Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, November - 2013; Volume – 1(5)
Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences
http://www.jebas.org
ISSN No. 2320 – 8694
ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY AND RESOURCE USE IN BANANA (Musa sapientum)
AND PLANTAIN (Musa paradisiaca) PRODUCTION ENTERPRISES IN BAYELSA
STATE, NIGERIA
Kainga Prince Ebiowei1*, Okorji Eugene Chukwuemeka2 and Nweze Noble Jackson2
1
Department of Agricultural Economics & Rural Sociology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Niger Delta University, P.M.B. 71, Wilberforce Island,Nigeria.
Department of Agricultural Economics,University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
2
Received: September 28, 2013; Revision: October 20, 2013; Accepted: October 24, 2013
Available Online November 21, 2013.
KEYWORDS
Allocative Efficiency
Resource Use
Banana and Plantain
Production Enterprises
Bayelsa State
Nigeria
ABSTRACT
Present study was conducted to determine the allocative efficiency and resource use of banana and
plantain production enterprises in Bayelsa State of Nigeria. Three-stage sampling technique was used
for drawing the samples and getting data. Total sample size was 180 farm households. The data were
analyzed by using mean and production function models. Allocative efficiency and resource use results
indicates farmers incapability in efficient use and allocation of banana and plantain suckers, family labor
and hired labor. In relation to total revenue, the elasticity of the plantain suckers showed that, an
increase in it by one unit will lead to an increase in total revenue. Results from the allocative efficiency
index, objective of profit maximization and equimarginal principle, indicated that banana suckers were
efficiently allocated, while plantain suckers were inefficiently allocated; family and hired labor were
inefficiently allocated in both banana and plantain enterprises. While plantain suckers were underutilized, family and hired labor were both over-utilized in both enterprises, suggesting that farmers were
yet to achieve absolute degree of allocative efficiency in these resources. However, they could profitably
reduce the quantity of family and hired labor and increase plantain suckers that they employ. Thus,
allocative efficiency and resource use can be enhanced by the provision of credit/ loan, good rural roads,
improved varieties of suckers and farming technologies, extension services and subsidized farm inputs
and equipment among others by Government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and
institutions alike through genuine political will.
* Corresponding author
E-mail: [email protected] (Kainga Prince Ebiowei)
Peer review under responsibility of Journal of Experimental Biology and
Agricultural Sciences.
Production and Hosting by Horizon Publisher (www.my-vision.webs.com/horizon.html).
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361
1 Introduction
Allocative efficiency refers to the extent to which farmers
made efficient decisions by using inputs up to the level which
their value marginal contribution to production is equal to
marginal factor cost (Yotopoulos & Nuggent, 1976). The
significance of resource allocation efficiency in increasing
agricultural output could not be overemphasized, as its role has
been widely recognized by various researchers and policy
makers (Bravo-Ureta & Everson, 1994; Fakayode et al., 2011;
Haruna et al., 2011). The basis of these foregoing is that if
farmers are not making efficient use of existing technology,
then efforts designed to improve allocative efficiency would be
more cost-effective than introducing new technologies as a
way of increasing agricultural output (Shapiro, 1983; Belbase
& Grabowski, 1985; Bravo-Ureta & Pinheiro, 1993). Previous
studies have been reported that farmers of sub-Saharan Africa
are generally rational and sensible in their resource allocation
decisions over numerous constraints (Anderson, 1992).
In Nigeria, agriculture is characterized by low levels of capital
investment, low resource utilization and low productivity
(Olayide & Heady, 1982). The important challenges for the
agricultural growth and development in Bayelsa State and
other similar agro-ecologies would depend expediently on the
ability of state to encourage small-holder farmers in the use of
limited resources especially land, labor and capital optimally.
Consequently, there are need to allocate farm resources
efficiently. In Nigeria, out of an estimated 72 million hectares
of arable land only 34 million hectares (47.7%) were under
cultivation (Ajakaiye & Akande, 1998). According to the
census of 2006, the estimated population of the country was
more than 140 million (NPC 2006) and 65% of Nigerian
population actively involved in farming and cultivating small
and fragmented farm holdings (Federal Government of Nigeria
1988; World Bank 1989). Although the Country has abundant
material and human resources but after that also it is not selfdependent on the food production and it dependent on the
imported agricultural raw materials to fulfill its food
requirements (NISER, 2000).
Various researchers have reported that banana and plantain
(Musa Spp) are important food crops which grow in the humid
tropics of Africa (Nkendah & Akyeampong, 2003; Faturoti et
al., 2007; FDA, 1999). Bayelsa State is a major producer of
banana and plantain (BYSG, 2003), and in general, preference
of plantain in diet is associated with the availability of it
(Kainga, 2013). It has been reported that from last few years
yield of plantain drastically reduced due to the high population
growth and urbanization (Faturoti et al., 2007). With this
Olayide & Heady (1982) identified that low plantain
productivity is associated with the inability of the farmer in
making use of available farm resources efficiently. As per the
report of FAO (2005), in last ten years (1996-2005) total area
of plantain cultivation has increased 24.6% while the total
production reduced 21.8%.The challenge of crop productivity
in plantain and banana based farm enterprises, especially in
recent times, is obvious and calls for policy redirection in line
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Ebiowei et al
with optimal use of available resources in Bayelsa State where
land especially is a limiting factor. The broad objective of the
study was to determine the allocative efficiency and resource
use in banana and plantain production enterprises in Bayelsa
State of Nigeria.
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
Study was conducted in Bayelsa State of Nigeria which is
situated between latitude 04015” N to 05023’’ N and longitude
05022” E to 06045” E and covers an area of about 21,110
square kilometers, out of which more than three-quarter is
occupied by water (BYSG, 2008). As per the 2006 census, the
total population of the state was 1,703,358 people (NPC,
2006).State has a humid semi-hot equatorial climate with a
mean annual rainfall ranging from 2,000 to 4,000mm (Oyegun,
1999).
2.2 Sampling Technique and Sample Size
The data were collected from 2009 to 2010 in cropping
seasons. Three stage sampling technique were used for
drawing samples and for finding the results. The first stage
involved purposive selection of four Local Government Areas
(LGAs) of Bayelsa state where farming activities were
predominant. The selected LGAs for study were Southern
Ijaw, Yenagoa, Sagbama and Ogbia. At the second stage of
sampling, from each LGA, total nine villages were randomly
selected. At final stage of sampling, five farm household those
who were actively engaged in banana and plantain based farm
enterprises were randomly selected for study. By this method
overall 180 farm household were identified for the data
collection.
2.3 Method of Data Analysis
Data were analyzed by using mean and production function
models. The Cobb-Douglas production function model was
specifically used separately for banana and plantain farm
enterprises, assuming other crops combination to be constant.
In estimating parameters of the production function model, the
Cobb-Douglas production function was transformed into its
logarithmic form and the ordinary least square (OLS) method
of regression analysis was applied (Olayide & Heady, 1982;
Fakayode et al., 2011; Kainga & Seiyabo, 2012; Onyemauwa
et al., 2013).
2.3.1 Model Specification
Production Function Model: A farm production function was
employed to generate the farm production coefficients needed
to assess the degree of allocative efficiency and resource use in
banana and plantain production enterprises. The farm
production function specified for this purpose was given in its
implicit form as follows:
Allocative efficiency and resource use in banana (Musa sapientum) and plantain (Musa paradisiaca) production enterprises in Bayelsa state, Nigeria.
Yi=f(X1,X2,X3,X4,X5,X6) ………………………… (2.1)
Where,
Yi= total output per farm enterprise in Kg or Value in N
(Nigerian currency) of aggregate output per farm of ith farm
enterprise.
X1= Farm size in hectare;
X2= Family labor employed per farm in mandays;
X3= Hired labor employed per farm in mandays;
X4= Working capital employed per farm in N (i.e. expenditure
on suckers etc);
X5= Fixed capital employed per farm in N (i.e. depreciation on
farm tools/implements, rent, etc.)
X6= Age of plant by harvest time in months.
In present study, it was expected a-priori that farm size X1,
family labor X2, value of hired labor X3, working capital X4
and the age of plant X6 would have direct relationship with
value of aggregate output per farm (Yi). The production
coefficients for aforementioned input factors were therefore
expected to be positive, ceteris paribus. Conversely, it was
expected a-priori that the relationship between fixed capital
employed in the production process (X5) and output or value in
N (Yi) would be inverse. Thus, the resulting production
coefficient was expected to be negative, ceteris paribus.
The equi-marginal principle (principle of equal marginal
returns) is the neo-classical economic criterion for efficiency in
resource use and allocation in multi-producer firms such as the
small-holder farmers in the study area. The principle states that
for multi-product firm to be said to have allocated its resource
efficiently or optimally, it must do it in such a way that the
marginal value product (MVP) of every variable input is equal
in all enterprises in which it is employed; and also equal to the
price of the input.
That is:
MVPi1=MVPi2=MVPnm ≤ Pi- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -(2.2)
Where,
MVPij= The MVP of the ith input (X) employed in the
production of the jth enterprise.
Pi = Unit price of variable input Xi
i = 1, 2,…, n and j = 1, 2,…, m
Furthermore, an index of allocative efficiency Aij was defined,
to enable us use the production coefficients obtainable from
equation (2.1) to make important economic inferences
regarding the efficiency of resource allocation by plantainbanana farmers in the study area.
The index of allocative efficiency Aijwas defined as follows:
Aij= MVPxi/ Pxi……………………………………(2.3)
Where,MVPxi = dyPy/dxi………………………...(2.4) and
dyi / dxi=MPPx= Marginal physical productivity of input
xi………….(2.5)
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362
Since in this study the dependent variable was measured in
both physical output and value terms, and the variable factors
of production except land (X1), Family labor (X2)and hired
labor (X3) were measured in value terms; the marginal value
products are directly equal to the allocative efficiency index Aij
i.e.Aij = MVPxi………………………………(2.6)
Theoretically, if Aij>1, it implies that profit could be increased
by increasing the quantity of the variable input concerned. If
Aij<1, the reverse is the case, and the farm operator would
increase profit by reducing the quantity of variable input
concerned. While absolute allocative efficiency is attained
when Aij= 1 (Subba, et al., 2004).
Economic theory shows that, using the objective of profit
maximization
and
equimarginal
principle
(Koutsoyiannis,1983), a resource is used efficiently if its
Marginal Value Product (MVP) is just enough to offset its
Marginal Factor Cost (MFC) (Ajetomobi et al., 1998). In this
study, the endogenous variable (Yi) and working capital (e.g
suckers) (X4) are measured in value terms. Family labor (X2)
and hired labor (X3) were measured in mandays respectively.
Consequently, the MVPs are directly equal to the product of
the Coefficient or elasticity of production (bis) and the ratio of
the geometric mean values of net farm return (N) in and the
respective input variable (Xis) in the case of working capital
(X4). The relevant parameters for assessing allocative
efficiency of the enterprises concerned are presented in Table 4
and 5.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Banana and Plantains Allocative Efficiency of Major Farm
Inputs
The output of banana and plantains allocative efficiency
regression by using the Cobb Douglas function showed that the
inputs concerned with the quantity of banana and plantain
suckers, family labor and hired labor in mandays influenced
the variation of total cost (TC) by 44.44 and 68.75%
respectively.
There was a significant correlation reported between the inputs
concerned and total cost of production (P ≤ 0.05). The
elasticity in the inputs indicates that, one unit increase in
suckers, family labor and hired labor will lead to an increase in
the total cost by N 0.3156, N 0.3360 and N 0.2654 respectively
(Table 1).
Similarly, in case of plantains this increase in total cost were N
0.105, N 0.298 and N 0.253 in case of one unit increase in
suckers, family labor and hired labor respectively (Table 2).
The results showed that these inputs concerned were
inefficiently allocated. It means that for farmers to reduce cost
of production in banana and plantain enterprises, they could
mainly vary by reducing the cost of suckers, family and hired
labor.
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Ebiowei et al
Table 1 Banana Allocative Efficiency Regression output with respect to major Farm Inputs n=180.
Input variable
Intercept
Banana suckers
Family labor
Hired labor
R2 =
Coefficients
Standard error
t-Stat
P–value
9.607755
0.315596
0.335972
0.265375
0.444471
0.247626
0.0351
0.073292
0.071201
38.79939
8.991251*
4.584005*
3.727144*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Source: Field Survey Data, 2009/ 2010Note:* Means significant at P<0.05% level of probability.
Table 2 Plantain Allocative Efficiency Regression output with respect to major Farm Inputs n=180.
Input variable
Intercept
Plantain suckers
Family labor
Hired labor
R2 =
Coefficients
Standard error
t-Stat
P–value
9.371
0.105
0.298
0.253
0.68757
0.268
0.032
0.031
0.020
34.932
3.291*
9.651*
12.929*
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.000
Source: Field Survey Data, 2009/ 2010Note:* Means significant at P<0.05% level of probability.
Table 3 Plantain Allocative Efficiency Regression with respect to Total Revenue n=180.
Input variable
Intercept
Plantain suckers
Family labor
Hired labor
R2 =
Coefficients
Standard error
t-Stat
P–value
3.96
1.09
- 0.12
- 0.05
0.9112
0.22
0.03
0.03
0.02
17.79
41.11*
- 4.54*
- 2.92*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Source: Field Survey Data, 2009/ 2010Note:*Means significant at P<0.05% level of probability.
Table 4 Allocative Efficiency Indices of Farm inputs Employed in Banana Production n=180.
Variable
MPP (bis)
MVP
MFC
MVP /MFC
0.278
- 0.028
- 0.061
110231.2
-11427.9
-23991.4
109974.8
117075.2
92474.5
1.002
-0.097
-0.25944
Suckers(X4)
Family labor (X2)
Hired labor(X3)
Source: Field Survey Data, 2009/ 2010.
Table 5 Allocative Efficiency Indices of Farm Inputs Employed in Plantain Production n=180.
Variable
MPP (bis)
MVP
MFC
MVP /MFC
1.09
-0.12
-0.05
424853
-46772.8
-19488.7
34319.54
97402.12
82693.75
12.37933
-0.4802
-0.23567
Suckers (X4)
Family labor (X2)
Hired labor(X3)
Source: Field Survey Data, 2009/ 2010
3.2 Relationship between Total Revenue and Main Farm Inputs
in Plantain Production
The quantity of plantain suckers, family and hired labor also
influenced the variation of total revenue (TR) by 91.12% when
Cobb Douglas function was used. This was also showing
significant (P<0.05) relationship between the total revenue and
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the farm inputs concerned. However, the elasticity of the inputs
showed that, one unit increase in quantity of plantain suckers
will lead to an increase in total revenue by N 1.09. While a one
unit increase in the family and hired labor will lead to a
decrease in total revenue by N 0.12 and N 0.05 respectively
(Table 3). It can thus be argued that family and hired labor
were not efficiently allocated. It means that the employment of
Allocative efficiency and resource use in banana (Musa sapientum) and plantain (Musa paradisiaca) production enterprises in Bayelsa state, Nigeria.
family and hired labor input if not checked may negatively
affect the total returns from plantain enterprise.
3.3 Farmers Allocative Efficiency of Resources Employed in
Banana and Plantain Farm Enterprises
3.3.1 Resource Allocation
Enterprises.
and Utilization
in Banana
Table 4 showed that marginal physical product (MPP) of the
farm inputs that were concerned was negative except that of
banana suckers. The efficiency ratio of banana suckers was
equal to one. This indicates that banana suckers were
efficiently allocated by the farmers. While the efficiency ratio
of family labor and hired labor were less than one, which
indicates that the farmers are over-utilizing family and hired
labor in the production of banana and these resources were
inefficiently used by household farmers. The results showed
that farmers in the area are yet to achieve absolute degree of
allocative efficiency in the use of family and hired labor. The
allocative efficiency index of inputs like family and hired labor
indicates that farm operators could profitably reduce the
quantity of these inputs that they employ. The reason is that
their marginal productivity has passed zero or the optimum
point (stage III of the production function). This also suggests
that unit price of labor in the area is high, and a reduction in it
would increase net farm returns.
Using the objective of profit maximization and equimarginal
principle, a resource can be used efficiently if its marginal
value product (MVP) is just enough to offset its marginal
factor cost (MFC). Comparison between the MVP and MFC of
the farm inputs in banana production indicates that the MVP of
banana suckers is higher than the MFC, while the MVP of
family and hired labor was less than their respective MFCs.
This implies that banana suckers input are efficiently used. But
family and hired labor were inefficiently used. The results
indicate that an increase of one manday in the use of family
and hired labor would reduce total revenue by N11,427.9 and
N23,991.4 respectively. An increase of suckers by one unit
would increase total output by 0.278 ton or total revenue by N
110, 231.2. Since the regression coefficient of family labor was
not significant, any unit increase in its use would not
significantly increase the output of banana. However, since the
regression coefficient of hired labor was significant, an
increase in it could significantly increase output of banana.
Moreover, farmers enjoy increasing returns to scale. Thus,
labor utilization in traditional or small scale plantain-banana is
a crucial factor determining the level of farm output and
income.
3.3.2 Resource Allocation and Utilization in Plantain
Enterprises
In plantain production, the marginal physical product (MPP) of
the family and hired labor input was similarly negative except
that of plantain suckers (Table 5). The efficiency ratio of
plantain suckers was greater than one. It indicates that plantain
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364
suckers are under-utilized and inefficiently allocated by the
farmers. While the efficiency ratio of family and hired labor
was less than one, which indicates that the farmers are overutilizing family and hired labor in the production of plantain,
that is, inefficiently allocated. The results showed that farmers
in the area are yet to achieve absolute degree of allocative
efficiency in the use of plantain suckers, family and hired
labor. The allocative efficiency index of inputs like plantain
suckers, family and hired labor indicates that farm operators
could profitably increase the quantity of plantain suckers and
reduce the quantity of family and hired labor. Also when the
MVP of each of these farm inputs were compared to their
respective MFCs, the MVP of plantain suckers was higher than
the MFC while the MVPs of family and hired labor were less
than their MFCs. This implies that, plantain suckers were
efficiently used while family and hired labor were inefficiently
used.
The results further indicate that any unit increase in the use of
plantain suckers would increase the total output and total
revenue of plantain significantly by 1.09 ton and N 424,853
respectively. More so its regression coefficient was significant.
But total revenue would be reduced by N 46,772.8 by any unit
increase in family labor. And any unit increase in hired labor
would reduce total revenue by N 19,488.7. The regression
coefficients of the family and hired labor were not significant,
thus any unit increase in their use would not significantly
increase the total output of plantain. This suggests that price of
labor associated with plantain production is high in the area.
However, the farmers enjoy increasing returns to scale.
Although findings of the present study serve as base line in the
State, the findings were in agreement with Nwosu, (1976) who
observed that farmers under peasant agriculture in Kwara
State, Southwest Nigeria were not efficient in the use of their
land resource. Similarly, Fakayode et al., (2011) found that
land and plantain suckers were underutilized while in contrast
labour was underutilized in plantain production involving
smallholder farmers in Rivers State. Furthermore, on farm
family and hired labour productivity, Adesimi, (1990) reported
that the marginal value productivity of family labour was
significantly greater than the marginal value product of hired
labour. He suggested that output could be raised by shifting
resources from hired labour to family labour.
4 Conclusion and Recommendations
Results from banana and plantain allocative efficiency showed
that farmers were not efficient in the use and allocation of
banana and plantain suckers, family labor and hired labor. It
means that for farmers to reduce cost of production, they could
reduce the cost of suckers, family and hired labor. Also, in
relation to total revenue, the elasticity of the plantain suckers
showed that, an increase in it by one unit will lead to an
increase in total revenue. The use of allocative efficiency
index, objective of profit maximization and equimarginal
principle on suckers, family labor and hired labor indicated
that banana suckers were efficiently allocated while plantain
365
suckers were inefficiently allocated. However, family and
hired labor were inefficiently allocated in both banana and
plantain production enterprises. That is, while plantain suckers
were under-utilized, family and hired labor were both overutilized. Thus, farmers are yet to achieve absolute degree of
allocative efficiency in the use of family and hired labor and
plantain suckers in the area and could profitably reduce the
quantity of family and hired labor and increase plantain
suckers that they employ. Moreover, both crop enterprises
enjoy increasing returns to scale. Farmer’s current underutilization of plantain suckers could be attributed to lack of
improved varieties among others. It is recommended that
Government, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs),
research institutes and relevant financial agencies operating in
the area should encourage indigenous investors with adequate
credit, subsidized cost of farm inputs and ensure training
workshops to disseminate findings on resource allocation and
utilization strategies, to enable efficient utilization of
resources.
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