8th Grade Vocabulary
8-1 Vocabulary
1. INDEPENDENT VARIBLE: THE VARIABLE THAT CHANGES OR MANIPULATED
2. DEPENDENT VARIABLE: THE VARIABLE THAT RESPONDS TO THE INDEPENDENT
VARIALBE
3. CONTROL VARIABLE OR CONSTANT: THE VARIALBE THAT STAYS THE SAME
4. CONTROL GROUP: IS THE EXPERIEMENT WITH THE VARIABLE OR IV LEFT OUT AND IS
USED FOR COMPARISON (IS REPRESENTED SOMETIMES BY THE NUMBER 0)
5. REPEATED TRIALS: WHEN YOU REPEAT AN EXPERIMENT MORE THAN ONCE FOR
ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY
6. SPRING SCALE: MEASURES FORCE (NEWTONS, N)
7. GRADUATED CYLINDER: MEASURES VOLUME (MILILITER (ML), LITERS (L), AND CUBIC
CENTIMENTERS (CM3 OR CC)
8. TRIPLE-BEAM BALANCE: MEASURES MASS (GRAMS (G) AND KILOGRAMS (KG)
9. COVEX LENS: REFRACT AND FOCUSES LIGHT
10. CONCAVE LENS: REFRACT AND SPREADS OUT LIGHT
11. METRIC RULER: MEASURES LENGTH (METERS (M)
12. THERMOMETER: MEASURES TEMPERATURE (CELSIUS (C), FAHRENHEIT (F), AND KELVIN
(K)
13. PRISM: REFRACT AND SEPARATE LIGHT
14. STOP WATCH: MEASURES TIME (SECONDS (S), MINUTES (MIN), AND HOURS (HR)
15. SAFETY GOGGLES: USED TO PROTECT YOUR EYES
16. LABORATORY APRON: USED TO PROTECT YOUR CLOTHES AND BODY
17. WAFTING: WHEN YOU MOVE ODORS TOWARDS YOUR NOSE WITH YOUR HAND
18. EYEWASH FOUNTAIN: USED TO RINSE CHEMICALS OUT OF YOUR EYES
19. QUANITATIVE OBSERVATION: DATA USING NUMBERS
20. QUALITATIVE OBSERVATION: DATA USING YOUR 5 SENSES
21. INFERENCE: MAKING AN ASSUMPTION ON WHAT YOU OBSERVE
22. PREDICTION: PREDICTING THE FUTURE
23. HYPOTHESIS AN EDUCATED GUESS
24. MENICUS: THE CURVE IN A GRADUACTED CYLINDER
25. WATER DISCPLACEMENT: MEASURES THE VOLUME OF AN IRREGULAR SHAPE OBJECT
26. STEPS TO THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
A. GATHER INFORMATION
B. MAKE AN OBSERVATION
C. FORM A HYPOTHESIS
D. EXPERIMENT (TEST THE HYPOTHESIS)
E. RECORD AND ANALYZE DATA
F. STATE THE CONCLUSION
G. COMMUNICATE THE RESULTS
8-2 VOCABULARY
1. NATURAL SELECTION: WHEN AN ORGANISM IS ABLET SURVIVE, REPRODUCE, AND CHANGE
OVER TIME OR EVOVLE (SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST)
2. EVOLUTION: WHEN SPECIES CHANGE OVER TIME TO A MORE COMPLEX OR BETTER FORM
3. ADAPTATION: A TRAIT THAT ALLOWS SPECIES TO SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE
4. GEOLOGIC TIME DIVISIONS FROM LARGEST TO SMALLEST (EONS, ERAS, PERIODS, AND
EPOCH)
5. GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE: INCLUDES LIFEFORMS AND GEOLOGIC EVENTS IN EARTH’S
HISTORY
6. PRECAMBRIAN TIME: LONGEST PART OF HSITORY (88%) WHERE CYANOBACTERIA, SOFT
BODIED ANIMALS, ALGAE, INVERTEBRATES FIRST APPEARED AND THE EARTH FORMED.
MASS EXTINCTION: ICE AGE/GLACIATION
7. PALEOZOIC ERA: (AGE OF FISH OR TRILOBITES) ERA WHERE AMPHIBIANS, TRILOBITES,
FISH, INSECTS, VERTEBRATES, REPTILES, AND GYMNOSPERMS (SEEDED PLANTS) FIRST
APPEARED AND WHERE TRIOLBITES, VERTEBRATES, AND FISH BECAME DOMINANT: MASS
EXTINCTION: LOWERING OF SEA LEVELS, VOLCANIC ACTIVITY, AND CLIMATIC CHANGES
8. MESOZOIC ERA: (AGE OF REPTILES OR DINOSAURS) ERA WHREE DINOSUARS, BIRDS SMALL
MAMMALS, ANGIOSPERMS (FLOWERING PLANTS, FIRST APPEARED/ PANGEA FORMED AND
SPLIT DURING THIS ERA/ DINOSAURS, REPTILES AND SEEDED PLANTS BECAME
DOMINANT: MASS EXTINCTION: ASTEROIDS, METEORS, OR COMETS
9. CENOZOIC ERA: (AGE OF MAMMALS) ERA WHERE MAMMALS AND HUMANS FIRST
APPEARED/ CONTINENTS FORMED/ IS THE MOST DIVERSE ERA BECAUSE IT CONTAINS
MORE DIFFERENT KINDS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS/ MAMMALS, HUMANS, AND BIRDS
BECAME DOMIMANT/ NO MASS EXTINCTION
10. LAW OF SUPERPOSITION: STATES THAT THE YOUNGEST ROCK LAYERS ARE FOUND ON THE
TOP AND THE OLDEST ROCK LAYERS ARE FOUND AT THE BOTTOM
11. INTRUSTION: MAGMA THAT CUTS TRHOUGH THE ROCK LAYERS AND IF IT CUTS THROUGH
THE ROCK LAYER, THEN IT IS THE YOUNGEST
12. FAULT: CUTS THROUGHT THE ROCK LAYERS AND IF IT CUTS THROUGH THE ROCK LAYERS,
THEN IT IS THE YOUNGEST
13. RELATIVE AGE: USES THE WORDS YOUNGER AND OLDER TO DESCRIBE THE AGE OF ROCK
LAYERS
14. ABSOLUTE AGE: USES NUMBERS TO DESCRIBE THE AGE OF ROCK LAYERS
15. INDEX FOSSILS: MUST BE EXTINCT, ONLY LIVES FOR A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME, TELLS THE
REATIVE AGE OF ROCKS, ONLY FOUND IN ONE LAYER, AND WIDESPREAD
16. UNCONFORMITY: GAP IN THE GEOLOGIC RECORD/ROCK LAYERS LOST DUE TO
WEATHERING AND EROSION
17. MOLD: CAVITIES IN THE SHAPE OF THE ORGANISM
18. PETRIFIED: TURN INTO ROCK
19. CAST: FORMS WHEN THE MOLD IS FILL
20. PRESERVED: FORMS WHEN AN ORGANISM IS TRAPPED INTO ROCK, ICE, TAR, OR AMBER
(RITA)
21. CARBONIZED: FORMS WHEN PLANT MATERIALS ARE TRAPPED BETWEEN ROCK AND THE
CARBON FORMS AN IMPRINT
22. TRACE: FOSSILIZED FOOTPRINTS, TRAILS, OR BURROWS
23. MANMADE EXTINCTIONS: POLLUTION, OVER HARVESTING, HUNTING, FARMING, AND LAND
DEVELOPMENT
24. NATURAL EXTICNTIONS: CLIMATIC CHANGES, DROUGHT, GLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL
COOLING, VOLCANIC ACTIVITY, ASTEROIDS, AND EARTHQUAKES
8-3 VOCBULARY
1. CRUST: EARTH LAYER THAT IS THE THINNEST, OUTTERMOST, AND THE LEAST DENSE
SOLID LAYER
2. CONTIENTIAL CRUST: LEAST DENSE CRUST, LOCATED ON OR UNDER LAND, OLDEST CRUST,
AND CONTAINS GRANITE ROCK
3. OCEANIC CRUST: MOST DENSE CRUST, LOCATED UNDER THE OCEAN, YOUNGEST CRUST
BECAUSE IT’S BEING RECYCLED, SINKS DURIND A SUBDUCTION ZONE BECAUSE IT’S THE
MOST DENSE CRUST AND IT CONTAINS BASALT ROCK
4. LITHOPSHERE: EARTH LAYER THAT IS SOLID AND LIES BETWEEN THE CRUST AND THE
UPPER MANTLE (ASTHENOSPHERE)/ CONTAINS THE TECTONIC OR LITHOSPHERIC PLATES
THAT FLOATS ON TOP OF THE ASTHENOSPHERE
5. ASTHENOSPHERE: EARTH LAYER KNOWN AS THE UPPER MANTLE/ IT IS A SOFT SOLID
6. MANTLE: THE EARTH LAYER THAT CONTAINS THE MOST MASS BECAUSE IT IS THE
THICKEST LAYER/ CONTAINS CONVECTION CURRENTS THAT MOVES THE SOFT SOLID
ROCKS/ SOFT SOLID
7. OUTER CORE: THE ONLY LIQUID EARTH LAYER AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MAGNETIC
FIELD/ MADE UP OF IRON AND NICKEL METALS
8. INNER CORE: THE EARTH LAYER THAT EXISTS AS A SOLID BEAUSE OF SO MUCH HEAT AND
PRESSURE/ MOST DENSE LAYER/ MADE UP OF IRON AND NICKEL
9. PANGEA: WHEN CONTINENTS WHERE JOINED TOGETHER IN ONE LARGE LANDMASS
10. EVIDENCE OF PANGEA FORMATION AND SPLIT: FOSSILS, LANDFORMS, CONTINENTAL
SHAPE FEATURES, ROCK STRUCTURE, AND CLIMATIC CHANGES
11. THEORY OF PLATE TECTIONICS: EXPLAINS WHY AND HOW LARGE SECTIONS OF EARTH’S
CRUST CALLED LITHOPHERIC OR TECTONIC PLATES MOVE
12. DIVERGENT BOUNDARY: PLATES SPREAD APART/STRESS: TENSION/FAULT:
NORMAL/FORMS: RIFTS, RIDGES, NEW CRUST, AND VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
13. CONVERGENT BOUNDARY: PLATES COLLIDE OR PUSH TOGETHER/STRESS:
COMPRESSION/FAULT: REVERSE/FORMS: TRENCHES (OO), MOUNTIANS (CC), VOLCANIC
ACTIVITY AND SUBDUCTION ZONE (OO AND CO)
14. TRANSFORM: PLATES SLIDES PASS EACH OTHER/STRESS: SHEARING/FAULT: STRIKESLIP/FORMS: EARTHQUAKES AND FAULTS
15. CONSTRUCTIVE VOLCANO: ADDS NEW ROCK TO FORM NEW LAND AND ISLANDS
16. DESTRUCTIVE VOLCANO: CAUSES EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS THAT CHANGES THE LANDSCAPE
17. MAGMA: FOUND INSIDE THE VOLCANO
18. LAVA: MAGMA FOUND ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE VOLCANO
19. PACIFIC RING OF FIRE: WHERE THE MOST ACTIVE VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES EXIST
20. FAULT-BLOCK MOUNTAIN: FORMS IF NORMAL FAULTS UPLIFT A BLOCK OF ROCK
21. EPICENTER: LOCATED RIGHT ABOVE THE FOCUS AND HAS THE GREATEST AMOUNT OF
ENERGY
22. FOCUS: RELEASES ENERGY(SEISMIC WAVES)
23. FAULT: A BREAK IN THE EARTH’S CRUST/IS WHERE THE EARTHQUAKE TAKES PLACE
24. SEISMIC WAVES: IS ENERGY THAT IS BEING SENT OUT FROM THE FOCUS
25. PRIMARY WAVES: FIRST WAVE/FASTEST/MOVES BACK AND FORTH IN THE SAME
DIRECTION OF THE WAVE/ LONGITUDINAL OR COMPRESSIONAL WAVE/ MOVES THROUGH
SOLID AND LIQUIDS WITHIN OR INSIDE THE EARTH
26. SECONDARY WAVES: SECOND WAVE/SLOWER THAN PRIMARY/MOVES AT RIGHT ANGLES
TO PRIMARY WAVES CAUSING ROCKS TO MOVE UP AND DOWN/ MOVES PERPENDIUCULAR
TO THE WAVE MOTION/TRANSVERSE WAVE/ONLY TRAVELS THROUGH SOLIDS WITHIN OR
INSIDE THE EARTH
27. SURFACE WAVE: 3RD WAVE TO LEAVE/FORMS WHEN P AND S WAVES REACH THE
SURFACE/SLOWEST WAVE/ MOST DESTRUCTIVE WAVE/TRAVEL THROUGH LIQUIDS AND
SOLIDS
28. SEIMOGRAPH: THE INSTRUMENT THAT MEASURES AND RECORDS SEISMIC WAVES
29. SEISMOGRAM: VIBRATIONS RECORDED/LOOKS LIKE JAGGED LINES ON PAPER
30. S-P INTERVAL: MEASURES THE DIFFERNCE BETWEEN THE ARRIVAL TIME OF P AND S
WAVES
31. TRIANGULATION: IDENTIFIES OR LOCATES THE EPICENTER WHERE 3 CIRCLES INTERSECT
32. IGNEOUS ROCK: FOUND NEAR OR AROUND VOLCANOES/ FORM FROM MAGMA OR
LAVA/PROCESS: MELTING, COOLING, AND CRYSTALIZATION
33. INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK: FORMS INSIDE THE VOLCANO/COOLS SLOWLY/ FORMS FROM
MAGMA/ FORMS LARGE CRYSTALS
34. EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK: FORMS OUTSIDE THE VOLCANO/COOLS QUICKLY/FORMS
FROM LAVA/FORMS NO OR SMALL CRYSTALS
35. SEDIMENTARY ROCK: FOUND NEAR BODIES OF WATER/CONTAINS FOSSILS/OFTEN FORM
LAYERS/ PROCESS: COMPACTION AND CEMENTATION
36. METAMORPHIC ROCK: FOUND BENEATH THE EARTH’S SURFACE/FORMS WHEN ROCKS ARE
CHANGED INTO DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROCK/ CAN BE FOLIATEDOR NONFOLIATED/
PROCESS: HEAT AND PRESSURE
37. ROCK CYCLE: IS AN ONGOING PROCESS WHERE ROCKS CHANGES INTO DIFFERENT TYPES
OF ROCKS
38. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: HARDNESS, LUSTER, COLOR, TEXTURE, THE WAY MINERAL SPLITS,
OR DENISTY
39. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: THE ABILITY TO BURN/THE REACTIVITY TO ACIDS
40. MINERALS: IS WHAT LL ROCKS ARE MADE UP OF/THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF ROCKS
41. ORES: MINERALS THAT ARE MINED BECAUSE THEY CONTAIN USEFUL METALS OR
NOMETALS
42. FOSSIL FUELS: NATURAL FUELS THAT COME FROM THE REMAIN OF LIVING THINGS SUCHA
AS DEAD PLANTS, SHELLS, PLANKTONS, AND ANIMAL SKELETONS/FUELS GIVES OFF
ENERGY WHEN THEY BURN/3 TYPES: COAL, PETROLEUM OIL, AND NATURAL GAS
43. NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES: ENERGY RESOURCES THAT CANNOT BE REPLACED OR
RENEWED/EX: FOSSIL FUELS (COAL, PETROLEUM OIL, AND NATURAL GAS)
44. RENEWABLE RESOURCES: ENERGY RESOURCES THAT CAN BE REPLACED OR RENEWED/EX:
WIND, WATER, SUNLIGHT, AND TREES
45. TOPOGRAPIC MAPS: MAPS THAT ARE USE SYMBOLS TO PROTRAY THE LAND AND
PROVIDES INFORMATION ON ELEVATION USING CONTOUR LINES
46. STEEP SLOPE: LINES CLOSE TOGETHER
47. GENTLE SLOPE: LINES FAR APART
48. CONTOUR LINES: SHOWS THE ELEVATION ON TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
49. CONTOUR INTERVALS: SHOWS THE DIFFERENCE AMONG THE COUTOUR LINES
50. HOTSPOT: FORMED HAWAII
51. AERIAL MAP: MAPS MADE USING PICTURES/DARK AREAS: WATER/SQUARES: HOUSES
8-4 VOCABULARY
1. INNER PLANETS: (MERCURY, VENUS, EARTH, AND MARS)/ ROCKY PLANETS, SMALLER
PLANETS, 0-4 MOONS/ REVOLVES FASTER AROUND THE SUN/HAS NO RINGS/ AND
WARMER
2. OUTER PLANETS: (JUPITER, SATURN, URANUS, AND NEPTUNE)/ GASEOUS
PLANETS/LARGHER PLANETS/HAS LOTS OF MOONS/ REVOVLES SLOWER AROUND THE
SUN/HAS RINGS/ COLDEST
3. ROTATION: SPINNING ON TH EAXIS/RESPONSIBLE FOR DAY AND NIGHT
4. REVOLUTION: GOING AROUND SOMETHING OR ORBIT/RESPONSIBLE FOR YEARS
5. COMET: MADE OF ICE AND ORBITS THE SUN
6. ASTEROID: IS A ROCK THAT ORBITS MARS AND JUPITER
7. METEOR: IS A ROCK BURING IN THE ATMOSPHERE/SHOOTING STARS
8. METEORITE: IS A ROCK THAT STRIKES PLANETS
9. ELIPTICAL ORBIT: OVAL SHAPE ORBIT/HOW THE PLANETS ORBIT
10. SUNSPOT: COOL, DAR SPOTS ON THE SUN
11. CORONA: IS THE OUTER LAYER OF THE SUN AND CAN ONLY BE SEEN WHEN A TOTAL
SOLAR ECLIPSE OCCURS/SENDS OUT SOLAR WIND
12. PHOTOSPHERE: IS THE PART OF THE SUN THAT EMITS LIGHT AND THE PART THAT WE
SEE
13. SOLAR FLARE: ARE EXPLOSIONS ON THE SUN
14. PROMINENCES: ARE LOOPING ARCHES OF THE SUN
15. MAGNETIC FIELD: PROTECTS THE EARTH FROM SOLAR WIND
16. AUROAS: FORMS NEAR THE NORTH POLE WHEN CHARGED PARTICLES CAUSES THE
ATOMOSPHERE TO GLOW
17. MAGNETIC STORM: OCCURS WHEN SOLAR FLARES AND PROMINENCES
INCREASES/AFFECTS ELCTRONICS ON EARTH
18. MOON PHASES: CAUSED BY REVOLUTION AND HOW MUCH SUN LIGHT SHINES ON THE
MOON/NEW MOON, WAXING CRESENT, 1ST QUARTER MOON, WAXING GIBBOUS MOON, FULL
MOON, WANNING GIBBOUS MOON, 3RD OR LAST QUARTER MOON, AND WANING CRESCENT
19. WAXING: TO ADD ON (WAX ON)
20. WANING: TO TAKE AWAY OR TAKE OFF (WAX OFF)
21. GIBBOUS: HUMP
22. ECLIPSE: THE ALIGNMENT OF THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON
23. SOLAR ECLISPSE: WHEN THE NEW MOON BLOCKS THE SUNLIGHT FROM THE
EARTH/ALIGNMENT: SUN-NEW MOON-EARTH/OCCURS DURING THE DAY
24. LUNAR ECLISPES: WHEN THE EARTH BLOCKS THE SUNLIGHT FROM THE FULL
MOON/ALIGHMENT: SUN-EARTH-MOON/ OCCURS AT NIGHT
25. TIDES: THE RISE AND FALL OF OCEAN WAVES/ CAUSED MY THE GRAVIATIONAL PULL OF
THE MOON AND SUN
26. SPRING TIDES: WHEN THE SUN AND THE MOON ARE ALIGNED THE HIGH TIDES ARE
HIGHER AND THE LOW TIDES ARE LOWER/DEALS WITH THE FULL MOON AND NEW MOON
27. NEAP TIDES: WHEN THE SUN AND THE MOON ARE AT RIGHT ANGLES TO EACH OTHER OR
PERPENDICULAR/THE HIGH AND LOW TIDES ARE THE LEAST DIFFERENCE IN THE TIDES
RANGE AT THE SHORE
28. SEASONS: CAUSED BY REVOLUTION AND THE EARTH’S TILT OF 23.5
29. SOLSTICE: OCCURS WHEN THERE ARE LONGER AND SHORTER DAYS AND NIGHTS/DEALS
WITH SUMMER AND WINTER
30. EQUINOX: OCCURS WHEN THERE ARE EQUAL DAYS AND NIGHTS/DEALS WITH FALL AND
SPRING
31. SATELITES: ORBITS OR REVOLVE AROUND THE EARTH
32. SPACE PROBE: ORBITS OR REVOLVE OUTSIDE THE EARTH LIKE JUPITER AND OTHER
PLANETS
33. SPECTROSCOPE: COLLECT THE LIGHT FROM DSITANT STARS AND SEPARATE LIGHT INTO
BANDS OF DIFFERENT COLORS/ BY STUDYING THESE BANDS, ASTRONOMERS IDENTIFY
THE ELEMENTS IN A STAR.
34. MASS: AMOUNT OF MATTER THAT DOES NOT DEPEND ON GRAVITY/NOT A FORCE/ DOES
NOT CHANGE
35. WEIGHT: DEPENDS ON GRAVITY/IS A FORCE/CAN CHANGE DEPENDING ON GRAVITY
36. GALAXY: A COLLECTION OF STARS, DUST, AND ROCKS THAT IS HELD TOGETHER BY
GRAVITY (MILKY WAY)
37. LIGHT YEAR: THE UNIT OF MEASUREMENT ASTRONOMERS USE TO MEASURE THE
DISTANCE TO STARS AND GALAXIES IN SPACE
38. SPIRAL GALAXY: GALAXY WITH ARMS
39. ELIPTICAL GALAXY: OVAL SHAPE GALAXY
40. IRREGULAR GALAXY: GALAXIES THAT DON’T HAVE A SHAPE
8-5 VOCABULARY
1. MOTION: OCCURS WHEN THERE IS A CHANGE IN POSITION
2. DISTANCE: HOW FAR SOMETHING TRAVESL (10 METERS)
3. DISPLACEMENT: HOW HAR SOMETHING TRAVELS IN A CERTAIN DIRECTION (DISTANCE
AND DIRECTION (10 METERS NORTH)
4. SPEED: MEASURES HOW FAST SOMETHING MOVES A PARTICULARY DISTANCE OVER A
GIVEN AMOUNT OF TIME (50 MPH)
5. VELOCITY: A SPEED WITH A DIRECTION (SPEED AND DIRECTION)/ (50 MPH NORTH)
6. DISTANCE-TIME GRAPH: SPEED GRAPHS (FAST CONSTANT, NO MOTION CONSTANT,
RETURNING BACK TO THE STARTING POINT, SLOWER CONSTANT, DECLERATION, AND
ACCELERATION)
7. SPEED FORMULA: V=D/T
8. CONSTANT SPEED: SPEED THAT DON’T CHANGE
9. AVERAGE SPEED: SPEED THAT CHANGES
10. GRAVITY: FORCE WITH A DOWNWARD PULL
11. FRICTION: FORCE THAT SLOWS DOWN AND CAUSES OBJECTS TO STOP
12. AIR RESITANCE: IS A FORCES THAT OPPOSES MOTION/EX: USING A PARACHUTE
13. BALANCE FORCE: A FORCE THAT WILL CAUSE NO CHANGE IN THE MOTION OF THE
OBJECT/EQUAL/DOES NOT MOVE/ NET FORCE IS ALWAYS ZERO (0)
14. UNBALANCE FORCE: A FORCE WTHAT WILL CAUSE A CHANGE IN THE MOTION OF THE
OBJECT/DOES MOVE/UNEQUAL/HAS A NET FORCE HIGHER THAN ZERO
15. INERTIA: NEWTON’S 1ST LAW OF MOTION/STATES THAT ANYTHING IN MOTION STAYS IN
MOTION AND ANYTHING AT REST STAYS AT REST UNLESS AN UNBALANCE FORCE ACTS
UPON IT/MORE MASS=MORE INERTIA/LESS MASS=LESS INERTIA
8-6 VOCABULARY
1. WAVE: A REPEATTED VIBRATION THAT TRANSFERS ENERGY FROM PLACE TO
PLACE/WAVES TRANSPORT ENERGY BUT NOT MATTER
2. MEDIUM: MATERIAL THROUGH WHICH WAVES CAN TRAVEL. IT CAN BE A SOLID, LIQUID,
OR GAS
3. MECHANICAL WAVES: WAVES THAT REQUIRES OR TRAVEL THROUGH A MEDIUM/SPEED
CHANGES
4. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES: WAVES THAT TRAVEL THROUGH EMPTY SPACE OR A
VACUUM/SPEED STAYS THE SAME
5. TRANSVERSE WAVE: WAVES THAT MOVE BACK AND FORTH PERPENDICULAR AT RIGHT
ANGLES TO THE DIRECTION OF THE WAVE
6. COMPRESSIONAL/LONGITUDINAL: WAVES THAT ARE PUSHING TOGETHER AND MOVING
APART PARALLEL TO THE DIRECTION IN WHICH THE WAVE TRAVELS
7. CREST: TOP PART OF A TRANSVERSE WAVE
8. TROUGH: BOTTOM PART OF A TRANSVERSE WAVE
9. COMPRESSION: PARTS OF THE LONGITUDINAL WAVE THAT ARE CLOSE TOGETHER
10. RAREFACTION: PARTS OF THE LONGITUDINAL WAVE THAT ARE FAR APART
11. FREQUENCY: MEASURES HOW MANY WAVES PASS A POINT IN A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF
TIME
12. AMPLITUDE: MEASURES THE DISTANCE FROM THE REST POSITION TO THE CREST OR TO
THE TROUGH (HEIGHT OF THE WAVE)
13. WAVELENGTH: MEASURES THE DISTANCE FROM CREST TO CREST OR TROUGH TO TROUGH
IN A TRANSVERSE WAVE / COMPRESSION TO COMPRESSION OR RAREFACTION TO
RAREFACTION IN A LONGITUDINAL /COMPRESSIONAL WAVE
14. WAVE TOOLS: SPECTROSCOPE, COLOR FILTERS, TUNNING FORK, SLINKY, PLANE MIRROR,
PRISM, AND PENCIL IN A TRANSPARENT CUP
15. OUTER EAR: COLLECT OR GATHER SOUND (PINNA AND EAR CANAL)
16. MIDDLE EAR: AMPLIFY OR INCREASE THE SOUND (EAR DURM AND THE 3 BONES/ANVIL,
HAMMER, AND STIRRUP)
17. INNER EAR: TINY HAR PARTICLES WITHIN THE COCHLEA INTERPRET SOUND AND THE
AUDITORY NERVE SENDS ELECTRICAL IMPULSES TO THE BRAIN(COCHLEA AND AUDITORY
NERVE)
18. REFLECTION: BENDING OF WAVES
19. REFLECTION: THE BOUNCING BACK OF WAVES
20. TRANSMISSION: OCCURS WHEN WAVES PASS THROUGH A GIVEN POINT OR MEDIUM
21. TRANSPARENT: WHEN ALL LIGHT WAVES PASS THROUGH
22. TRANSLUCENT: WHEN SOME LIGHT WAVES PASS THROUGH
23. OPAQUE: WHEN NO LIGHT WAVES PASS THROUGH
24. ABSORPTION: WHEN CERTAIN FREQUENCIES OF LIGHT OCCURS WHEN THE ENRGY IS NOT
TRANSFERRED THROUGH OR REFLECTED BY THE GIVEN MEDIUM
25. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM:
26. CORNEA: REFRACTS LIGHT
27. IRIS: THE COLOR OF THE EYE
28. PUPIL: HOLE IN THE EYE
29. CONVEX LENS: REFRACTS AND FOCUS LIGHT
30. RETINA: PRODUCES NERVE IMPULES
31. OPTIC NERVE: SENDS THE SIGNAL TO THE BRAIN
8-3 VOCBULARY QUIZ PART 1 (ACADEMIC)
NAME: _____________________________________________
DATE: ____________________
PERIOD: _______
DIRECTION: PLACE THE CORRECT TERM IN THE BLANK
CRUST
CONTINENTIAL CRUST
FOSSILS
INNER CORE
OUTER CORE
MANTLE
OCEANIC CRUST
PANGEA
LITHOSPHERE
ASTHENOSPHERE
LANDFORMS
CONTINENTAL SHAPE
CLIMATIC CHANGES
1. __________________________________________________________: THE ONLY LIQUID EARTH LAYER AND IS
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MAGNETIC FIELD/ MADE UP OF IRON AND NICKEL METALS
2. NAME AT LEAST 2 EVIDENCES THAT PROVES PANGEA ONCE EXITED.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________: EARTH LAYER KNOWN AS THE UPPER
MANTLE/ IT IS A SOFT SOLID
4. _______________________________________________________________: THE EARTH LAYER THAT EXISTS AS A
SOLID BEAUSE OF SO MUCH HEAT AND PRESSURE/ MOST DENSE LAYER/ MADE UP OF IRON
AND NICKEL
5. ________________________________________________________________: MOST DENSE, LOCATED UNDER THE
OCEAN, YOUNGEST BECAUSE IT’S BEING RECYCLED, SINKS DURING A SUBDUCTION ZONE
BECAUSE IT’S THE MOST DENSE CRUST AND IT CONTAINS BASALT ROCK
6. ________________________________________________________________: EARTH LAYER THAT IS THE THINNEST,
OUTTERMOST, AND THE LEAST DENSE SOLID LAYER
7. ___________________________________________________________________: LEAST DENSE, LOCATED ON OR
UNDER LAND, OLDEST , AND CONTAINS GRANITE ROCK
8. ___________________________________________________________________: THE EARTH LAYER THAT CONTAINS
THE MOST MASS BECAUSE IT IS THE THICKEST LAYER/ CONTAINS CONVECTION CURRENTS
THAT MOVES THE SOFT SOLID ROCKS/ SOFT SOLID
9. __________________________________________________________________: WHEN CONTINENTS WHERE JOINED
TOGETHER IN ONE LARGE LANDMASS
10. ______________________________________________: EARTH LAYER THAT IS SOLID AND LIES BETWEEN THE
CRUST AND THE UPPER MANTLE AND CONTAINS THE TECTONIC OR LITHOSPHERIC PLATES
THAT FLOATS ON TOP OF THE ASTHENOSPHERE
8-3 VOCBULARY QUIZ PART 1 (ACADEMIC)
NAME: _____________________________________________
DATE: ____________________
PERIOD: _______
DIRECTION: PLACE THE CORRECT TERM IN THE BLANK
CRUST
CONTINENTIAL CRUST
FOSSILS
INNER CORE
OUTER CORE
MANTLE
OCEANIC CRUST
PANGEA
LITHOSPHERE
ASTHENOSPHERE
LANDFORMS
CONTINENTAL SHAPE
CLIMATIC CHANGES
1. __________________________________________________________: THE ONLY LIQUID EARTH LAYER AND IS
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MAGNETIC FIELD/ MADE UP OF IRON AND NICKEL METALS
2. NAME AT LEAST 2 EVIDENCES THAT PROVES PANGEA ONCE EXITED.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________: EARTH LAYER KNOWN AS THE UPPER
MANTLE/ IT IS A SOFT SOLID
4. _______________________________________________________________: THE EARTH LAYER THAT EXISTS AS A
SOLID BEAUSE OF SO MUCH HEAT AND PRESSURE/ MOST DENSE LAYER/ MADE UP OF IRON
AND NICKEL
5. ________________________________________________________________: MOST DENSE, LOCATED UNDER THE
OCEAN, YOUNGEST BECAUSE IT’S BEING RECYCLED, SINKS DURING A SUBDUCTION ZONE
BECAUSE IT’S THE MOST DENSE CRUST AND IT CONTAINS BASALT ROCK
6. ________________________________________________________________: EARTH LAYER THAT IS THE THINNEST,
OUTTERMOST, AND THE LEAST DENSE SOLID LAYER
7. ___________________________________________________________________: LEAST DENSE, LOCATED ON OR
UNDER LAND, OLDEST , AND CONTAINS GRANITE ROCK
8. ___________________________________________________________________: THE EARTH LAYER THAT CONTAINS
THE MOST MASS BECAUSE IT IS THE THICKEST LAYER/ CONTAINS CONVECTION CURRENTS
THAT MOVES THE SOFT SOLID ROCKS/ SOFT SOLID
9. __________________________________________________________________: WHEN CONTINENTS WHERE JOINED
TOGETHER IN ONE LARGE LANDMASS
10. ______________________________________________: EARTH LAYER THAT IS SOLID AND LIES BETWEEN THE
CRUST AND THE UPPER MANTLE AND CONTAINS THE TECTONIC OR LITHOSPHERIC PLATES
THAT FLOATS ON TOP OF THE ASTHENOSPHERE
8-3 VOCBULARY QUIZ PART 1 (HONORS)
NAME: _____________________________________________
DATE: ____________________
PERIOD: _______
DIRECTION: PLACE THE CORRECT TERM IN THE BLANK
1. __________________________________________________________: THE ONLY LIQUID EARTH LAYER AND IS
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MAGNETIC FIELD/ MADE UP OF IRON AND NICKEL METALS
2. NAME AT LEAST 2 EVIDENCES THAT PROVES PANGEA ONCE EXITED.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________: EARTH LAYER KNOWN AS THE UPPER
MANTLE/ IT IS A SOFT SOLID
4. _______________________________________________________________: THE EARTH LAYER THAT EXISTS AS A
SOLID BEAUSE OF SO MUCH HEAT AND PRESSURE/ MOST DENSE LAYER/ MADE UP OF IRON
AND NICKEL
5. ________________________________________________________________: MOST DENSE, LOCATED UNDER THE
OCEAN, YOUNGEST BECAUSE IT’S BEING RECYCLED, SINKS DURING A SUBDUCTION ZONE
BECAUSE IT’S THE MOST DENSE CRUST AND IT CONTAINS BASALT ROCK
6. ________________________________________________________________: EARTH LAYER THAT IS THE THINNEST,
OUTTERMOST, AND THE LEAST DENSE SOLID LAYER
7. ___________________________________________________________________: LEAST DENSE, LOCATED ON OR
UNDER LAND, OLDEST , AND CONTAINS GRANITE ROCK
8. ___________________________________________________________________: THE EARTH LAYER THAT CONTAINS
THE MOST MASS BECAUSE IT IS THE THICKEST LAYER/ CONTAINS CONVECTION CURRENTS
THAT MOVES THE SOFT SOLID ROCKS/ SOFT SOLID
9. __________________________________________________________________: WHEN CONTINENTS WHERE JOINED
TOGETHER IN ONE LARGE LANDMASS
10. ______________________________________________: EARTH LAYER THAT IS SOLID AND LIES BETWEEN THE
CRUST AND THE UPPER MANTLE AND CONTAINS THE TECTONIC OR LITHOSPHERIC PLATES
THAT FLOATS ON TOP OF THE ASTHENOSPHERE
8-3 VOCBULARY QUIZ PART 1 (HONORS)
NAME: _____________________________________________
DATE: ____________________
PERIOD: _______
DIRECTION: PLACE THE CORRECT TERM IN THE BLANK
1. __________________________________________________________: THE ONLY LIQUID EARTH LAYER AND IS
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MAGNETIC FIELD/ MADE UP OF IRON AND NICKEL METALS
2. NAME AT LEAST 2 EVIDENCES THAT PROVES PANGEA ONCE EXITED.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________: EARTH LAYER KNOWN AS THE UPPER
MANTLE/ IT IS A SOFT SOLID
4. _______________________________________________________________: THE EARTH LAYER THAT EXISTS AS A
SOLID BEAUSE OF SO MUCH HEAT AND PRESSURE/ MOST DENSE LAYER/ MADE UP OF IRON
AND NICKEL
5. ________________________________________________________________: MOST DENSE, LOCATED UNDER THE
OCEAN, YOUNGEST BECAUSE IT’S BEING RECYCLED, SINKS DURING A SUBDUCTION ZONE
BECAUSE IT’S THE MOST DENSE CRUST AND IT CONTAINS BASALT ROCK
6. ________________________________________________________________: EARTH LAYER THAT IS THE THINNEST,
OUTTERMOST, AND THE LEAST DENSE SOLID LAYER
7. ___________________________________________________________________: LEAST DENSE, LOCATED ON OR
UNDER LAND, OLDEST , AND CONTAINS GRANITE ROCK
8. ___________________________________________________________________: THE EARTH LAYER THAT CONTAINS
THE MOST MASS BECAUSE IT IS THE THICKEST LAYER/ CONTAINS CONVECTION CURRENTS
THAT MOVES THE SOFT SOLID ROCKS/ SOFT SOLID
9. __________________________________________________________________: WHEN CONTINENTS WHERE JOINED
TOGETHER IN ONE LARGE LANDMASS
10. ______________________________________________: EARTH LAYER THAT IS SOLID AND LIES BETWEEN THE
CRUST AND THE UPPER MANTLE AND CONTAINS THE TECTONIC OR LITHOSPHERIC PLATES
THAT FLOATS ON TOP OF THE ASTHENOSPHERE