Mobile IP for Mobile Ad
hoc Networks
GROUP - 9
Sridivya Rapuru
Sravani Singirikonda
Vikram Siripuram
Rishi Remesh Ranjini
Ad Hoc Network
•
Reactive (On Demand) Network
•
Does not require a central base station
• Temporary network connection for single session.
AODV – Ad Hoc On Demand
Distance Vector
• Issues arise when Ad Hoc networks integrated with
internet.
• Pure wireless communication also has limitation in that
radio signals are subject to interference and radio
frequency higher than 100 MHz rarely propagate beyond
line of sight.
• MIPMANET resolves some of the major issues and
concerns in this case by :
• Providing multi-hop wireless network.
MANET – Internet Access
• Issues arise when Mobile Ad Hoc networks integrated with
internet :
• Pure wireless communication also has limitation in that
radio signals are subject to interference and radio
frequency higher than 100 MHz rarely propagate beyond
line of sight.
• MIPMANET resolves some of the major issues and
concerns in this case by :
• Providing multi-hop wireless network.
MANET – Internet Access
Routing and Addressing
• Keeping track of internet host is not required as it is a
temporary connection.
• Ad hoc network does not need to have a link layer
connection between it’s nodes.
• Dynamic routing protocols seem to be more efficient in
adhoc networks.
Issues with Multi-Hop
Communication.
• link- layer connectivity is absent in ad hoc networks.
• Multi-Hop communication is used in forwarding packets.
• Ad Hoc network routing protocol is used.
PROBLEMS :
• Broadcast cost will be high
• Overhead in movement detection.
Issues with On-Demand
Routing
• When Mobile IP is made to operate in a on-demand
(Reactive) it leads to some negative affects :
• Visiting nodes have less information about foreign
agent’s existence .
• Network suffers flooding from agent discovery and
solicitation messages from nodes that do not use
mobile IP.
Types of Ad hoc Networks
• Quasi- Static Ad hoc Network :
• Nodes are portable or static
• Consists of many sensors spread in geographical area
• Sensors are used for handling mobile communication ,
processing signals and transferring data
• Low setup and administration cost
eg : Sensor Networks
Types of Ad hoc Networks
• Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET):
• Nodes move relatively fast as the entire network is
mobile
• Network topologies are dynamic
• Each device acts as a router for transferring traffic
• Types of MANETS :
• Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET)
• Intelligent Vehicular Ad hoc Network (In VANET)
• Internet Based Mobile Ad hoc Network (iMANET)
Advantages of MANET
• Self organizing and adaptive
• Supports peer to peer communications
• Reduced cost
• Can be easily deployed
• Less dependent on infrastructure
• Supports peer to remote communication
Applications of MANET
• Military battle field : maintain network information
between military personals’, vehicles and headquarters.
• Emergency Services
• Education : When meetings or lectures are conducted
• Personal Area Networks
• Information Services : location dependent and time
dependent services
MIPMANET

Goal is to provide Internet access to nodes in ad hoc
networks.

Uses Mobile IP FA’s as access points to internet.


Ad hoc routing protocol is used to deliver packets.
AODV,DSR,DSDV etc. are some of the routing protocols that
can be used between FA and VN.
AD HOC ROUTING PROTOCOLS

Protocols like AODV,DSR are on demand routing
protocols.(which looks for a route upon demand to send a
packet).

DSR uses source routing while AODV doesn’t. Thus, AODV
avoids the problems in DSR.

AODV is reactive(on demand) and is more widely used.
AODV BETWEEN FA & VN

In our networks
› VN are mobile nodes.(they keep moving)
› topology of the networks keep changing frequently.

More efficient to use protocols that can find the routes
(FA  VN) only when there is a packet to send.

AODV is one protocol which serves the same purpose.
MIPMANET WORKS AS:

Nodes in Ad hoc network use home address to access
internet.

To send packet to a node on internet first tunnel the packet
to registered FA.

To receive packet from host, it is first routed to FA and FA then
delivers it to the Mobile Node.
Advantages of having FA as
Access Point

Easy to provide internet access to all nodes in ad hoc
network using single COA(address of FA).

Nodes can have internet access in any network as long as
there exists FA in the network.

Node can be reached in the network using it’s home address
registered with FA.
TUNNELING

Adding tunneling to MIP MANET enables to use ad hoc
routing protocols like AODV,DSR etc.

Packets with destination address is not in ad hoc network are
tunneled to FA.

Only registered VN have the address of FA(which is Access
Point).

Limited traffic in the network i.e. incoming = packet from
VN’s HA  FA and outgoing = packet from VN  FA.
AFFECTS OF MIPMANET ON
MOBILE IP

Periodic Agent Advertisements i.e. to avoid flooding beacon
period was set high.(Availability of FA is known less
frequently).

Movement Detection algorithms like LCS,ECS fail because the
movement of node is unknown.

MIP MANET uses hop count to check for node.

MIPMANET Cell Switching: Switch to new FA if it has <=
(current hops to FA -2).
MIPMANET Cell Switching
(MMCS)

Some of the movement detection methods used in Mobile IP
› LCS (Lazy Cell Switching)
› ECS (Eager Cell Switching)

In case of MIPMANET these fail because of the limitations:
› LCS – Node should be with same FA for most of time.(Bad
for Ad hoc networks)
› ECS – Nodes move in straight line.(No switching)

MIPMANET uses MMCS(= ECS + switching)
Your logo here
MMCS
All five nodes are registered with
FAI. Node E moves toward FA2.
Your logo here
FA2 has sent 2 agent adv. into the
N/W. Nodes D and E have decide
d to switch to FA2.
REGISTATION AND DATAGRAM
DELIVERY

Unlike in Mobile IP, Request and Reply travel multiple hops.

In case of multi hop request FA has link layer address of last
intermediate hop.

Hence use ad hoc routing protocol to forward packets from
FA  VN.

If visiting node(VN)  FA connection is lost then remove entry
to FA directly and all other destinations that can be tunneled
through that FA.
MIPMANET INTERNETWORKING
UNIT(MIWU)

Collection of all the new functionality of FA.

Added between FA and Ad hoc network.

Two ways to add:
› Either on same link as FA.
› Or put on FA itself.

MIWU transforms Mobile IP’s link layer communication into
network layer and vice versa.
CONCLUSION

MIPMANET = Mobile IP + Ad hoc networking. Result = enhanced
mobility.

No changes to FA’s functionality(just add MIWU).

Broadcast agent advertisements helps to connect to closest
FA(and access internet).

Transparency of interaction between routing protocol and
Mobile IP.

Nodes that are not using Mobile IP have not affect on
them.(they see network as standalone)

MIPMANET allows VN to have internet access without involving
lot of changes to be made.