Database Management
Systems
NESTING OF QUERIES
 Some queries require that existing values
in the database be retrieved and then used
in a comparison condition.
 A complete SELECT query, called a nested
query , can be specified within the WHEREclause of another query, called the outer
query
 Many of the previous queries can be
specified in an alternative form using
nesting
Query 1

Retrieve the name and address of all employees who
work for the 'Research' department.

SELECT FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS
FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT
WHERE DNAME='Research' AND DNUMBER=DNO;

SELECT
FROM
WHERE
FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS
EMPLOYEE
DNO IN (
SELECT
FROM
WHERE
DNUMBER
DEPARTMENT
DNAME='Research' )
NESTING OF QUERIES
 The nested query selects the number of the 'Research'
department
 The outer query select an EMPLOYEE tuple if its DNO
value is in the result of either nested query
 The comparison operator IN compares a value v with
a set (or multi-set) of values V, and evaluates to
TRUE if v is one of the elements in V
 In general, we can have several levels of nested
queries
 A reference to an unqualified attribute refers to the
relation declared in the innermost nested query
 In this example, the nested query is not correlated
with the outer query
Query 2

Make a list of all project numbers for projects that
involve an employee whose last name is 'Smith' as a
worker or as a manager of the department that controls
the project.

(SELECT
FROM
WHERE
UNION
PNUMBER
PROJECT, DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE
DNUM=DNUMBER AND
MGR_SSN=SSN AND LNAME='Smith')
(SELECT
PNUMBER
FROM
PROJECT, WORKS_ON, EMPLOYEE
WHERE PNUMBER=PNO AND ESSN=SSN AND
LNAME='Smith')
Query 2 using nested queries
SELECT distinct pnumber
FROM project
WHERE pnumber IN
( SELECT Pnumber
FROM project , department , employee
WHERE dnum=dnumber and mgr_ssn=
ssn and lname='Smith')
or pnumber IN
( SELECT pno
FROM works_on , employee
WHERE essn=ssn and lname='Smith')
Nested Queries
 The first nested query selects the project
numbers of projects that have a ‘Smith’
involved as manager
 The second nested query selects the project
numbers of projects that have a ‘Smith’
involved as a worker
 In the outer query, we use the OR logical
connective to retrieve a project tuple if the
pnumber value of the tuple is in the result
of either nested query
Nested Queries

SQL allows the use of tuples of values in comparisons by
placing them within parentheses. To illustrate this,
consider the following query:
SELECT DISTINCT ESSN
FROM
WORKS_ON
WHERE (PNO, HOURS) IN (SELECT PNO, HOURS
FROM WORKS_ON
WHERE ESSN='123456789')
 This query will select the social security numbers of all
employees who work in the same (project, hours)
combination on same project that employee 'John Smith'
(whose ssn = ‘123456789') works on.
Nested Queries
 In addition to the IN operator, a number of other
comparison operators can be used to compare single
value v (typically an attribute name) to a set or multiset
V (typically a nested query). The = ANY (or = SOME)
operator returns TRUE if the value v is equal to some
value in the set V and is hence equivalent to IN. The
keywords ANY and SOME have the same meaning.
Other operators that can be combined with ANY (or
SOME) include >, >=,<,< = , and <>. The keyword ALL
can also be combined with each of these operators
Operator
Meaning
IN
Equal to any member in the list
ANY
Compare value to each value returned by the subquery
ALL
Compare value to every value returned by the subquery
Query 3
 Retrieve the names of employees
whose salary is greater than the salary
of all the employees in department 5
SELECT LNAME, FNAME
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE SALARY > ALL (SELECT SALARY
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE DNO=5)
Nested Queries
 In general, we can have several levels of
nested queries. We can once again be faced
with possible ambiguity among attribute
names if attributes of the same name
exist—one in a relation in the FROM clause
of the outer query, and another in a
relation in the FROM clause of the nested
query. The rule is that a reference to an
unqualified attribute refers to the relation
declared in the innermost nested query.
CORRELATED NESTED QUERIES
 If a condition in the WHERE-clause of
a nested query references an
attribute of a relation declared in the
outer query , the two queries are said
to be correlated
 The result of a correlated nested
query is different for each tuple (or
combination of tuples) of the
relation(s) the outer query
Query 4
 Retrieve the name of each employee who
has a dependent with the same first name
and same sex as the employee.
SELECT
FROM
WHERE
E.FNAME, E.LNAME
EMPLOYEE E
E.SSN IN (SELECT ESSN
FROM DEPENDENT
WHERE E.FNAME=DEPENDENT_NAME
AND E.SEX=SEX)
CORRELATED NESTED QUERIES
 Correlated subquery runs once for
each row selected by the outer query.
It contains a reference to a value
from the row selected by the outer
query.
 Nested subquery runs only once for
the entire nesting (outer) query. It
does not contain any reference to the
outer query row.
THE EXISTS FUNCTION
 EXISTS is used to check whether the result of a
correlated nested query is empty (contains no tuples) or
not. Also we can use NOT EXISTS
 Query 5 : Retrieve the name of each employee who has
a dependent with the same first name as the employee.
SELECT
FROM
WHERE
FNAME, LNAME
EMPLOYEE
EXISTS (SELECT *
FROM
DEPENDENT
WHERE SSN=ESSN AND
FNAME=DEPENDENT_NAME)
Query 5
 List the names of employees who
have no dependents
SELECT fname, lname
FROM employee
WHERE NOT EXISTS ( SELECT *
FROM dependent
WHERE ssn=ESSN)
Query 6
 Retrieve the name of each employee who works on all
projects controlled by department number 5
SELECT lname , fname
FROM employee
where not exists
(SELECT *
FROM works_on B
where (B.PNO in (select Pnumber from project where dnum=5))
AND
NOT Exists ( select * from works_on c
where c.essn=ssn
and c.pno =B.pno))