Question 1
A department policy on traffic stops should not include which of the instructions below:
A. Consent searches should only be conducted with written consent, utilizing agency forms
B. If contraband is discovered, the probable cause does not need to be documented in a
report.
C. No motorist, once cited or warned, shall be detained beyond the point where there
exists no reasonable suspicion of further criminal activity
D. No person or vehicle shall be searched in the absence of probable cause, a search
warrant, or the person's voluntary consent.
2 points
Question 2
Which of the following is not one of the three major types of racism:
A. Personally mediated
B. Institutional
C. Internalized
D. Blatant
2 points
Question 3
The term minority or minorities are used within the text to describe which of the following:
A. Any non-white person
B. Any person with black or brown skin regardless of their national origin or ethnicity
C. Groups of individuals who represent a numeric minority within a racial or ethnic
population
D. African, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific or Native American individuals
2 points
Question 4
The federal definition of hate crime addresses civil rights violations under Title 18 U.S.C. Section 45 does
not include one of the following elements:
A. A criminal act or attempted act against a person, institution or property
B. Motivation is in whole or part is the offender’s bias against a race, color, religion, gender,
ethnicity, disability or sexual orientation
C. Is part of a conspiracy of two or more persons
2 points
Question 5
With no agreed-upon criteria for what does or does not constitute racial profiling, it is difficult to clarify
and resolve issues for the following reasons:
A. An act cannot be made illegal if it cannot be defined
B. Interested parties are often talking at cross purposes, unwittingly discussing different
types of police practices, behavior and stops.
C. Data collected cannot be interpreted properly
D. Depending on the definition of racial profiling used, some police activities would be
considered acceptable and others would not
2 points
Question 6
A U.S. Commission report on Civil Rights, Intimidation, and Violence (1990) lists several factors that
contribute to racial intimidation and violence, including the following:
A. Poor police response to hate crimes
B. Economic competition among racial and ethnic groups
C. Racial integration of neighborhoods, leading to "move-in violence"
D. Deep-seated racial hatred played out by organized hate groups
E. All of the Above
2 points
Question 7
A protocol for law enforcement or corrections with transgender persons should include all but which of
the following:
A. If a frisk or search is necessary, under governing legal standards and barring exigent
circumstances, two officers of the gender requested by the transgender individual should
search the person
B. Officers should refer to the transgender person either by the name on the identification,
the person's adopted name, or in the gender pronoun for which he/she is dressed or
seeking to be perceived
C. In investigative circumstances, an officer should not ask gender- and name-related
questions
D. A narrative report should indicate the gender the individual is living as in the first
paragraph and state that he or she is transgender. The person should thereafter be
referred to throughout the report by the adopted name or appropriate pronoun based
upon gender presentation
E. If incarcerated, transgender persons should be housed in the appropriate location
according to his or her gender identification
2 points
Question 8
Many states have specific laws exempting the traditional, religious use of peyote by American Indians
from those states’ drug enforcement laws. Which of the following is not a traditional use of the drug by
American Indians:
A. As a charm for hunting
B. As a medicine
C. As a love potion
D. As an aid to help find things that are lost
2 points
Question 9
Research by Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) examined the arguments for and against data
collection. The arguments against data collection are all but which of the following:
A. Police resources might be more effectively used to combat racially biased policing and
related perceptions
B. Data could be used to harm the agency or its personnel
C. Data collection alone yields valid information regarding the nature and extent of racially
biased policing
D. Data collection may impact police productivity, morale, and workload
2 points
Question 10
Hate groups have refocused their energy on recruiting new members through:
A. Exploitation of the controversy surrounding illegal immigration, especially in the states
bordering Mexico
B. Encouraging membership by using the ideology of open racism against persons of color
and Jews
C. They are exploiting white fear of change
D. Internet websites disseminating hate dogma and racist ideology
2 points
Question 11
Monitoring conditions in a community provides useful information for forecasting potential negative
events and preparing accordingly. The framework for evaluating any predictions should include a
demographic analysis ("community profiling") of all but which of the following:
A. The political environment
B. Social and cultural conditions
C. Economic circumstances
D. Policing strategies
2 points
Question 12
Cultural awareness programs that train department personnel on diversity within communities and in
the workforce must also educate employees on gay, lesbian, and transgender issues. The training should
address all but which of the following:
A. The need for employees to change their own values and beliefs in order to work
effectively with persons different from themselves
B. Legal rights, including a discussion of statutes and departmental policies on
nondiscrimination and the penalties for violating them
C. The decreased likelihood of personnel complaints and lawsuits by gay or lesbian
employees or community members against a city, county, or individual officer due to
training
D. The ideal of respect for all people
E. The falsehoods of stereotypes and myths
2 points
Question 13
Various reasons have been postulated for the phenomenon of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender
(LGBT) hate crimes being seriously under-reported to law enforcement, including the following
A. The police, in most jurisdictions, being instructed to ask about a person's sexual
orientation
B. LGBT individuals do not report being victimized
C. The tendency of some law enforcement personnel to drop the hate crime motivation of
any incident in which an element of any other crime is involved
D. Law enforcement is not required to collect and report LGBT hate/bias crimes
E. All of the above
2 points
Question 14
Although citizens appreciate having officers of their own racial and ethnic backgrounds work their area,
this deployment strategy may result in unfairness for the following reasons:
A. Studies have concluded that this practice can result in a career path for minorities that
may be a very different path than that of white officers in agencies that follow this
practice
B. The area to which this officer is assigned is often a tougher, high-crime area, which
means that he or she is exposed more frequently to violence
C. Not all racially or ethnically diverse officers may have the skills or desire to work with
their own cultural or racial group
D. The practice does not fit the goals of community policing
E. All of the above
2 points
Question 15
The Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) created policy intended for adoption by police departments
across the nation. The policy clearly delineates what is legal profiling. The policy:
A. Allows for the consideration of race as one factor in making law enforcement decisions
when there is: trustworthy and locally relevant information and links between a specific
suspected unlawful activity to a person(s) of a particular race or ethnicity
B. Disallows the use of stereotypes or biases
C. Relies on descriptions of actual suspects, and not on general predictions of who may be
involved in crime
D. Allows the use of race as a general indicator for criminal behavior
E. A and C only
2 points
Question 16
Which of the following, according to authors of this text, is not a reason for the recruitment crisis?
A. Serious budget shortfalls in most states forced cities and counties to reduce law
enforcement personnel through layoffs, attrition, and decreasing department size
B. The percentage of the population between 16 and 24 years old shrank
C. There are too many applicants to screen
D. Millions of young people between the ages of 15 and 29 are arrested each year for
crimes that disqualify them for police work
2 points
Question 17
There are screening devices to try to determine candidate's attitudes and bias. They include all but one
of the following:
A. What the applicant thinks people of diverse groups say about him or her
B. How the applicant has interacted with members of other groups
C. Whether the applicant has ever experienced conflict or tension with members of diverse
groups or individuals and how he or she handled the experience
D. How the applicant feels about affirmative action
2 points
Question 18
The Internet enables people to spread hate instantaneously and anonymously around the world. Hate
groups commonly use the internet to do all but one of the following:
A. Seek recruits from affluent and educated youth to their cause
B. Send unwanted mass e-mailings simultaneously into millions of homes
C. Attract a new demographic group of elderly supporters via this economical and effective
medium
D. Entice viewers with online games, comic strips, and music
2 points
Question 19
All but one of the following could be examples of sexual harassment in the workplace:
A. Assignments to jobs or programs that are considered "traditionally women's" instead of
the non-traditional positions such as SWAT teams, K-9, gang units, narcotics, etc.
B. Unwelcome sexual behavior such as jokes, cartoons, posters, banter, and repeated
requests for dates, and requests for sexual favors
C. Comments such as "women should stay home and have babies and leave policing to real
men," and the like
D. Supervisor asking an employee to perform sexual acts in return for a job benefit
2 points
Question 20
In the past two decades, there have been major shifts in employment trends in law enforcement
agencies nationwide. Among these changes is the difficulty in recruiting qualified candidates for law
enforcement positions for the following reasons:
A. Court decisions (and pre-trial settlements) against some large companies, requiring the
recruitment and promotion of women and minorities
B. Competition from private industry
C. Retirement of police officers from the "baby boomer" generation
D. The economy
E. All of the above
2 points
Question 21
The following exemplify guidelines related to proving bias motivation
A. Bias-related drawings, markings, symbols, or graffiti were left at the crime scene
B. An incident occurred in the same locality, at or about the same time, and the victims are
all of the same racial, religious, ethnic/national origin, or sexual orientation group
C. The offender and the victim were of same racial, religious, ethnic/national origin, or
sexual orientation groups
D. Bias-related verbal comments, written statements, or gestures were made by the
offender that indicated his or her bias.
E. Both A and D are correct
2 points
Question 22
Federal authorities can intervene only when a crime is motivated by race, religion, sexual orientation,
gender, disability, or national origin; at the time the crime is committed the victim is engaged in a
"federally protected activity." Such activities include all but one of the following:
A. Going to work
B. Voting
C. Attending a meeting regarding hate/bias crimes in the community
D. Enrolling in or attending public school
2 points
Question 23
Hate/bias crime data is collected to help police:
A. Educate criminal justice personnel as to the seriousness of the issue of hate crimes and
the reason for priority responses to them
B. Identify current and potential trends related to bias in the community
C. Respond to the needs of diverse communities
D. Recruit a diverse force
E. all of the above
2 points
Question 24
In a 2002 study, David and Melissa Barlow surveyed African-American police officers in Milwaukee to
determine whether they felt they had ever been racially profiled, and if so, to what extent. The
researchers used police officers because
A. The Milwaukee Police Department had had no complaints of racial profiling.
B. Their views could not be easily dismissed
C. They wanted to learn how black officers felt about the legality of the circumstances
under which they had been stopped by police.
D. They knew that police officers' opinions would be useful for the research.
2 points
Question 25
To understand the scope of the hate crime problem, the U.S. Congress enacted the Federal Hate Crimes
Statistics Act (HCSA) of 1990 and subsequent acts that amended the directive. The Act requires that:
A. The national clearinghouse for hate/bias crime data monitor trends in those localities
that submit the information
B. The Attorney General establishes guidelines, collect and publish data about the
prevalence of crimes motivated by bias or hate
C. All law enforcement agencies collect hate crimes data and submit it to the Federal
Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
D. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) develops procedures for managing the
implementation of the collection of hate crime data
E. A, B, and D
2 points
Question 26
Officers can take some steps to establish rapport with and provide protection to Jewish communities by
doing all but one of the following:
A. Becoming familiar with the dates of the Jewish calendar, and especially the dates when
the "High Holidays" (Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur) occur
B. Providing information through joint meetings on ways that individuals can heighten the
security of Jewish institutions
C. Alerting Jewish community leaders immediately when other groups or institutions in the
area have been targets of hate crimes
D. Minimizing acts of anti-Semitism as petty crimes so that attention is not drawn to them
2 points
Question 27
The oral interview panel screening law enforcement applicants should do all but one of the following:
A. Include both sworn and civilian law enforcement employees
B. Include members of the local community to reduce the possibility of bias
C. Be gender and racially diverse
D. Use different questions for male and female candidates
2 points
Question 28
The past two decades have seen the removal of the explicit ban against (Mark all that are correct):
A. Employment of gay men and lesbians by most law enforcement agencies
B. Discrimination based solely on sexual orientation
C. Gays and lesbians' serving openly in the U.S. military
2 points
Question 29
An Anti-Defamation League (ADL) report quoted in the text cites several factors for the resurgence in
racist skinhead activity.
A. Alienated white youth have found a welcome reception on the Internet from white
supremacists hungry for new recruits
B. Less competition exists from the major established white supremacist groups, whose
activity has diminished due to the arrests or deaths of leaders and serious factional
infighting
C. Racist skinhead groups have expanded globally using the Internet to create a network of
international white supremacist sites and giving haters in different parts of the world the
ability to connect online
D. All of the above
2 points
Question 30
Some officers dislike the multicultural workforce and the involvement of women in policing for some of
the following reasons:
A. They may resent diversity because of their own prejudices or biases
B. They perceive that minorities and women receive advantages when competing for law
enforcement positions, either entry level or promotional
C. Some officers perceive that affirmative action (where still being used) means the
lowering of standards
D. Because in all cases where affirmative action hiring took place, incompetent people were
hired
E. A, C, and D
2 points
Question 31
According to research conducted both in the United States and internationally, women police officers
rely on a style of policing that uses less physical force. Because of this, they:
A. Respond more effectively to incidents of violence against women
B. Often possess better communication skills than their male counterparts and are better
able to facilitate the cooperation and trust required to implement a community-policing
model
C. Are sometimes better at defusing and de-escalating potentially violent confrontations
with citizens and are less likely to become involved in problems with the use of excessive
force
D. Bring about changes in policies and procedures that benefit both male and female
officers
E. All of the above
2 points
Question 32
According to David Shipler, the basic framework for combating and defusing racism in the military has
been:
A. Screening applicants to determine their biases and prejudices
B. Command commitment
C. Complaints monitoring
D. Training of advisors
E. B, C, and D
2 points
Question 33
Statistical benchmarks or base rates use comparative populations with which the target data are going
to be compared. Examples of benchmarks discussed in the text are:
A. Accident records for at fault drivers
B. Field observation of drivers
C. Resident population of the community
D. Behavior of the individual police officer
E. B, C and D
2 points
Question 34
Between 2000 and 2001, women's representation within law enforcement agencies declined. Studies
addressing this issue proposed the following, possible reasons
A. The decrease in the number of consent decrees mandating promotion of women and/or
minorities
B. Women no longer found law enforcement a desirable occupation
C. Women were leaving to go back to school or to have families
D. The decrease in the number of consent decrees mandating the hiring of women and/or
minorities
2 points
Question 35
In the Catalyst (2004) Study, "Women and Men in U.S. Corporate Leadership," the major reasons for
which senior-level women would leave their current organization were highlighted.
A. Women seek the opportunities to develop new skills or competencies
B. Women are over-represented in senior ranks in proportion to their numbers in the
community
C. Women want greater advancement opportunities
D. Women leave because of increased compensation
E. A, C, and D
2 points
Question 36
Other examples of urban policing using race-neutral, data-driven methods are:
A. New York's innovative COMPSTAT (Computerized Statistics) program
B. The New Jersey State Patrol's profile of illegal drugs couriers used in the 1990s
C. The U.S. Customs Service, the U.S. Border Patrol, and the Drug Enforcement Agency
(DEA) "drug courier profile" based on behaviors, actions, traits, demeanor, intelligence
information, carrier routes, statistical evidence, and other factors (not just a single
characteristic like race or ethnicity)
D. The Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS II), developed by the
Federal Aviation Administration
2 points
Question 37
To formulate measures to prevent the practice of racial profiling and inappropriate behavior and actions
on the part of officers, the criminal justice system should consider which of the following areas:
A. Accountablility and supervision
B. Agency policy to address racial profiling
C. Recruitment and hiring
D. Education and training
E. all of the above
2 points
Question 38
Many studies over the years have determined that hate crime perpetrators are
A. Ordinary citizens
B. Reactive offenders who feel that they are responding to being attacked by their victims
C. Hardcore fanatics who are driven by racial or religious ideology or ethnic bigotry
D. Youthful thrill-seekers
2 points
Question 39
It is recommended that prior to initiating any selection processes, law enforcement agencies assess:
A. Whether there are internal problems, either real or perceived, related to racism,
discrimination, or hostility towards female or homosexual officers
B. The satisfaction level of current employees and the workplace environment of the
department
C. The attitude in the community toward the police or sheriffs department
D. Whether the department has a high turnover rate or a reputation for not promoting
women, minorities, or homosexuals
2 points
Question 40
A recent study by the National Center for Women and Policing (NCWP), published in 2001 by the Bureau
of Justice Assistance of the Department of Justice, offers recommendations for greatly increasing the
pool of qualified female applicants.
A. Make an assessment of your department's current recruitment practices
B. Provide a fast-tracking system (streamlined process) for the best candidates
C. Use community policing strategies to recruit female applicants
D. Develop a strategic marketing plan
E. A, B, and D
2 points
Question 41
Chapter 1 contains the following quote by John F. Kennedy. "The ________ endured the scorn and
discrimination later to be inflicted…on each successive wave of immigrants by already settled
Americans. In speech and dress, they seemed foreign; they were poor and unskilled and they were
arriving in overwhelming numbers…" (To which ethnic group is Kennedy referring?)
A. Mexicans
B. Iraqis
C. Irish
D. Vietnamese
2 points
Question 42
Racial disparities and prejudice affect the way in which minorities have been treated in the criminal
system. (Which of the following are explicit examples of this? Mark all correct answers)
A. Differences in the rates of conviction and sentencing between whites and people of color
B. Differences in rates of arrest between minority and non-minority citizens
C. Tendency among police officers not to speak out when peers use offensive language
towards cultural or racial groups
D. Racial profiling
2 points
Question 43
The three mini case studies in the chapter exemplify two of the following points. (Which two points are
they?)
A. Officers must be encouraged to consider culture when investigating and presenting
evidence regarding an alleged crime
B. The point of contact between law enforcement and citizens' backgrounds must not be
ignored
C. Culture is a legitimate defense in heinous crimes
D. Standard operating procedures should be changed to take into consideration cultural
differences
2 points
Question 44
According to a historian quoted in the text (Miller, 2006), diversity has always been a difficult
proposition for most Americans. (Typical comments include all but which of the following statements?)
A. "They stimulate the economy."
B. "They form cliques."
C. "They hold on to their cultures."
D. "They don't learn our language."
2 points
Question 45
In the area of data gathering and interviewing, the police officer in a multicultural law enforcement and
peacekeeping situation should:
A. Should not assume that their key motivators and values are the same as those of the
other parties involved
B. Assume that their key motivators and values are the same as those of the other parties
involved
C. Allow children who are suspects in an investigation to translate to their parents who are
unable to speak English
D. None of the above
2 points
Question 46
Studies show that ________ percentage of communication is understood because of the nonverbal body
language aspects of the speaker.
A. a moderate
B. small
C. no
D. a large
2 points
Question 47
Although racially and ethnically diverse groups have made progress with respect to indicators used to
measure quality of life, they still face barriers to full inclusion in the United States. (Which of the
following is not cited by the Advisory Board to the President's Initiative on Race as an issues of Civil
Rights for minorities?)
A. Differences in the rates of arrest, conviction, and sentencing between whites and
minorities
B. Racial disparities and prejudices
C. Unavailable data on racial and ethnic discrimination
D. Racial profiling in law enforcement
2 points
Question 48
Europe has ________ different countries, each with a unique national character, government, and, for
the most part, language
A. 60
B. 35
C. 25
D. 45
2 points
Question 49
Terms that show inclusive workplace communication in law enforcement would include:
A. Police officer
B. Policemen
C. Sisterhood
D. Brotherhood
2 points
Question 50
The following are statements about the nature and influence of culture. (Which two statements from
the text are correct?)
A. Culture is like an iceberg with most of its influences submerged "beneath the surface"
B. Culture has a far greater influence on people's behavior than such other variables as age,
gender, race, and socioeconomic class
C. People can usually describe their own cultural norms and values very well
D. Culture's influences on the individual are at the conscious level