual violence (title translated from
Finnish). The purpose of the publication is to facilitate the creation of regional chains of care for
victims of rape and other forms of sexual violence. These chains of care are to follow national
guidelines on the matter, enabling the social welfare and healthcare system to contribute to uniform
practices and increased equality regionally as well as nationwide.16 In the future, the publication
could be updated to include more material from the point of view of judicial authorities.
In their feedback on the course held in June, professionals reported wanting to receive more
information on sexual crime and how to work with the victims thereof. The feedback included,
among other things, the following statements:
14
Lasten ja nuorten väkivaltakokemukset 2013. Lapsiuhritutkimuksen tuloksia. Poliisiammattikorkeakoulun raportteja
110, p. 25–26.
15
Lasten ja nuorten väkivaltakokemukset 2013. Lapsiuhritutkimuksen tuloksia. Poliisiammattikorkeakoulun raportteja
110, p. 124–125.
16
https://www.julkari.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/130504/URN_ISBN_978-952-302-625-4.pdf?sequence=1
JUST/2014/SPOB/AG/VICT
- ”More discussion/information is needed on sexual relationships between one person under 16
and another one above 18; what are the relevant legal facts, is it always a crime, how to help
the family etc.”
- ”More information is needed on identifying sexual abuse of children and on how to support
children with such experiences.”
A current challenge for the work against child maltreatment in Finland is a consequence of
increasing immigration. A new report, Immigration & Security – Assessment of the Current Situation
and Predictions for the Future (2016) (title translated from Finnish), includes discussion on problem
behaviour, crime and victimisation among the young immigrant generation. One of the groups
considered particularly vulnerable in terms of security and safety is formed by unaccompanied
minor asylum seekers who lack a social network in Finland. 17
Honour-based violence has become a significant form of hidden crime in Finland. Most honourbased violence is directed against young people who come from (or have parents who come from)
countries where the concept of honour is strongly rooted. In many cases, the child protection
authorities often intervene at a late stage in these cases, such as when it is necessary to consider
placing the child outside of the home. The tendency to intervene only at a relatively late stage, at
least in many cases of honour-based violence, is a problem to be addressed. The reasons for this
recalcitrance may include professionals hesitating and procrastinating when facing the choice of
whether to forward the case to the child protection authorities, worrying about how the child’s
parents may react if the child protection authorities become part of an honour-based conflict.
Furthermore, there is a risk that violence or the threat thereof is not taken as seriously by the
authorities if the victim is from a family of immigrants, leading to a situation where children of
Finnish background receive help earlier than children of other cultural backgrounds. 18
17
Laitinen Kari – Jukarainen Pirjo – Boberg Henrik; Maahanmuutto & turvallisuus – arvioita nykytilasta ja ennusteita
tulevaisuudelle, pp. 153–155. Source:
http://tietokayttoon.fi/documents/10616/2009122/7_Maahanmuutto+ja+turvallisuus.pdf/f436c89f-beff-4c65-b814f4c1a44f6e46?version=1.0.
18
Hansen Saana – Sams Anni – Jäppinen Maija – Latvala Johanna; Kunniakäsitykset ja väkivalta – selvitys kunniaan
liittyvästä väkivallasta ja siihen puuttumisesta Suomessa, pp. 113–114. Source: https://ihmisoikeusliitto.fi/wpcontent/uploads/2016/06/Kunniak%C3%A4sitykset-ja-v%C3%A4kivalta_B5_netti-002.pdf.
JUST/2014/SPOB/AG/VICT
During the telephone interviews conducted for this project, professionals identified honour-based
violence, along with other related issues affecting the growing immigrant community, as challenges
for the work against child maltreatment. More training on such topics was desired. Professionals
found it particularly difficult to identify signs of maltreatment when encountering children of foreign
background, and the cultural barrier was considered an obstacle to intervention. One of the
problems identified was that professionals lack confidence to intervene in such cases, and more
training on working with clients of foreign background was considered part of the solution.
6. Conclusions
As is apparent from the present situation analysis report, various measures for intervening in cases
of child maltreatment in Finland have been developed, and the methods continue to evolve. Some
municipalities have operating guidelines of their own, but there is a need for further development
of uniform operating models for nationwide use. However, social changes such as increasing
immigration constitute challenges to be addressed in this work. Among other things, certain cultural
features such as honour-based violence must be taken into account when investigating cases of
maltreatment.
Additional training for professionals working with children is required to boost their confidence to
intervene at as early a stage as possible. Through education, professionals from different fields are
encouraged to learn from each other and share best practices. Face-to-face meetings during these
training sessions give professionals an opportunity to develop their collaboration.
The purpose of the LASTA project is to create a child-centred and collaborative coordination for
various processes undertaken by the authorities. The coordination is to include preliminary
investigation, necessary medical examination and care, child protection measures and the judicial
process. The results of this project can be used to evaluate future cases of child maltreatment
nationwide. Child-centred thinking must be a primary consideration when organising the work of
the authorities and developing interprofessional collaboration. Challenges brought by the increasing
presence of children of other cultural backgrounds further underscore the need for a child-centred
approach.
JUST/2014/SPOB/AG/VICT
References
-
Hansen Saana – Sams Anni – Jäppinen Maija – Latvala Johanna; Kunniakäsitykset ja
väkivalta – selvitys kunniaan liittyvästä väkivallasta ja siihen puuttumisesta Suomessa.
Ihmisoikeusliitto. Helsinki 2016. Source: https://ihmisoikeusliitto.fi/wpcontent/uploads/2016/06/Kunniak%C3%A4sitykset-ja-v%C3%A4kivalta_B5_netti-002.pdf
-
https://www.julkari.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/130504/URN_ISBN_978-952-302-6254.pdf?sequence=1
-
https://www.thl.fi/fi/web/lastensuojelun-kasikirja
-
https://www.thl.fi/fi/web/lastensuojelun-kasikirja/ajankohtaista/lastensuojelu-thl/tutkimus-ja-kehittaminen/lastensuojelun-kehittaminen/lasta-hanke
-
Inkilä, Jaana; Lasten kaltoinkohtelun tunnistamisen ja varhaisen puuttumisen
moniammatillista yhteistyötä kuvaileva malli. Tampere 2015. Source:
http://tampub.uta.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/98212/978-951-44-9981-4.pdf?sequence=1
-
Kaltoin kohdeltu lapsi. Käsikirja kaltoin kohdellun lapsen kanssa työskenteleville.
Tampereen kaupunki 2015. Source:
http://www.tampere.fi/liitteet/k/unnamed_7426/Kaltoin_kohdeltu_lapsi_kasikirja.pdf
-
Laitinen, Kari – Jukarainen, Pirjo – Boberg Henrik; Maahanmuutto & turvallisuus – arvioita
nykytilasta ja ennusteita tulevaisuudelle. Valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimustoiminta
19.2.2016. Source:
http://tietokayttoon.fi/documents/10616/2009122/7_Maahanmuutto+ja+turvallisuus.pdf/
f436c89f-beff-4c65-b814-f4c1a44f6e46?version=1.0.
-
Lapsi rikoksen uhrina – Tietoa väkivalta- tai seksuaalirikoksen uhriksi joutuneen lapsen
vanhemmalle. Source:
http://www.oikeusministerio.fi/material/attachments/om/julkaisut/esitteitaoikeudellisista
esitteit/6KEuvMKEu/Lapsi_rikoksen_uhrina_opas.pdf
-
Lasten ja nuorten väkivaltakokemukset 2013. Lapsiuhritutkimuksen tuloksia.
Poliisiammattikorkeakoulun raportteja 110.
JUST/2014/SPOB/AG/VICT
-
Lasten kaltoinkohtelun tunnistaminen ja siihen puuttuminen. Hoitotyön suositus.
Hoitotyön Tutkimussäätiö 5.3.2008. Source:
http://www.hotus.fi/system/files/Lasten_kaltoinkohtelun_tunnistaminen_SUM.PDF
-
Lasten kaltoinkohtelun tunnistamisen tehokkaat menetelmät sosiaali- ja
terveydenhuollossa. Hoitosuositus. Source:
http://www.hotus.fi/system/files/SUOSITUS_lasten_kaltoinkohtelu.pdf
JUST/2014/SPOB/AG/VICT
APPENDIX 1.
Course feedback 6.6.2016: Child maltreatment and child victims of foreign
background
1. Your profession:
2. Before today, have you received training on the following topics? (circle yes or no)
a) Identification of child maltreatment
yes
no
b) The consequences of sexual violence experienced in childhood on adults
yes
no
c) Directing victims to services that offer support
yes
no
d) Child victims of foreign background
yes
no
3. Of the information you received today, which do you consider particularly useful for your
work?
4. What kind of additional information would you have considered useful for your work?
5. Additional feedback
JUST/2014/SPOB/AG/VICT
APPENDIX 2.
Interview questions
1. Your profession:
2. What kind of child maltreatment have you encountered in your work?
3. What do you do if you receive information that a child may be subjected to maltreatment?
4. In your view, how well has interprofessional collaboration worked when investigating cases
of child maltreatment?
5. Do you feel that you are receiving sufficient support from your colleagues when working
with cases of child maltreatment?
6. What are, in the context of your particular work, the greatest challenges when dealing with
cases of child maltreatment?
7. What kind of additional training would you like to receive on the topic of child
maltreatment?
JUST/2014/SPOB/AG/VICT