Identifying strategies for increasing efficiencies in bus

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




1
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
 → 
 → 
 
 
 
 

 → 
 → 
 
 




2
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












   
 

 



3
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
 
 
 C = f ( w, ϕ ( y , N )) and ϕ ( y , N ) = yφ ( N )
  C
= f ( w, y , N )
 
C = f ( w, y )
ES (w, y ) =
1
ecy (w, y )
ED(w, y, N) =
C = f ( w, y , N )
ES (w, y, N) =


1
ecy (w, y, N)
1
ecy ( w, y , N) + ecN (w, y, N)


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
(
C = f pkm, Pl , Pf , Pk , t , LF , NL, AR i ,MG i
)
 
 

 

 
 
 

 




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
Cit = α0 + Xit α1 + ν i + εit
 
εit � ( 0,σ ε2 )
 
Cit = α0 + Xit α1 + ν i + εit
ν i � ( 0,σ v2 ) | εit � ( 0,σ ε2 )
σν2 + σ ε2 if i = j and s = t
Cov(ν i + εit ,ν j + ε js ) = 
2
 σ ε if i ≠ j or s ≠ t
 

Cit = α0 + Xit α1 + εit
Sit = β 0 + xit α1′ + εit′
...



6
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





 














 
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