Tracking Pesticide Risk Trends
and Tradeoffs
Dr. Charles Benbrook
Co-PI WISC-FLA RAMP Project
Benbrook Consulting Services
IPM Evaluation and Impact
Assessment Workshop
April 9, 2003
QUESTIONS FROM THE AUGUST
2001 GAO REPORT
Does IPM really reduce pesticide risks?
If so, to what extent?
Are USDA’s IPM research and education
programs optimally focused on pesticide risk
reduction?
The IPM community owes the general public
and policy-makers credible answers to such
questions.
CHANGES IN CHEMISTRY
• Adverse risk outcomes have shifted from
human health concerns to more localized
ecological impacts
EXAMPLE: nicotinoids and spinosad on forging bees
Indicators of Pesticide Risk
• Based on some combination of use rates and
pesticide toxicity
• Must take context into account
Measuring and Monitoring
Pesticide Risk Trends
• Need to refine individual risk-specific indicators
• Need to develop improved capacity to select the
most appropriate target species
• Adjustment factors needed to take into account
how a pesticide is used
 formulations, application methods, timing and
application rates are examples
Assessing and Measuring
Pesticide Risks
PROBLEM AREAS
• Dealing with pesticide impacts on above and
below ground beneficials
• Challenge is very region, crop and IPM
system specific
Overview of Methodology
Table of Contents
GCC
Florida Tox
Factors
2003
Methodology Template
Worker Exposure Summary
& Issues
Chronic Human Health
Summary & Issues
EcoTox Summary & Issues
Impacts on Beneficials
Summary & Issues
Active Ingredient Factors
(Alphabetically)
Applications (Tox Factors
per Acre Treatment)
Florida Tox Factors Methodology Template
4/2/03 Draft
Basis for the Worker Exposure-Acute Mammalian
Index (WE-AM Index)
State: Florida
Pesticide Type: ______
Pesticide: ______
Date: ______
Crop: Tomatoes
Trade Name: ______
Manufacturer: ______
Basis for Worker Exposure-Acute Mammalian (WE-AM) Index:
Formula for WE-AM Index =
(Scaled Inverse Dermal LD50) x (Use Pattern Adjustment Factor)
Scaled Inverse Dermal LD50 = ____
Use Pattern Adjustment Factor = ____
WE-AM Index Value: ___
Florida Tox Factors Methodology Template
4/2/03 Draft
Basis for the Worker Exposure-Acute Mammalian
Index (WE-AM Index)
Basis for the Scaled Inverse Dermal LD50 Value
Dermal LD50 Value: ______
Scaling Factor = 5000
Inverse Scaled Dermal LD50 Value: ______
Basis for the Use Pattern Adjustment Factors
Foliar
Applied
Soil
Applied
– Liquid
Soil
Applied Granular
Soil
Incorporated
Soil
Injected
Soil
Injected &
Sealed
1
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.01
Use Pattern Adjustment Factor = __________
Florida Tox Factors Methodology Template
4/2/03 Draft
Basis for the Worker Exposure-Acute Mammalian
Index (WE-AM Index)
Data Sources and Basis For Values for WE-AM Index:
Dermal LD50 Primary:
“WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard,”
most recent version.
Dermal LD50 Secondary:
EPA Registration documents;
Federal Register Final Rules;
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).
Default and Maximum value: 5,000 mg/kg
Florida Tox Factors Methodology Template
4/2/03 Draft
Basis for the Ecological Risk Index (ER Index)
State: Florida
Pesticide Type: ______
Pesticide: ______
Date: ______
Crop: Tomatoes
Trade Name: ______
Manufacturer: ______
Formula for EcoTox Index =
([Invertebrate Value + Fish Value] x Surface Runoff Adjustment
Factor) + (Avian Value x Use Pattern Adjustment Factor)
Florida Tox Factors Methodology Template
4/2/03 Draft
Basis for the Ecological Risk Index (ER Index)
Basis for EcoTox (ER) Index:
Invertebrate Value = ____
Fish Value = ____
Invertebrate + Fish Value = ____
Surface Runoff Adjustment Factor = ____
Surface Runoff Adjustment Factor x Invertebrate + Fish Value =
____
Avian Value = ____
Use Pattern Adjustment Factor = ____
Avian Index (Adjusted for Use Pattern Factor) = ____
Ecological Risk Index: ___
Florida Tox Factors Methodology Template
4/2/03 Draft
Basis for the Ecological Risk Index (ER Index)
Basis for the Invertebrate Value
Formula = Scaling Factor x Inverted Daphnia EC50
Value
Daphnia Average EC50 Value : ______
Inverted EC50 Value: _________
Scaling Factor = .025
Invertebrate Value: ______
Basis for the Fish Value
Formula = Fish Scaling Factor x Bluegill LD50 Value
Bluegill Average LD50 Value : ______
Inverted LD50 Value: _________
Scaling Factor = .025
Fish Value: ______
Florida Tox Factors Methodology Template
4/2/03 Draft
Basis for the Ecological Risk Index (ER Index)
Basis for Surface Runoff Adjustment Factor
Foliar
Applied
Soil
Applied
– Liquid
Soil
Applied Granular
Soil
Incorporated
or Injected
Soil
Injected &
Sealed
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.05
Basis for Avian Value (using Mineau data)
Formula = (Mineau Scaling Factor) / HD5 50%
HD5 50% Value: _________
Scaling Factor = 30
Scaled HD5 50% Value Value: ______
Florida Tox Factors Methodology Template
4/2/03 Draft
Basis for the Ecological Risk Index (ER Index)
Basis for Avian Value (using EPA data)
Formula = [(1/Mallard Duck Tox Value) + (1/Bobwhite Quail
Tox Value)] x 500
Mallard Duck Average LD50 or LC50 Value: _________
Inverse Mallard Duck Average LD50 or LC50 Value: _________
Bobwhite Quail Average LD50 or LC50 Value: _________
Inverse Bobwhite Quail Average LD50 or LC50 Value: _________
Scaling Factor (EPA) = 500
Scaled EPA-Based Avian Value = _______________
Florida Tox Factors Methodology Template
4/2/03 Draft
Basis for the Ecological Risk Index (ER Index)
Data Sources and Basis For Values for ER Index (Invertebrate):
Aquatic Invertebrate Value:
Primary: EPA’s ‘TOX DBF’ (B. Montague – updated 7/20/02)
Secondary: Farm Chemicals Handbook; Pesticide Manual
Tertiary: EPA regulatory documents, Chemical Company Data,
MSDS
Selection of species:
Primary: Crustacea (Taxa), Daphnia magna (water flea)
Secondary: Curstacea (Taxa), Simocephalus serrulatus (daphnid)
Tertiary: Curstacea (Taxa), Gammarus fasciatus, Gammarus
pseudolimnaeus or Gammarus lacustris (scud)
Selection of studies:
A.I. Concentration: (>90% - tech preferred)
Age of organism: (Adult preferred, otherwise most common age)
Study Time: (96 hr preferred, 48 hr secondary choice)
Dose Time: (EC50 preferred, ppb values converted to ppm)
Florida Tox Factors Methodology Template
4/2/03 Draft
Basis for the Ecological Risk Index (ER Index)
Data Sources and Basis For Values for ER Index (Fish):
Fish Value:
Primary: EPA’s ‘TOX DBF’ (B. Montague – updated 7/20/02)
Secondary: Farm Chemicals Handbook; Pesticide Manual
Tertiary: EPA regulatory documents, Chemical Company Data,
MSDS
Selection of species:
Primary: Fishes (Taxa), Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill sunfish)
Secondary: Fishes (Taxa), Pimephales promelas, (fathead minnow)
Selection of studies:
A.I. Concentration: (>90% - tech preferred)
Weight of organism: (Most common age)
Study Time: (96 hr preferred)
Dose Type in ppm (ppb converted to ppm)
Florida Tox Factors Methodology Template
4/2/03 Draft
Basis for the Ecological Risk Index (ER Index)
Data Sources and Basis For Values for ER Index (Avian):
Primary: Pesticide Acute Toxicity Reference Values for Birds, Mineau et. al
Index based on [HD5 (50%)] Index. The HD5 (50%) is the calculated dose of a
pesticide that is safe for 95% of exposed 20-gram birds, and assumes a 50%
probability of over-or underestimation.
Secondary: EPA’s ‘TOX DBF’ (most recent update):
Tertiary: Farm Chemicals handbook; Pesticide Manual; EPA regulatory
documents, MSDS, Chemical Company data
Selection of species [from EPA’s TOX DBF if no Mineau data are available]:
Primary: Aves (Taxa), Anas platyrhynchos (mallard duck)
Secondary: Aves (Taxa), Colinus virginianus (bobwhite quail)
Selection of studies:
AI concentration: >90% - tech preferred
Age of organism: (Most common age)
Study Time: (8 days preferred)
Dose Type: LD50 or LC50in ppm:
Florida Tox Factors Methodology Template
4/2/03 Draft
The Worker Exposure-Acute Mammalian Index
(WE-AM Index)
Florida Tox Factors Methodology Template
4/2/03 Draft
The Ecological Risk Index (ER Index) Part 1
Invertebrate and Fish Values
Florida Tox Factors Methodology Template
4/2/03 Draft
The Ecological Risk Index (ER Index) Part 2 Avian
and Final EcoTox Index