Health Informatics: Personal Informatics
Yu Chen
University of California, Irvine
Department of Informatics
May 22, 2017
Trend in the Industry
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At the end of this lecture
You shall be able to:
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Understand the concept of personal informatics
Analyze basic stages in personal informatics
Understand theory-based design for personal informatics tools
Apply theories in designing personal informatics tools for
healthcare
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What is Personal Informatics?
• Know thyself – Socrates
• Obtain self-knowledge: behaviors, habits, and thoughts
• Technology has appeared to help people know
themselves
• The role of technology: inform people about the world
-> inform people about themselves
• The role of people: both the collection of behavioral
information and exploration and understanding of
information
Li et al. 2010
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Personal Informatics
• Personal informatics systems help people collect personally relevant
information for the purpose of self-reflection and gaining self-knowledge
• Two components: collection and reflection
• AKA: quantified self, self-surveillance, self-tracking, personal analytics,
living by numbers
• Problems with remembering information:
– limited memory
– cannot directly observe some behavior (sleep)
– may not have the time to constantly and consistently observe some
behavior (e.g., steps)
– difficult to see patterns and trends
• Personal informatics: facilitate collection and storage of personal
information, provide a means of exploring and reflecting on the
information
Li et al. 2010
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What to collect and reflect?
Automatic
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Manual
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Bank statements
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Calendar events
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Email history
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Status updates
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Credit card bills
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Work activities
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Phone call history
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Blog pots
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SMS history
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Weight
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IM history
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Exercise
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Financial software
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Browser bookmarks
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Electricity bill
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Time at work
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Browsing history
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Social bookmarks
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Search history
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mood
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A survey with 68 participants
Li et al. 2010
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Application domains
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Finance: record where the money goes
Journaling: log one’s thoughts and experience
Exercise: track their physical activities
General Health: food consumption, weight, symptoms, medication,
sleep, alcohol/caffeine intake
• Other areas: Productivity, Status of relationships, Computer usage,
Transportation, Habits of a newborn baby, Books read
• …
Li et al. 2010
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How to collect and reflect
• Pen and paper
– +: convenient
– -: have to transcribe into digital format
• Excel spreadsheets
– + easy for visualization
• Existing personal informatics website
• Physical devices, e.g., pedometer, WiiFit
• Infrastructure, e.g., email, instant messager
Li et al. 2010
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Why to collect and reflect?
• Natural curiosity
– “How much would I walk if I didn’t drive the car?”
• Suggestion from another person
– “My friends ask me to connect on xxx tool.”
• Trigger events
– “I had sleep/weight problems.”
• Discovery of new tools
– “I’ve been following xxx forum to test new tools.”
• Interests in data
– E.g., Data nerd
Li et al. 2010
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Stage 1: Preparation
• Occurs before people start collecting personal information
• Concerns people’s motivation to collect, how they determine what
information to record, and how to record
• Barriers: what information to collect and what tools to use
• People usually stumble upon tools, and switch to other tools. Problems:
– abandon previous data
– format not the same
Li et al. 2010
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Stage 2: Collection
• When people collect information about themselves
• Observe different personal information, e.g., inner thoughts,
behavior, interactions with people, and their immediate
environment
• Different frequencies of collection: several times a day, once a
day, several weeks a day, a few times a month
• Barriers: 1) tools; 2) users: lacked time, lacked motivation, did not
remember to collect information; 3) data: rely on subjective
estimation or rating
Li et al. 2010
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Stage 3: Integration
• The information collected are prepared, combined, and transformed for the
users to reflect on it
• How much effort the user has to put into preparing the collected data for the
reflection stage, e.g. manual, automatic
• Barriers: 1) collected data coming from multiple inputs, 2) reflection of data
happens in multiple outputs, 3) format of collected data different from format
of data for reflection
Li et al. 2010
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Stage 4: Reflection
• When users reflect on their personal information
• May involve looking at lists of collected personal information or exploring or
interacting with information visualization
• Short-term reflection makes the user aware of their current status
• long-term reflection allows users to compare personal information between
different times and reveals trends and patterns
• Barriers: 1) lack of time, 2) visualization, 3) self-criticism, 4) interpretation, 5)
search, 6) no context, 7) sparse data, 8) data not useful
Li et al. 2010
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Stage 5: Action
• When people choose what they are going to do with their
newfound understanding of themselves
• Inform them on what actions to take, e.g., input from others, share
data with doctors, share with social networks
Li et al. 2010
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Model
Li et al. 2010
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Case Studies
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Fitbit Flex 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOALHcKRWAM
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Spire
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNkxg6FIH0A
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Describe the collection and reflection stages
Work in pairs and discuss each other’s idea
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Theories
• Behavior change is well studied in behavioral and social
psychology
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Goal-Setting Theory
Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Self-Determination Theory
Social Influence
Consolvo et al. 2009
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Goal-Setting Theory
Goal-setting Theory describes how individuals respond to
different types of goals and thus which tend to motivate well.
Consolvo et al. 2009
https://news.samsung.com/global/track-manage-improve-better-health-with-s-health-app
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Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change
• Transtheoretical Model describes the stages through which an
individual progresses to intentionally modify addictive or other
problematic behaviors
• Precomtemplation: no intention to change in the foreseeable future
• Contemplation: seriously considering changing, but has not
committed to taking action
• Preparation: intends to take action in the next month and has
unsuccessfully taken action in the past year
• Action: has performed the desired behavior consistently for less than
six months
• Maintenance: has consistently performed the desired behavior for six
or more months
Consolvo et al. 2009
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
• Cognitive Dissonance Theory explains what
happens when an individual realizes that her
attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent.
• When that happens, the individual will
experience psychological discomfort (or
dissonance).
• Because this dissonance is psychologically
uncomfortable, the individual will be motivated
to reduce or eliminate the dissonance.
Hollis et al. 2015
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Self-Determination Theory
• Self-determination theory (SDT) is a macro theory of human motivation and
personality that concerns people's inherent growth tendencies and innate
psychological needs.
• It is concerned with the motivation behind choices people make without
external influence and interference.
• Core components: competence, autonomy, relatedness
Calvo et al. 2014
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Social Influence
• Social influence (or social pressure, peer
influence) is influence on people, or an
individual who gets encouraged to follow others
by changing their attitudes, values, or behaviors
to conform to those of the influencing group or
individual.
• Conformity, competition, collaboration,
accountability
http://brinsonwellness.com/?p=4676
Calvo et al. 2014
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Design Principle 1
Abstract & Reflective. Use data abstraction, rather than raw or explicit data
collected from the user and any technologies, to display information to
encourage the user to reflect on his/her behaviors by showing the user what
s/he has done and how those behaviors relate to his/her goal.
https://www.fitbit.com/manual
Consolvo et al. 2009
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Design Principle 2
Unobtrusive. Present and collect data in an unobtrusive manner, and make it
available when and where the user needs it, without unnecessarily interrupting
his/her everyday life or calling attention to him/her.
Consolvo et al. 2009
https://help.fitbit.com/articles/en_US/Help_article/1988
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Design Principle 3
Public. Present and collect the data, which is personal in nature, such that the
user is comfortable in the event that others may intentionally or otherwise
become aware of it. Because the data needs to be available whenever and
wherever the user needs it, it is likely to be something that s/he wears/carries,
resides in a shared/common space, or uses while in the presence of others.
The technology should not make the user uncomfortable in those situations.
Consolvo et al. 2009
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Design Principle 4
Aesthetic. If the display and any accompanying devices function as a personal
object(s) that may be used over time, they need to be inquisitive and sustain
interest. The physical and virtual aspects of the technology must be comfortable
and attractive to support the user’s personal style.
http://www.gadfit.com/charge-2-and-flex-2/
Consolvo et al. 2009
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Design Principle 5
Positive. Use positive reinforcement to encourage
change. Reward the user for performing the desired
behavior and attaining his/her goal. When the desired
behavior is not performed, the user should not receive
a reward nor a punishment, but his/her interest should
be sustained.
https://www.fitbit.com/manual#section-start
http://growingwiththetans.com/2013/09/04/walking-our-way-to-a-healthier-lifestyle-with-the-fitbit-one/
https://www.fitbit.com/aria
Consolvo et al. 2009
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Design Principle 6
Controllable. When appropriate,
permit the user to add to, edit,
delete, and otherwise manipulate
data so that it reflects the
behaviors that s/he deems
suitable. The user should be in
control of who has access to
what aspects of his/her data
http://www.pcworld.com/article/2079345/activity-tracking-wristbands-why-how-and-what-to-buy.html
Consolvo et al. 2009
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Design Principle 7
Trending / Historical.
Provide reasonable and
accessible information about
the user’s past behavior as it
relates to his/her goals.
Historical data should
accommodate changes in
lifestyle goals over time and
provide for the portability of
data across devices.
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.protogeo.moves
Consolvo et al. 2009
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Design Principle 8
Comprehensive. Account for
the range of behaviors that
contribute to the user’s desired
lifestyle; do not artificially limit
data collection and
representation to the specific
behaviors that the technology
can sense or monitor.
https://spire.io/
Consolvo et al. 2009
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http://www.mobihealthnews.com/47611/apple-researchkit-is-a-pipeline-for-future-diagnostic-medical-apps/
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Autism and Beyond
University of Southern California
• Autism and Beyond is looking
at the application of a video
analysis technology to quantify
and analyze the emotions of
children so that one day
parents may be able to use it as
a screening tool for conditions
like autism, anxiety, and other
behavior related conditions.
http://www.mobihealthnews.com/47611/apple-researchkit-is-a-pipeline-for-future-diagnostic-medical-apps/
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EpiWatch for Epilepsy
Johns Hopkins University
http://www.mobihealthnews.com/47611/apple-researchkit-is-a-pipeline-for-future-diagnostic-medical-apps/
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Mole Mapper
Oregon Health and Sciences University
http://www.mobihealthnews.com/47611/apple-researchkit-is-a-pipeline-for-future-diagnostic-medical-apps/
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Moral and Ethical Concerns
How these technologies may operate to construct various forms of subjectivities and
embodiments, including identifying the kinds of assumptions that are made about the target of
these technologies and what the moral and ethical ramifications of using them may be. Moral
implications include the kinds of meanings and the representation of the ideal subject that are
related to the use of these technologies in the interests of promoting health. Ethical issues
include questioning the extent to which health promotion practice should intrude into their
targeted populations’ private lives and what kinds of messages and practices they employ when
using digital surveillance devices.
- Lupton 2012
Consolvo et al. 2009
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Gorm et al. 2016
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Case Study
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Design personal informatics tools for a specific
chronic condition
• Chronic conditions are steadily moving toward crisis proportions with medical
care costs of people with chronic conditions representing 75 percent of the $2
trillion in U.S. annual health care spending
• Example chronic conditions: arthritis, cancer survivorship, chronic pain,
dementia, depression, diabetes, posttraumatic disabling conditions, and vision
and hearing loss
• diverse sequelae, including emotional distress, sleep and pain symptoms,
physical impairments, and age-related problems, all of which detract from living
well
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Design a personal informatics tool for a specific
chronic condition
• Think about a chronic condition you care
• Work in pairs and discuss each other’s idea
• Be prepared to share in class
Example chronic
conditions:
arthritis, cancer
survivorship, chronic pain,
dementia, depression,
diabetes, posttraumatic
disabling conditions, and
vision and hearing loss
Example Theories:
Personal
informatics
Goal-Setting Theory
Transtheoretical Model of
Behavior Change
Cognitive Dissonance
Theory
Self-Determination Theory
Social Influence
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1-MINUTE PAPER
Take a minute to think and write
down
• What is the most significant
thing you have learned in this
lecture today?
• Why is it so significant to you?
Yu Chen, [email protected]
Your name
The most significant thing I
have learnt is……
It is significant to me because
……
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Reflect
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What is personal informatics?
What are the stages and barriers?
What are the theories?
What are the design guidelines?
How to apply theories into technology design?
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Design and critique tracking tools for
healthcare on your own!
Yu Chen
[email protected]
Claim: the content is adapted from the following two papers. Copyright of images are owned by their respective owners
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Li, Ian, Anind Dey, and Jodi Forlizzi. "A stage-based model of personal informatics systems." CHI2010.
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Consolvo, Sunny, David W. McDonald, and James A. Landay. "Theory-driven design strategies for technologies that support
behavior change in everyday life." CHI2009.
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