Extending the SpanishWordNet
Clara Soler
Universitat Ramon Llull
Extending the SpanishWordNet
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Aims:
Proposal about:
A new classification and a new way of
representing Adjectives and their polysemy in the
lexical database
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By means of:
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Using MikroKosmos Ontology (Nirenburg 1994
et al.) to modificate if necessary EuroWordNet
Top Concept Ontology
Index
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Classification of Adjectives in WordNet
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How Polysemy of Adjectives is represented
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Classification of Adjectives in EuroWordNet –
SpanishWordNet
The Ontological Criteria
Mikrokosmos Ontology / Treatment of Adjective
Polysemy
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EuroWordNet Top Ontology
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Conclusions
Classification of Adjectives in
WordNet
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WordNet 1.5 contains 16428 adjectivals synsets
(including nouns, participles and prepositional
phrases which work as adjectives)
Kept in three files: Descriptive, Relationals and
Participles.
How are they organized? Each class expresses
typical syntactic and semantic features.
Antonymy is the lexical relation that divides
adjectives: Descriptives adjectives have antonyms
and Relationals do not.
Classification of Adjectives in WN
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Descriptives adjectives are organized into nonhierarchic synsets formed by one, or more, pairs of
antonyms. These synsets are clusters that
represent values, from one extreme to the other, of
some attribute.
Relational adjectives are represented with pointers
to the noun or verb from which they derive (a
pointer expresses a lexical relation)
Participle adjectives are considered a kind of
Descriptives adjectives ending in -ing and -ed, they
do not suit very much in cluster structures and are
kept in a separated file.
Classification of Adjectives in WN
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Descriptives adjectives: attribute Warmth
torrid – hot – warm – tepid – cool – cold- frigid
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Relational adjectives
2 senses of cosmologic
Sense 1
cosmologic, cosmological, cosmogonic, cosmogonical,
cosmogenic, cosmogenical -- (pertaining to the branch of
astronomy dealing with the origin and history and structure
and dynamics of the universe; "cosmologic science";
"cosmological redshift"; "cosmogonic theories of the origin
of the universe")
Pertains to noun cosmology (Sense 2)
=>cosmology, cosmogony, cosmogeny -- (the branch of
astrophysics that studies the origin and evolution and
structure of the universe)
Classification of Adjectives in WN
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Relational adjectives
Sense 2
cosmologic, cosmological -- (pertaining to the branch of
philosophy dealing with the elements and laws and
especially the characteristics of the universe such as space
and time and causality; "cosmologic philosophy"; "a
cosmological argument is an argument that the universe
demands the admission of an adequate external cause
which is God")
Pertains to noun cosmology (Sense 1)
=>cosmology -- (the metaphysical study of the origin and
nature of the universe)
=> metaphysics -- (the philosophical study of being and
knowing)
How Polysemy of Adjectives is
represented
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WordNet understands polysemy as a correlation of
the frequency of occurrence ( Zipf 1945). It means
that on the average, the more frequently a word is
used the more different meanings it will have.
Therefore, new, which is :
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Highly frequent, it is considered
Highly polysemous
How Polysemy of Adjectives is
represented
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1. new (vs. old) -- (not of long duration; having just
(or relatively recently) come into being or been
made or acquired or discovered; "a new law"; "new
cars"; "a new comet"; "a new friend"; "a new year";
"the New World")
2. new(prenominal) -- (other than the former one(s);
different; "they now have a new leaders"; "my new
car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on
it"; "ready to take a new direction")
3. new, unexampled -- (having no previous example
or precedent or parallel; "a time of unexampled
prosperity")
How Polysemy of Adjectives is
represented
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4. fresh, new, novel -- (of a kind not seen before;
"the computer produced a completely novel proof of
a well-known theorem")
5. raw, new, wet behind the ears(predicate) -(lacking training or experience; "the new men were
eager to fight"; "raw recruits"; "he was still wet
behind the ears when he shipped as a hand on a
merchant vessel")
6. newfangled, new -- (of a new (often outrageous)
kind or fashion)
7. new, new to(predicate) -- ((often followed by `to')
unfamiliar; "new experiences"; "experiences new to
him"; "errors of someone new to the job")
How Polysemy of Adjectives is
represented
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8. new, young -- ((of crops) harvested at an early
stage of development; before complete maturity;
"new potatoes"; "young corn")
9. new -- (unaffected by use or exposure; "it looks
like new")
10. New -- (in use after Medieval times; "New
Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st
dynasties")
11. Modern, New -- (used of a living language;
being the current stage in its development; "Modern
English"; "New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew")
Classification of Adjectives in
EuroWordNet
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Adjectives were not included in EuroWordNet,
because:
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Being a modifier, the information that conveys is
less vital
It was considered a highly polysemous categorytherefore representation in an enumerative
lexicon becomes difficult
Classification of Adjectives in the
SpanishWordNet
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Spanish and Catalan adjectives are translations of
the English adjectives included in WordNet 1.5.
They are classified and represented in the same
way
Classification of Adjectives in the SWN
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01256444a
all
lock 0 new_1
0 nuevo_5
0 nou_1
not of long duration; having just
come into being or been made or acquired or
discovered: "a new law"; "new cars"; "a new
comet"; "a new friend"
01290120a
all
lock 0 fresh_2 novel_1 new_2
0 fresco_8 nuevo_8 novel_1
0 fresc_2 novell_1 nou_2
of a kind not seen
before: "the computer produced a completely novel
proof of a well-known theorem"
Classification of Adjectives in the SWN
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00104365a
all
lock 0 new_4 unexampled_1
lock 0 inaudito_1 nuevo_2
lock 0 inaudit_2 nou_4
"an unprecedented
expansion in population and industry"
00803732a
all
lock 0 hot_12 new_5
0 fresco_4
nolex 0
"hot off the press"; "fresh ideas"
Classification of Adjectives in the SWN
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all
lock 0 new_8 newfangled_1
lock 0 novedoso_1
nolex 0
of a new (often outrageous) kind or
fashion
all
lock 0 modern_5 new_9
lock 0 moderno_2 contemporáneo_6
lock 0 modern_4 contemporani_4
used of a
living language; being the current stage in its
development: "Modern English"; "New Hebrew is
Israeli Hebrew"
Perteneciente o relativo al tiempo actual
Pertanyent o relatiu al temps actual
Extending the SpanishWordNet
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At issue:
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Relationals are not polysemous?
It is possible to represent polysemy of Adjectives
without enumerating all the possible shades they
may take?
Is it possible to relate polysemy with other
parameters differents from frequency, compatibility
with greater or smaller number of nominals, noun
desambiguation?
Are Adjectives that polysemous?
Extending the SpanishWordNet
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This proposal bases the extending of the
SpanishWordnet by incorporating Adjectives on the
following premises:
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Adjectives will be classified too in Descriptive
and Relationals notwithstanding based on
ontological criteria.
Their polysemy will also be accounted by the
same ontological taxonomy.
They can also be classified according to the
Base Concepts of the Top Ontology.
The Ontological Criteria
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These criteria come from within the framework of
the Mikrokosmos Ontology (Nirenburg 1994 et al.).
In this model the lexicon mediates between a
language of Text Meaning Representation and an
ontology.
Adjective meaning is explained according to this
conceptual ontology.
Lexical entries are instances of ontological types.
The MikroKosmos Ontology
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Classification of Adjectives:
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Scalars:
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based on Property ontological concepts
Numerical scale : Warmth
torrid – hot – warm – tepid – cool – cold - frigid
Literal scale : colour
red – yellow – black – white – blue – orange●
Evaluative
Terrific – Great – Good – Regular – Bad – Awful - Horrible
The MikroKosmos Ontology
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Non-Scalars (Relationals):
Denominals: Object ontological concepts
National – nation
● Deverbals: Event ontological concepts
Readable – read
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An Adjectival Class: an ontological type
The MikroKosmos Ontology
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Numerical scale properties:
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Evaluation
Size
Mass
Girth
Age
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Cost
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Price
Speed
Ease
Literal scale properties:
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Orientation Direction
Side
Color
Shape
Treatment of Adjectival Polysemy
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In this proposal:
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Polysemy of a lexical item implies a change of
meaning
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A romantic style / a romantic adventure
In Spanish: negocio familiar / una atmosfera familiar
In English: a family business / a familiar atmosphere
Good son / Good deal : always positive
Polysemy has to do with relatedness of senses
arising through extension of meaning (Aarts &
Calbert, 1979)
This relatedness of senses can be explained by
the ontological model
Treatment of Adjectival Polysemy
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A change of Ontological Type: from an Ontology of
Entities or Events to an Ontology of Properties
Victor Hugo is a French romantic author who
lived during the XIX century
– Venice is a very romantic city for lovers
A change within the same Ontological Type:
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High altitude: Scale Height
High ideals: Scale Evaluative
EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology
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Top Concept Ontology classifies the Base Concepts
Base Concepts are the most important prevailing
meanings in the local wordnets, and constitute a
shared set of 1059. Represent the shared cores of
the different wordnets.
Top Concept Ontology consists of 63 fundamental
semantic distinctions, organized by subtype and
opposition relations, which organize the Base
Concepts
EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology
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It is linked to the Inter-Lingual-Index (ILI) and
provides some language-independent structuring of
it.
The 63 semantic distinctions or Top Concepts are
classified according to three types of entities: 1stOrder-Entities, 2nd-Order-Entities and 3rd-OrderEntities.
EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology
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1st-Order-Entities: expressed by concrete nouns,
concrete entities. One euro, a college, a hobbit
3rd-Order-Entities: expressed by abstract nouns:
any unobservable proposition. Platonic ideas
EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology
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2nd-Order-Entities:
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denoted by any part of speech (nouns, verbs,
adjectives and adverbs).
represent any static or dynamic situation that
cannot be grasped, seen, felt, or experienced as
an independent physical thing.
located in time, they happen, rather than exist.
EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology
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2ndOrderEntities: (two classification schemes)
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Situation Type:
the event-structure in terms of which
a situation can be characterized as a conceptual unit over
time
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Dynamic: transition
-BoundedEvent
-UnboundedEvent
Static
-Property: colour, speed, age, length, size,
shape, weight. (single entity)
-Relation: relation, kinship, distance, space
(two entities)
EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology
Situation Components (BC as conceptually coherent
clusters. SC reflect the most salient semantic
components)
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Usage
Time
Social
Quantity
Purpose
Possession
Physical
EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology
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Modal
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Mental
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Manner
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Location
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Experience
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Existence
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Condition
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Communication
EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology
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Cause
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Agentive
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Stimulating
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Phenomenal
Proposal: to reuse Top Concepts as a new Property,
Object and Event ontological concepts, and
viceversa.
Extending the SpanishWordNet
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The idea is to use the ontological structure of
MikroKosmos in events, objects and properties to
introduce and classify the adjectives in the
SpanishWordNet
In the Top Ontology: to verify if all the Top Concepts
Concepts of 2nd-Order-Entities denote all possible
adjectives-situations
Extending the SpanishWordNet
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Joining both ontologies
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Incorporation of the adjectival synsets into the
Inter-Lingual-Index
Incorporation of the new Top Concepts that
represent the adjectival scales into the class of
2nd-Order-Entities.
Scalar adjectives will be defined according to the
Base Concepts of 2nd-Order-Entities
Non Scalar adjectives (Denominals and
Deverbals) will be defined in relation with the
Base Concepts of all Entities.
Extending the SpanishWordNet
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Classification(s) of adjectives in the SWN:
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Following the MikroKosmos ontological
taxonomy, adjectives can be classified according
to the three types of entities:
nd-Order-Entities
● Scalars: subsumed under 2
nd and 3rd
● Non Scalars: subsumed under 1st, 2
Order Entities (Denominals) and under 2ndOrder-Entities (Deverbals)
2nd -Order-Entities are denoted by adjectives.
Therefore all of them can be classified according
to the Base Concepts of these Entities
Extending the SpanishWordNet
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Proposal of an adjectival synset which
represents polysemy: denominal and scalar
The adjective "romantic" has 3 senses in WordNet.
1. romantic, romanticist, romanticistic -- (belonging to or
characteristic of romanticism or the Romantic movement in
the arts; "romantic poetry")
2. amatory, amorous, romantic -- (expressive of or exciting
sexual love or romance; "her amatory affairs"; "amorous
glances"; "a romantic adventure"; "a romantic moonlight
ride")
3. quixotic, romantic, wild-eyed -- (not sensible about
practical matters; unrealistic; "as quixotic as a restoration of
medieval knighthood"; "a romantic disregard for money"; "a
wild-eyed dream of a world state")
Extending the SpanishWordNet
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Proposal of an adjectival synset which represents
polysemy: denominal and scalar
The adjective romantic has also 3 senses in the SWN.
1. romantic, romanticist, romanticistic
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Based on an Object ontological concept (Romanticism):
denominal
2. romantic, amorous
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Based on a Property ontological concept (scale:
evaluative (sentimentalism)
3. romantic, wild-eyed
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Based on a Property ontological concept (scale:
evaluative (idealism)
Extending the SpanishWordNet
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Proposal of an adjectival synset which represents
polysemy: scalar
The adjective new has only 4 senses in the SPW
1. new (vs. old) -- (not of long duration; having just (or
relatively recently)
Based on a Property ontological concept (scale: temporal
(duration)
2. new(prenominal) -- (other than the former one(s);
different;)
3. new, unexampled -- (having no previous example or
precedent or parallel;)
4. fresh, new, novel -- (of a kind not seen before; )
Extending the SpanishWordNet
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Proposal of an adjectival synset which represents
polysemy: scalar
5. raw, new, wet behind the ears(predicate) -- (lacking
training or experience; )
6. newfangled, new -- (of a new (often outrageous) kind
or fashion)
7. new, new to(predicate) -- ((often followed by `to')
unfamiliar; )
9. new -- (unaffected by use or exposure; "it looks like
new")
Based on a Property ontological concept (scale: newness)
Extending the SpanishWordNet
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Proposal of an adjectival synset which represents
polysemy: scalar
8. new, young -- ((of crops) harvested at an early stage of
development; before complete maturity;)
Based on a Property ontological concept (scale: maturity)
11. Modern, New -- (used of a living language; being the
current stage in its development; )
Based on a Property ontological concept (scale: temporary
nature)
Conclusions
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This paper tries to propose a new classification of
Adjectives heading towards an extension of the
SpanishWordNet, as well as a new way of
representing polysemy.
The following has been shown:
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Relationals are also polysemous
Adjective polysemy can be reduced and
represented
Ontological criteria can reflect the relationship
between diferents senses of a lexical item
Conclusions
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Future work includes:
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To focus on the syntagmatic level of the
Adjective-Noun combinations, and to study the
diferent grades of co-ocurrence (Of compositive,
semicompositive and noncompositive character).
To treat if possible the called adverbials
adjectives using the same ontological structure