7.2 Adjuncts-7.4.1 Subcategorisation versus
Argument/ Thematic Structure
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contents
• 7.2 <Adjuncts>
• 7.3 <Cross-Categorial Generalisation>
• 7.4 <Subcategorisation>
- 7.4.1 <Subcategorisation versus
Argument/ Thematic Structure>
7.2
Adjuncts
(24) The defendants denied the charge: they claim that they did [vp not
destroy the garden deliberately]
[VP not destroy the garden]
[Advp deliberately]
[VP not destroy the garden deliberately]
7.2
(26)
VP
Spec
V
V
not destroy
Adjuncts
VP
Spec
NP
the garden
V
V
not destroy
Q: What did the defendants not do deliberately?
Answer: destroy the garden (X)
NP
AdvP
the garden deliberately
7.2
Adjuncts
VP
Spec
V
V
V
not destroy
NP
AdvP
the garden deliberately
7.2
Adjuncts
※ Adjunction
A
A
A
B
A
B
B is adjoined to the original A
B is a sister of the original A
and also a daughter of the a copy of the original node A
(27)
(28)
7.2
(29)
Adjuncts
[NP an analysis of the sentence with tree diagrams]
(33)
NP
N
Spec
PP
N
N
an
analysis
PP
of the sentence
with tree diagrams
7.2
XP
ZP
XP
Spec
X
X
YP
X
X
Adjuncts
X
Adjunct
YP
WP
X
X
Adjunct
X Complement
1. Adjuncts can be left-adjoined or right-adjoined to X`
2. Adjuncts can be stacked
7.2
Adjuncts
2. Adjuncts can be stacked
(33)
NP
N
Spec
N
AP
AP
N
N
a
silly
preposterous
analysis
PP
of the sentence
7.2
Adjuncts
head
complement
(53) *…they did [VP not destroy deliberately the garden]
(54) *[NP an analysis with tree diagrams of the sentence]
(55) *[AP so fond after dinner of coffee]
(56) *[PP quite in with each other agreement]
(57) ??[AdvP much faster by far than me]
Cross-Categorial Generalisations
7.3
XP
(Spec)
X
(Adjunct) X
X
1. All the major phrase types are structured
in the same way.
2. Spec/Adjunct/Complement are optional
- Only the Head is obligatory.
(Adjunct)
X (Complement)
head
In X` syntax theory,
★The elements structure the sentences hierarchically.
★All major phrase types can be generalised cross-categorially.
(59) a silly analysis of the sentence with tree diagrams
NP
(60)
Det AP
a
(61)
silly
N
analysis
PP
PP
of the sentence
with tree diagrams
7.4
Subcategorisation
A Complement must always be adjacent to its Head.
- Heads subcategorise for their Complements
- Different Head, Different Complement
Subcategorisation Frame
Head (Word-Class)
[ - , Form of Complement]
blush (verb)
[ - , Ø ]
destroy (verb)
[ - ,
NP ]
send (verb)
[ - , ( NP) NP ]
believe, (verb)
(62) I believe the allegations.
NP
(63) I believe that the allegations were true.
[ -,
that-clause
]
(64) I believe the allegations to be true.
to-infinitive clause
IO
DO
DO
7.4
Subcategorisation
fact (noun)
[ㅡ, (that-clause)]
Ex) she hates the fact that he is a genius.
appreciative (adjective)
[ㅡ, of-NP]
Ex) She is appreciative of classical music.
behind (preposition)
[ㅡ, NP]
Ex) The bike is behind the shed.
fortunately (Adverb)
[ㅡ, (for-NP)]
Ex) Fortunately for me the train departed late.
Subcategorisation versus
Argument/ Thematic Structure
7.4.1
“I Love You”
Argument/ Thematic Structure
love (verb)
L(i,y) [1<NP, Agent>, 2<NP, Patient>]
External
Structure
(Subject)
Internal
Structure
VS.
Subcategorisation
love (verb)
[ - , NP ]
Internal
Structure
All verbs must have a Subject in any sentences.
To classify various verbs with subcategorisation,
External structure (Subject) is not needed.