For Official Use
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
16-Nov-2001
___________________________________________________________________________________________
English - Or. French
_____________
DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY
COMMITTEE ON INDUSTRY AND BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
For Official Use
Working Party on Statistics
PROGRESS REPORT ON THE STATISTICAL DATABASE ON ENTERPRISES BY SIZE CLASS:
AVAILABLE INFORMATION AND RELEVANT INDICATORS AND GRAPHS
WORKSHOP ON FIRM-LEVEL STATISTICS, 26-27 NOVEMBER, 2001
Session 2: Measuring Entrepreneurship and the Contribution of SMEs
This paper was prepared by the Statistics Directorate.
Contact: Michèle CHAVOIX-MANNATO; Tel: + 33 1 45 24 94 45; Fax: + 33 1 45 24 79 39;
E-mail: [email protected]
English - Or. French
JT00116775
Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine
Complete document available on OLIS in its original format
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PROGRESS REPORT ON THE STATISTICAL DATABASE ON ENTERPRISES BY SIZE CLASS:
AVAILABLE INFORMATION AND RELEVANT INDICATORS AND GRAPHS ..................................3
INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................................4
THE DATABANK ON ENTERPRISES BY SIZE CLASS ...........................................................................5
Description of the database ..........................................................................................................................5
Technical characteristics of the database .....................................................................................................5
Importing raw data ...................................................................................................................................6
Data verification and storage in the base..................................................................................................6
Handling of confidential data ...................................................................................................................7
Simple access to data by members of the Organisation ...........................................................................7
Data analysis using simple tools ..............................................................................................................7
Inventory of data ..........................................................................................................................................8
ANALYSIS OF DATA .................................................................................................................................10
Output by major economic sector ..............................................................................................................10
Distribution by size class ...........................................................................................................................10
Average and median number of persons employed ...................................................................................13
Productivity by size class ...........................................................................................................................13
CONCLUSIONS ...........................................................................................................................................15
ANNEXES ....................................................................................................................................................16
ANNEX I List of variables available in the database .............................................................................17
ANNEX I BIS List of variables requested in questionnaire 2001 ..........................................................18
ANNEX II List of size classes available in the database ..........................................................................19
ANNEX III Tests for control and checking ..............................................................................................20
ANNEX IV Inventory of data stored in ISIC revision 3 in the database ..................................................23
ANNEX V Importance of some sectors in total production ......................................................................28
ANNEX VI Distribution of establishments, persons employed and production by size class in
manufacturing industries (category D) ......................................................................................................29
ANNEX VII Average number and median numbers of employed persons by establishment/enterprise in
the manufacturing sector (category D)......................................................................................................31
ANNEX VIII Distribution of establishments, persons employed and production by size class ................32
ANNEX IX Production by person employed in manufacturing industries................................................34
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DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
PROGRESS REPORT ON THE STATISTICAL DATABASE
ON ENTERPRISES BY SIZE CLASS:
AVAILABLE INFORMATION AND RELEVANT INDICATORS AND GRAPHS
This paper provides an update on the statistical database on enterprises by size class which is
currently being developed and describes a limited range of relevant indicators presented in table and graph
form which the Secretariat proposes to issue in a future statistical publication when data are supplied to the
Secretariat in sufficient quantity and satisfactory quality by all OECD Member countries.
The main purposes of the paper are:

To inform Delegates of progress to date.

To prompt a response on the value of the indicators presented in the paper.

To encourage discussion and obtain the views of Delegates on subsequent work by the
Secretariat.
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DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
INTRODUCTION
1.
A special joint meeting on SME statistics was held by the Working Party of the Industry
Committee on Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and SME statistical experts on 1 December 1998.
2.
At that session the Secretariat presented a paper on “Industry-level data by size of enterprise:
report on the progress of work and future activities”, summarising the work on the SME databases and on
problems of data availability, international comparisons and interpretation. In particular, the Secretariat
suggested a number of improvements that it considered essential for the effective use of statistics on small
and medium-sized enterprises, including:

Information based on the enterprise, not the establishment.

ISIC Rev.3 statistics, at the level of disaggregation requested insofar as possible.

A class-size breakdown as close as possible to the breakdown requested in the
questionnaire.

Sound and consistent data.
3.
Delegates to the Working Party on Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and the experts on SME
statistics were invited, in particular, to exchange experience in this field and to indicate the improvements
they considered necessary for subsequent activity by the Working Party.
4.
The ensuing discussion enabled the statistical experts and delegates to the Working Party to make
a number of comments and recommendations about the improvements which the Working Party
considered necessary to continue its activity. In particular, they emphasised the importance of having
harmonised data, as a precondition for formulating policy, and data that were relevant and timely even if
not the most precise; they also raised the issue of data comparability and the need to consider and attempt
to isolate what part of data changes are due to genuine economic change and what stem from better surveys
or enterprise registers.
5.
These recommendations, backed by the growing demand for data in the form of detailed statistics
by size of enterprise and by sector of industry or services, led the Secretariat to continue its work and
establish a databank allowing the most effective use of the statistics supplied by countries.
4
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
THE DATABANK ON ENTERPRISES BY SIZE CLASS
Description of the database
6.
The database on enterprises by size class contains structural data on the enterprise population in
OECD Member countries, by size class. The database currently holds around 800 000 entries.
7.
The economic sectors covered are industry (mining, manufacturing and public utilities),
construction and services; they are broken down in accordance with the International Standard Industrial
Classification (ISIC), Rev.2 and Rev.3, down to the fourth digit level.
8.
Although twelve variables, including six priority variables (number of enterprises/establishments,
number of persons employed, number of salaried employees, output/turnover, value added and labour
costs), are asked for in the annual questionnaire, 19 different variables are present in the database, as some
countries have more comprehensive statistics corresponding to the variables collected for the OECD
structural database (Structural Statistics for Industry and Services -- SSIS) and forward them spontaneously
to the Secretariat (see Annex I for the list of variables currently included in the database).
9.
In the 2001 questionnaire, modifications have been brought to take account of this reality and to
ensure a greater consistency between the database on structural statistics for industry and services (SSIS)
and the database on enterprises by size class. In particular, the new list of variables requested is shown in
annex 1 bis.
10.
Ten size classes (plus total) were agreed for the database and are requested in the questionnaire.
However, 59 different classes are found in country replies and included in the database: they are described
in Annex II. The criterion for the definition of the size classes, which previously used to correspond to
the number of salaried employees in the enterprise (and consequently which had as corollary the existence
of a class ‘0 salaried’) has been modified to take into account changes occurred at Eurostat. It has become
the number of persons engaged: the class ‘0’ has therefore disappeared
11.
The time coverage of the data in the base runs from 1990 to 1999. But additional statistics, in
ISIC Rev.2, are available for earlier periods which, for some countries and some variables, go back to the
early 1980s. They will be stored in the databank later on.
Technical characteristics of the database
12.
When the structure of the base allowing storage and management of all the data on SMEs sent in
by countries was defined, two principles were agreed:

The structure should be a multidimensional one, covering the following dimensions:
countries, variables, sectors of industry and services for each version of ISIC, enterprise size
classes, sources, periods.
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DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8

It should also allow methodological information (generally as text) to be handled at the
various levels. This may be footnotes, control codes (estimates, confidentiality), the data
reception date, the name of the author of the updating at unit level, text supplied by
countries at the foot of each questionnaire (per variable), and source and methods texts
relating to all data from a given country.
13.
A number of interfaces and other arrangements have been developed in order to manage the
database. They are designed to allow a number of operations, from importing data to analysing them. The
recent development of an ACCESS interface now provides access to data managed by the SQL system.
Stored procedures then mean that tests and inventories (see below) can be launched, and the results can be
repatriated respectively in the form of ACCESS tables and EXCEL tables.
Importing raw data
14.
Given that country responses come in different formats, each incoming file has to be converted
into a standard EXCEL-type form for subsequent automatic processing and inclusion in the base.
15.
Data are transmitted in a range of classifications: a correspondence table is accordingly required
between a given country’s classification or the NACE Rev.1 classification used by Eurostat and the
ISIC Rev.3 classification. It should also be noted that some data are still being received in ISIC Rev.2 and
there is no genuinely operational correspondence between ISIC Rev.2 and ISIC Rev.3, without a
substantial loss of detail.
16.
Countries do not always report in the size classes asked for in the questionnaire, but provide data
in their own classes, which may vary from one sector to another: allowance accordingly has to be made
for a large number of size classes, with scope for extension if necessary. There must also be scope for
combining size classes within the base, depending on the use being made of the statistics concerned.
Data verification and storage in the base
17.
To ensure that the data stored in the base are of the highest possible quality, coherence tests have
been devised to detect anomalies and allow them to be corrected.
18.
Various types of verifications have to be performed:

Comparison of variables: while the variables must be regarded as independent (there is no
hierarchy, and hence no systematic aggregation), some are subsets of others and their values
need to be compared (for instance, “number of salaried employees” should be less than
“number of persons employed”).

Hierarchical verification for the ISIC classification: this check, conducted after data
conversion, means totalling the components at each level in the hierarchy and comparing the
resulting sub-total with the one which the country has supplied, subject to confidentiality
rules and moving from the lowest level up to the highest. A table where differences are
found may require simple correction, or the country may be asked to supply explanations or
even fresh data when differences are substantial.
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DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8

Summing size classes by line: the aim here is to see that the total given by sector is the
same (or more) than the sum of the data for each size class, taking confidentiality rules into
account.

Comparing aggregates with those for the previous year, to check consistency over time.
19.
Fifteen tests of this kind have been developed; they are described more fully in Annex III. They
take the form of procedures with parameters simplifying the use of the tests in partial updating: the
parameters are the country concerned (by default, all countries), the first year and the last year, and the
tolerance threshold (by default, set at 1%).
Handling of confidential data
20.
The data for the “number of enterprises” variable are not confidential, and countries always
supply them. The rule that is generally followed is that when the number of enterprises is 3 or less in a
given cell, the data for the other variables corresponding to that cell are marked as confidential by the
country. When the true value of the confidential data can be reconstituted by recalculating the totals by
sector and by size class, from the difference, the country will arbitrarily select another unit in another
sector and/or another size class and make that confidential, meaning that the sub-totals or totals can be
made confidential as well. Once the confidentiality rules applicable to SME data for all countries have
been defined, and provided countries agree to send the Secretariat all the values for the variables, including
the confidential values, it may be possible to devise a mechanism which would itself determine all the data
items which are to be made confidential.
Simple access to data by members of the Organisation
21.
For publication or any other extraction from the base, data may be extracted in the form of a flat
two-dimensional table in a standard format (csv or xls). The number of elements in each dimension
(countries, areas, sources, classifications, sectors, variables, size classes or years) may be defined on
request, for example:

All or part of the countries according to all or part of the size classes, for a given sector,
variable and year.

All or part of the sectors over several years, for a given size class, country and variable.
22.
Confidential data cannot be viewed by non-authorised users (internal or external).
23.
A control code (confidentiality, estimate, other categories possible) will be assigned to the data.
24.
The data will be published in electronic form in a format (of the Beyond 20/20 type) allowing
simple manipulation of variables.
Data analysis using simple tools
25.
Data may be aggregated for a group of countries, not necessarily defined in advance, and
generally speaking for groups of sectors and size classes selected on request.
7
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
26.
The calculations will largely concern percentages (for example, employment by size class in
relation to total employment in a given sector, with the number of sectors being selected on request; output
per salaried employee by size class and by sector), or growth rates between two given years (1995-2000,
for example).
27.
The data and calculations may be displayed in graph form.
Inventory of data
28.
Inventories have been established to identify all observations present in the base, by country and
by variable, whatever the classification (ISIC Rev.3 or ISIC Rev.2) and whatever the source of the data
(survey, census, register, etc.). They can be viewed in EXCEL.
29.
There are two pre-set inventories (see Annex IV) and one inventory which can be performed on
request:

The first inventory supplies the first and last years by country and by variable, whatever the
classification (ISIC Rev.2 or Rev.3) and whatever the source of the data (census, survey,
business register); the classification or the source can be amended, however, to refine the
results:

The second inventory provides precise data by sector and by size class, once the
classification, the country, the source, the variable and the year have been specified.
30.
The two tables which follow show the data stored for the number of enterprises in Belgium in
1997 by sector and by size class, first as supplied by the country and then as transmitted by Eurostat.
8
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
31.
A spreadsheet can further be constructed, as follows: in EXCEL, specify the items to be
repatriated, in other words select the dimensions to be displayed.
9
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
ANALYSIS OF DATA
32.
Given the heterogeneous nature of the data stored in the base, considerable caution is needed in
using them for sectoral analysis, in-depth examination of the economic behaviour of small and mediumsized enterprises, or international comparison.
33.
In the sections below, the information available in selected fields is presented in graph and table
form, with efforts being made to use the greatest possible number of data for the greatest possible number
of countries. Detailed technical explanations are provided to help the reader grasp both the limitations and
the value of these statistics.
34.
The Secretariat has selected a few of the variables which are most usually available and most
frequently analysed, and a few key indicators which it is of interest to place before analysts and
policymakers. As the database develops, it will at a later stage be possible to present tables and graphs of
this kind for more countries and economic sectors, and to calculate further indicators.
Output by major economic sector
35.
The statistics on output which countries supply sometimes include a total for the economy as a
whole which may cover all activities there (agriculture, fisheries, extractive and manufacturing industry,
public utilities, retail and wholesale trade, services) even though they are not presented separately, or may
simply cover the activities reported on (for which output data exist). To prepare the graphs in Annex V, of
which an example is shown below for France on Figure 1, some totals have had to be recalculated in order
to make them consistent. But the different coverage of economic activity means that these data are not
directly comparable across countries. For France and Belgium the total which the country reported was
less than the sum of the components available, so the Secretariat recalculated the totals. For Germany and
Italy the total which the country reported was greater than the sum of the components available, so the
Secretariat assumed that the data reported did in fact relate to economic activity there as a whole.
Distribution by size class
36.
There are three variables which are most commonly reported by countries: “number of
enterprises” (for 7 countries) or “number of establishments” (for a further 7), “number of persons
employed” except for Belgium where “number of salaried employees” was used, and “output”. The totals
used for the graphs are the figures calculated in order to obtain a total equal to 100%.
37.
In order to present the data in identical size classes for all countries, we were unable to include
the countries where Eurostat was the sole source; Eurostat uses only four classes (1 to 9; 10 to 49; 50 to
250; 250 and over) whereas for the present research the breakpoints at 99 and 499 allow comparisons
across more countries. Similarly, the Secretariat was sometimes obliged to draw on earlier years to allow
better comparisons. To harmonise the results, moreover, when a country reported data for the zero
employees class, that was not included and was removed from the recalculated total.
10
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
Figure 1. Importance of selected sectors in total output, France in 1995
(categories C-K and N-P)
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
s
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Fi
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Figure 2. Distribution of employment in manufacturing, by size class
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
USA SWE
FIN
CZE
BEL
GBR
1-9
10-49
AUT
TUR KOR CHE
50-99
11
100-499
500 +
JPN
ITA
NZL
PRT
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
38.
Figure 2 shows the breakdown of employment in all manufacturing sectors (category D) by size
class for 14 countries. Figure 3 is a parallel presentation of the distribution of establishments, employees
and output for Japan. Comparable figures for the other countries on which similar research has been
conducted (United States, Korea, Austria, Belgium, Finland, Italy, Portugal, Czech Republic, Sweden,
Turkey, United Kingdom) are shown in Annex VI.
Figure 3. Distribution of establishments, persons employed and output by size class
in manufacturing industry (category D), Japan 1997
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
E stablishm ents
P ersons em ployed
4-9
10-49
50-99
100-499
O utput
500 +
39.
Fifteen countries are not included in the analysis and are hence not shown in Annex VI, for the
following reasons:

Denmark, Germany and Hungary, and the Netherlands: the most recent data are for 1992,
1993 or 1994 respectively.

Canada, France, Mexico, New Zealand, Switzerland: variable P is not available.

Norway: variable P is incompatible with the other variables.

Greece: size class 1-9 is not reported and cannot be calculated using difference methods
since the total shown is calculated from the only data available.

Ireland, Iceland: data on small enterprises only are available.

Poland: the output data available are incompatible with the data on the number of
enterprises.

Slovak Republic: only one variable is available, for a single year.
40.
For three countries the data are either non-existent (Spain and Luxembourg), or unusable
(Australia).
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DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
Average and median number of persons employed
41.
The average number of persons employed is obtained by dividing the total number of persons
employed (or salaried employees) by the total number of establishments or enterprises. The result is not
homogeneous because some countries report the number of enterprises and others (United States, United
Kingdom, Japan, Korea, Mexico) the number of establishments.
42.
The median number of persons employed is obtained from the employment data alone, by linear
interpolation. But the median cannot be calculated for every country, in particular those where the size
class in which it is located is not double-ended. The cumulative frequency of the number of persons
employed per size class is calculated, indicating the class in which the median figure is located.
43.
The median divides the series of values observed into two subsets of the same size. For example,
for Italy in Annex VII, the figure of 45.6 given as the median number of persons employed means that 50%
of persons employed work in enterprises employing fewer than 46 people, and 50% work in enterprises
employing over 46 people; likewise the figure of 6.1 given as the median number of enterprises means that
50% of the enterprises employ fewer than 6 people and 50% employ more.
44.
For some countries we find a surprising difference in the median number of persons employed
when the average numbers of persons employed per enterprise are very close (as in Italy and Poland). This
can be explained by the fact that the distribution of persons employed by enterprise class size is more or
less homogeneous, or that the proportion of persons employed in large enterprises (500 persons and more)
is far higher.
45.
A table in Annex VII sets out the average and median values for the numbers of persons
employed and the numbers of establishments, for those countries where they can be calculated.
Productivity by size class
46.
Calculations of gross productivity (output per person employed) and net productivity (value
added per person employed) by size class were performed for a small number of countries, depending on
the availability of data. Graphs showing gross productivity in national currency are presented in
Annex VIII for four countries: the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom and Italy.
47.
As the data for output and value added are expressed in national currency, a method specifically
tailored to the types of data available had to be used, as conversion into dollars using exchange rates or
purchasing power parities had been rejected. The method used to construct Figures 4 and 5 below was to
divide productivity calculated in national currency by average productivity: that provides figures which
allow comparison of the evolution of productivity in terms of size classes (and consequently in terms of the
number of people employed in the establishment or enterprise), but not comparison of productivity levels
across countries.
13
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
gross productivity (normed by the
average) by person employed
Figure 4. Gross productivity by number of persons employed in the manufacturing sector (category D)
1.85
1.65
1.45
1.25
1.05
0.85
0.65
0.45
0.25
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
average number of persons employed by size class
ITA 1995
GBR 1995
JPN 1997
USA 1996
net productivity (normed by the average) by
person employed
Figure 5. Net productivity by number of persons employed in the manufacturing sector (category D)
2.250
1.750
1.250
0.750
0.250
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
average number of persons employed by size class
ITA 1995
GBR 1995
14
JPN 1997
SWE 1996
3500
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
CONCLUSIONS
48.
The information and analysis set out in this paper is confined to a very small portion of the
statistical material collected for the database on enterprises by size class. The indicators calculated and the
graphs constructed here refer only to the manufacturing sector as a whole, and concern just three variables:
the number of establishments or enterprises, the number of persons employed or salaried employees, and
output.
49.
The manufacturing sector was selected as an example of what the database on enterprises by size
class could help provide for each of the categories in the ISIC classification, in particular for some detailed
sectors of manufacturing, wholesale trade or retail trade, and various service activities.
50.
Similarly, the variables used to calculate the indicators were selected because they were available
for a considerable number of countries. Even for these three variables, however, it should be noted that we
had to combine data of different types (enterprises or establishments; persons employed or salaried
employees) because the countries did not all report the same information and did not comply exactly with
the stipulations in the questionnaire. It is clear that other indicators, using the other variables requested
including investment, R&D expenditure and exports, could be developed, which would allow a more
thorough analysis of the behaviour of enterprises according to their size.
51.
Before it becomes really feasible to refine the various indicators presented in this paper and to
develop new ones, and then to publish the resulting information, substantial work remains to be done to
improve both the quality and the quantity of the statistics available at present.
52.
Delegates are consequently invited:

To take note of what has been achieved with the data collected.

To take note of the problems arising from the lack of comprehensive and coherent data for a
number of OECD countries.

To express their opinion on the value and limitations of the indicators selected as examples
and presented in this paper.

To inform the Secretariat of work being conducted in their countries in devising indicators
and analysing data on enterprises by size class.

To indicate which developments they consider feasible and of value in enabling the
Secretariat to run relevant analyses in this field.

To assist the Secretariat in securing better quality data and collecting all the statistics needed
by analysts and policymakers through close co-operation with their statistical counterparts
in ministries and other agencies.
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DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
ANNEXES
16
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
ANNEX I
List of variables available in the database
Wording
VARIABLES
Libellé
Variables prioritaires / Priority variables
K
Number of enterprises
Nombre d'entreprises
E
Number of persons employed
Nombre de personnes occupées
Y
Number of salaried employees
Nombre de salariés
P
Turnover (or output)
Chiffre d'affaires (ou production)
V
Value added
Valeur ajoutée
R ou/or S
Total labour costs - Total or Employees
Coûts de la main-d'œuvre – Total ou
Salariés
Variables secondaires / Secondary variables
A ou/or B
Wages and salaries - Total or Employees
Salaires et traitements - Total ou Salariés
Q
Investments in tangible assets
Investissements matériels
RD
R&D expenditures
Dépenses de R&D
M
Imports
Importations
X
Exports
Exportations
DO
Output sold domestically (in %)
Production vendue sur le marché intérieur
(en %)
Variables additionnelles / Additional variables
N
Number of establishments
Nombre d'établissements
J
Number of operatives
Nombre d’ouvriers
L
Hours worked
Heures ouvrées
T
Employers’ contributions
Contributions patronales
I
Total investment
Investissement total
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DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
ANNEX I BIS
List of variables requested in questionnaire 2001
Wording
VARIABLES
Libellé
Production
Production
TURN
Turnover
Chiffre d’affaires
PROD
Production at producers’ prices
Production aux prix départ-usine
VAFC
Value added at factor costs
Valeur ajoutée au coût des facteurs
Capital
Capital
GFCF
Investment expenditure (physical assets)
Dépenses d'investissement (actifs physiques)
R&D
Research & Development expenditures
Dépenses en recherche et développement
Number of units
Nombre d’unités
Number of enterprises
Nombre d’entreprises
Number of establishments
Nombre d’établissements
Employment
Emploi
ENTR
or ESTB
EMPE *
or EMPN
EMPF
Employment, number of salaried employees Emploi, nombre d’employés salariés
Total employment, number of persons Emploi total, nombre de personnes occupées
engaged
Employment, number of females employees Emploi, nombre de femmes salariées
Compensation of labour
REME *
or REMN
WASE *
or WASN
Salaires et charges sociales
Compensation
of
labour,
salaried Salaires et charges sociales, salariés
employees
Compensation of labour, all persons engaged Salaires et charges sociales, ensemble des
personnes occupées
Wages and salaries, salaried employees
Salaires et traitements, salariés
Wages and salaries, all persons engaged
*
Salaires et traitements,
personnes occupées
ensemble
des
Preference is given to variables related to employees (EMPE, REME et WASE). When these data are not
available, countries are invited to send similar data for all persons engaged (EMPN, REMN, WASN).
18
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
ANNEX II
List of size classes available in the database
Size class
Lower limit of
the class
Upper limit of the
class
Size class
Lower limit of
the class
Upper limit of the
class
Classes given with lower and upper limits
Size classes requested in the 2001 questionnaire
1-9
10-19
20-49
50-99
100-199
200-249
250-499
500-999
1000+
Total
1
10
20
50
100
200
250
500
1000
0
9
19
49
99
199
249
499
999
99999
99999
Size classes given with a lower limit only
10+
20+
50+
100+
200+
250+
251+
301+
500+
2500+
10
20
50
100
200
250
251
301
500
2500
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
0-2
0-3
0
0
2
3
0-4
0-5
0-9
0-19
0-24
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-15
1-19
3-9
3-19
4-9
5-9
5-19
6-9
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
4
5
5
6
4
5
9
19
24
2
3
4
15
19
9
19
9
9
19
9
10
10
10
10
15
16
20
20
21
25
25
30
50
51
100
101
200
200
300
300
400
1000
14
24
49
99
19
100
29
99
50
49
99
49
249
300
249
250
299
499
399
499
499
2499
10-14
10-24
10-49
10-99
15-19
16-100
20-29
20-99
21-50
25-49
25-99
30-49
50-249
51-300
100-249
101-250
200-299
200-499
300-399
300-499
400-499
1000-2499
19
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
ANNEX III
Tests for control and checking
Fifteen tests have been elaborated in order to check the consistency and accuracy of data transmitted by
Member countries. A margin of error of x% is accepted. Tests are as follows :
Test
Description of the test
01 Wages & salaries – Employees (B) must be inferior to Wages & salaries – Total (A)
If Wages & salaries – Employees (B) are superior to Wages & salaries – Total (A), an error message
is generated:
B > A  error
02 Total labour costs – Employees (S) must be inferior to Total labour costs – Total (R)
If Total labour costs – Employees (S) are superior to Total labour costs – Total (R), an error
message is generated:
S > R  error
03 Wages & salaries – Total (A) must be inferior to Total labour costs – Total (R)
If Wages & salaries – Total (A) are superior to Total labour costs – Total (R), an error message is
generated:
A > R  error
04 Wages & salaries – Employees (B) must be inferior to Total labour costs – Employees (S)
If Wages & salaries – Employees (B) are superior to Total labour costs – Employees (S), an error
message is generated:
B > S  error
05 Value added (V) must be inferior to Turnover (or output) (P)
If Value added (V) is superior to Turnover (or output) (P), an error message is generated:
V > P  error
20
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
ANNEX III (cont.)
Tests for control and checking
Test
Description du test
06 Output sold domestically must be inferior to Turnover (or output) (P)
If the part of Output sold domestically (DO) is over 100, an error message is generated:
DO > 100  error
07 Number of salaried employees (Y) must be inferior to Number of total persons employed (E)
If the Number of salaried employees (Y) is superior to the Number of total persons employed (E), an
error message is generated:
Y > E  error
08 Investments in tangible assets (Q) must be inferior to Total investment (I)
If Investments in tangible assets (Q) are superior to Total investment (I), an error message is
generated:
Q > I  error
09 Number of enterprises (K) must be inferior to Number of establishments (N)
If the Number of enterprises (K) is superior to the Number of establishments (N), an error message
is generated:
K > N  error
10 The Number of enterprises (K) or establishments (N) must not be equal to zero if for the same
sector and the same size class another variable is not equal to zero
If the Number of enterprises (K) or establishments (N) is equal to zero and another variable is not
equal to zero , an error message is generated:
[K or N = 0] AND [(A  0) OR (B  0) OR … OR (Y 0)]  error
11 The sum of Employers’ contributions (T) and Wages & salaries – Employees (B) must be
equal to Total labour costs – Employees (S)
The sum of Employers’ contributions (T) and Wages & salaries – Employees (B) must be equal to
Total labour costs – Employees (S). The difference must not exceed x%, however in order to take
into accounts possible missing data relating to Employers’ contributions or Wages & salaries –
Employees, only the test on the upper limit is carried out :
T B
x
 1
 error
S
100
21
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
ANNEX III (cont.)
Tests for control and checking
Test
Description du test
12 All variables are positive except Total investment (I), Investments in tangible assets (Q) and
Value added (V)
All variables must be positive except Total investment (I), Investment in tangible assets (Q) and
Value added (V) which can have negative values :
X{I,Q,V}, X < 0  error
13 For all ISIC sectors, the parent must be equal to the sum of the children
For any given ISIC sector a difference between the parent and the sum of the children exceeding x%
must alert the user. Here again, in order to take into account possible missing values for children,
only a test on the upper limit is carried out :
ISIC ,
ISIC ,
ISIC 20
x
 1
 warning
ISIC1
100
ISIC 300
x
 1
 warning
ISIC 20
100
ISIC 4000
x
 1
 warning
ISIC 300
100
ISIC ,
14 For any size class, the parent must be equal to the sum of the children
A difference between the sum of all size classes Ci and the total transmitted by the country which
exceeds x% must alert the user. Here again, in order to take into account possible missing values for
size classes, only a test on the upper limit is carried out :
C
i
i
Totaltransmitted
 1
x
 warning
100
15 The linear evolution of a variable is limited over time
For any variable X, if D 0=X t+1-X t and D1=X t+2-X t+1, the multiplication or the division of the value
of a variable by a coefficient z (by default equal to 1+x/100) from a period to the next one must alert
the user :
D 0/ D 1 > 1+x/100  warning
OR
D 1/ D 0 > 1+x/100  warning
22
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
ANNEX IV
Inventory of data stored in ISIC revision 3 in the database
To
FRANCE
1997 1997 1997
1997 1997 1997
From
From
To
ITALY
From
To
JAPAN
From
To
KOREA, REPUBLICFrom
OF
To
NEW ZEALAND
1993
1996
1995
1995
1997
1997
1990
1996
1993
1996
1995 1995
1995 1995
1990
1996
1995
1997
1997
1997
1996 1990
1996 1995
1994
1996
1993 1993
1996 1996
From
From
To
SWEDEN
From
To
UNITED KINGDOM From
To
UNITED STATES
From
To
1995
1997
1996
1996
1994
1996
1993
1996
1996
1996
1994
1996
1995
1996
23
1997 1997
1997 1997
1996
1997
1993
1996
1995 1995
1995 1995
1997
1997
1990 1995
1996 1996
1995 1995
1997 1996
1995 1995
1997 1996
1990
1996
1996
1996
1994 1995 1995
1996 1996 1996
1993
1993
1996
1996
Wages and salaries - employees
Total labour costs - Total engaged
Total labour costs - employees
Number of salaried employees
Number of persons employed
Number of establishments
1997
1997
1990
1995
To
POLAND
Number of enterprises
1997 1997
1997 1997
1996
1997
1993
1996
1995
1995
To
GREECE
R&D expenditures
Investments in tangible assets
Total investment
Value added
Data
CZECH REPUBLIC From
Turnover (or output)
Country
Wages and salaries - Total engaged
SOURCE : Surveys
1997
1997
1997
1997
1995
1996
1996
1996
1995
1996
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
ANNEX IV (cont.)
Inventory of data stored in ISIC revision 3 in the database
SOURCE : Register
BELGIUM
From
To
FINLAND
From
To
HUNGARY
From
To
NORWAY
From
To
UNITED KINGDOM
From
To
Wages and salaries - Total engaged
Total labour costs - employees
Number of salaried employees
Number of persons employed
Number of enterprises
Total investment
Value added
Data
Turnover (or output)
Country
1996
1996
1996
1997
1997
1997
1996
1996 1996 1996
1996
1996
1996 1996 1996
1996
1994 1994 1994 1994
1996 1996 1994
1996 1996 1994 1995
1996 1996 1994
1995
1995
1995
1996
1995
1996
1996
1996 1996 1996
1997
1997 1997 1997
From
To
IRELAND
From
To
JAPAN
From
To
SWITZERLAND
From
To
1995 1995 1995 1995
1995
1997 1995 1997 1997
1997
1994
1994
1996
1996
1994
1990 1990
1997
1997 1997
1995
1995
1998
1998
24
1995
1997
1994
1996
1995
1997
Employers' contributions
Wages and salaries - employees
Total labour costs - Total engaged
Number of salaried employees
Number of persons employed
Number of establishments
Number of enterprises
R&D expenditures
1995
1997
1994
1996
1990
1997
Investments in tangible assets
1995
1995
1994
1996
1990
1997
Total investment
Value added
Data
AUSTRIA
Turnover (or output)
Country
Wages and salaries - Total engaged
SOURCE : Census
1995 1995
1995
1997 1997
1995
1994
1994
1996
1996
1990
1997
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
ANNEX IV (cont.)
Inventory of data stored in ISIC revision 3 in the database
From
To
BELGIUM
From
To
DENMARK
From
To
FINLAND
From
To
FRANCE
From
To
GERMANY
From
To
GREECE
From
To
ICELAND
1993
1997
1993
1997
1993
1997
1993
1997
1993
1997
1993
1997
1993
1997
From
To
IRELAND
From
To
ITALY
From
To
LUXEMBOURG
From
To
NETHERLANDS
From
To
NORWAY
From
To
PORTUGAL
From
To
SPAIN
From
To
SWEDEN
From
To
SWITZERLAND
1993
1997
1993
1997
1993
1997
1993
1997
1993
1996
1993
1997
1993
1997
1993
1997
From
To
UNITED KINGDOM From
To
1993
1997
1995 1995 1995 1993 1993
1997 1997 1997 1997 1997
1993 1993
1997 1997
1993 1993
1997 1997
1993 1993
1997 1997
1993 1994
1993 1993
1996 1996
1997 1997
1993
1993 1993
1997
1997 1997
1993
1993 1993
1994
1997 1997
1993 1993
1996 1996
1993 1993
1993 1993
1993 1993
1997 1997
1993 1995
1993 1993
1996 1996
1997 1997
1993
1993 1993
1995
1997 1997
1993 1995
1993 1993
1994 1995
1997 1997
1993 1993
1996 1996
1993 1994
1993 1993
1996 1996
1997 1997
1993 1994
1993 1993
1995 1994
1997 1997
1993 1993
1993 1993
1995 1995
1997 1997
1995 1995
1995 1995
1993 1993
1997 1997
25
1995
1995
1997
1997
1993 1993
1997 1995
1993
1993
1996
1996
1993
1993
1997
1997
1993
1993
1996
1996
Imports
Exports
Output sold domestically (in %)
Wages and salaries - Total engaged
Wages and salaries - employees
Total labour costs - employees
Number of salaried employees
Number of persons employed
Number of enterprises
R&D expenditures
Total investment
Value added
Data
AUSTRIA
Turnover (or output)
Country
Total labour costs - Total engaged
SOURCE : Eurostat
1995
1997
1996
1996
1994 1994 1994
1996 1996 1996
1993 1993
1994 1994
1993
1996
1993
1993
1993
1996
1993
1995
1993
1994
1993
1993
1993
1996
1993
1995
1993
1994
1993
1996
1993
1997
1993
1995
1993 1995 1994
1994 1996 1996
1993
1993
1995
1995
1993
1994
1995
1995
1995
1995
1993
1993
1993
1993
1994 1994
1996 1996
1994
1994
1993
1995
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
ANNEX IV (cont.)
Inventory of data stored in ISIC revision 2 in the database
From
To
CANADA
From
To
ITALY
From
To
NEW ZEALAND From
To
PORTUGAL
From
To
TURKEY
From
To
UNITED STATES From
To
1990 1992
1993 1993
1992
1994
1990 1990
1991 1991
1990
1993
1992
1994
1990
1991
Wages and salaries - employees
Total labour costs - Total engaged
Total labour costs - employees
Hours worked
Employement - Operatives
1991
1993
1990
1991
1990
1990
1994
1994
1990 1990
1990
1990
1995 1995
1995
1995
1990 1990 1993
1990 1990
1995 1995 1995
1995 1995
1990
1990
1990
1991
1991
1991
26
Number of salaried employees
Number of persons employed
Number of establishments
Number of enterprises
Total investment
Value added
Data
AUSTRIA
Turnover (or output)
Country
Wages and salaries - Total engaged
SOURCE : Surveys
1992 1992
1994 1993
1992
1994
1990
1994
1990
1995
1992 1993 1990 1995 1990
1992 1994 1995 1995 1992
1990
1991
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
ANNEX IV (cont.)
Inventory of data stored in ISIC revision 2 in the database
Wages and salaries - Total engaged
SOURCE : Register
1990
1994
1986
1992
1990
1994
1993
1993
From
To
DENMARK
From
To
FINLAND
1990 1990
1994 1994
1992
1993
From
To
GERMANY
From
To
HUNGARY
Number of salaried employees
Number of persons employed
Number of establishments
Number of enterprises
Data
BELGIUM
Value added
Turnover (or output)
Country
1990
1992
1993
1993
1994
1994
From
To
ICELAND
1991
1996
From
To
NORWAY
1991 1992
1992 1992
From
To
1991
1996
1991 1992
1992 1992
1991
1996
From
To
MEXICO
From
To
NETHERLANDS From
To
SWITZERLAND From
To
1992 1992 1990
1993 1993 1993
1990
1994
1991 1991 1991
1993 1993 1993
1991
1991
27
Exports
Total labour costs - employees
Number of establishments
Value added
Data
JAPAN
Turnover (or output)
Country
Number of persons employed
SOURCE : Census
1992
1993
1990
1994
1991 1991 1991
1993 1991 1991
1991
1991
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
ANNEX V
Importance of some sectors in total production
28
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
ANNEX VI
Distribution of establishments, persons employed and production by size class
in manufacturing industries (category D)
Belgium 1997
Austria 1995
100%
100%
90%
90%
80%
80%
70%
70%
60%
60%
50%
50%
40%
40%
30%
30%
20%
20%
10%
10%
0%
0%
Enterprises
1-9
Persons employed
10-49
50-99
100-499
Enterprises
Production
1-9
500 +
Persons employed
10-49
50-99
100-499
Production
500 +
Portugal 1995
Italy 1995
100%
100%
90%
90%
80%
80%
70%
70%
60%
60%
50%
50%
40%
40%
30%
30%
20%
20%
10%
10%
0%
0%
Enterprises
1-9
Persons employed
10-49
50-99
100-499
Production
Enterprises
500 +
1-9
Persons employed
10-49
50-99
100-499
Production
500 +
Sweden 1996
Finland 1996
100%
100%
90%
90%
80%
80%
70%
70%
60%
60%
50%
50%
40%
40%
30%
30%
20%
20%
10%
10%
0%
0%
Enterprises
1-9
Persons employed
10-49
50-99
100-499
Establishments
Production
500 +
1-9
29
Persons employed
10-49
50-99
100-499
Production
500 +
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
ANNEX VI (cont.)
Distribution of establishments, persons employed and production by size class
in manufacturing industries (category D)
Czech Republic 1997
United Kingdom 1996
100%
100%
90%
90%
80%
80%
70%
70%
60%
60%
50%
50%
40%
40%
30%
30%
20%
20%
10%
10%
0%
0%
Establishments
1-9
Persons employed
10-49
50-99
100-499
Enterprises
Production
1-9
500 +
Persons employed
10-49
50-99
Production
100-499
500 +
Japan 1997
Turkey 1994
100%
100%
90%
90%
80%
80%
70%
70%
60%
60%
50%
50%
40%
40%
30%
30%
20%
20%
10%
10%
0%
0%
Enterprises
1-9
Persons employed
10-49
50-99
100-499
Production
Establishments
500 +
4-9
Korea 1996
Persons employed
10-49
50-99
100-499
Production
500 +
United States 1996
100%
100%
90%
90%
80%
80%
70%
70%
60%
60%
50%
50%
40%
40%
30%
30%
20%
20%
10%
10%
0%
0%
Enterprises
5-9
Persons employed
10-49
50-99
100-499
Production
Establishments
500 +
1-9
30
Persons employed
10-49
50-99
100-499
Production
500 +
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
ANNEX VII
Average number and median numbers of employed persons by establishment/enterprise
in the manufacturing sector (category D)
Country
Year Average number of Median number of Median size of unit
person employed persons employed
by unit
TURKEY
1994
7.3
78.2
5.3
POLAND
1997
9.7
205.5
5.5
ITALY
1995
10.2
45.6
6.1
ICELAND
1996
11.3
46.7
6.5
NEW ZEALAND
1997
13.6
95.0
6.3
PORTUGAL
1995
14.6
74.1
6.6
NORWAY
1995
14.7
160.9
6.2
FINLAND
1996
16.4
395.9
5.9
SWITZERLAND
1998
17.3
111.7
6.3
FRANCE
1997
17.4
212.7
6.8
DENMARK
1996
23.2
-
-
NETHERLANDS
1995
23.5
-
-
AUSTRIA
1995
25.5
246.0
7.4
MEXICO
1994
26.6
> 250
6.2
UNITED KINGDOM
1996
27.1
255.4
7.0
BELGIQUE
1997
27.5
294.3
7.4
SWEDEN
1995
28.1
399.7
7.0
CZECH REPUBLIC
1997
35.2
366.2
7.6
UNITED KINGDOM
1996
50.9
>1000
17.8
Calculation of the median.
Considering :
C median
the class for which the cumulated frequency is above 50%
Lim inf and Lim sup the lower and upper limits of class C median
Ampl
the amplitude of the class delimited by [Lim inf, Lim sup ]
F simple
the simple frequency of class C median
F cumulated
the cumulated frequency of the class preceding classe C median
The simple frequency of a class C is defined as the ratio between the number of persons employed in C and the total
number of persons employed; the cumulated frequency of a class C is defined as the sum of simple frequencies of all
classes under the class C.
Median =
Lim inf
+ Ampl (50% - F cumulated ) / F simple
31
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
ANNEX VIII
Distribution of establishments, persons employed and production by size class
Etablishments *
Country
Year
1-9
10-49
50-99
100-499
500 +
Total
UNITED STATES
1996
44.6%
28.0%
6.2%
7.7%
13.5%
100%
UNITED KINGDOM
1996
71.5%
20.9%
3.4%
3.5%
0.7%
100%
JAPAN
1997
53.2%
37.2%
5.3%
3.8%
0.5%
100%
SWEDEN
1996
71.3%
21.2%
3.6%
3.1%
0.8%
100%
FINLAND
1996
84.5%
11.2%
1.9%
1.9%
0.5%
100%
CZECH REPUBLIC
1997
65.5%
24.2%
4.5%
4.7%
1.1%
100%
AUSTRIA
1995
67.4%
24.5%
3.6%
3.8%
0.7%
100%
BELGIUM
1997
67.7%
24.4%
3.9%
3.3%
0.7%
100%
ITALY
1995
81.6%
15.9%
1.4%
0.9%
0.1%
100%
PORTUGAL
1995
75.5%
19.0%
3.1%
2.2%
0.3%
100%
TURKEY
1994
94.9%
3.5%
0.7%
0.8%
0.2%
100%
KOREA
1995
44.3%
46.1%
5.5%
3.6%
0.5%
100%
* Enterprises for : Austria, Belgium, Finland, Italy, Portugal, Czech Republic and Sweden
32
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
ANNEX VIII (cont.)
Distribution of establishments, persons employed and production by size class
Persons employed
Country
Year
1-9
10-49
50-99
100-499
500 +
Total
UNITED STATES
1996
3.4%
11.7%
7.2%
16.2%
61.5%
100%
UNITED KINGDOM
1995
11.4%
18.0%
9.7%
28.1%
32.8%
100%
JAPAN
1997
11.6%
28.1%
13.3%
26.0%
21.0%
100%
SWEDEN
1996
8.5%
15.5%
9.0%
22.7%
44.3%
100%
FINLAND
1996
8.8%
14.3%
8.1%
25.4%
43.4%
100%
CZECH REPUBLIC
1997
7.7%
14.6%
8.9%
28.3%
40.5%
100%
AUSTRIA
1995
9.7%
19.0%
9.8%
31.4%
30.1%
100%
BELGIUM
1997
8.1%
19.7%
10.1%
24.8%
37.3%
100%
ITALY
1995
21.8%
30.8%
10.0%
17.3%
20.1%
100%
PORTUGAL
1995
15.3%
27.8%
14.2%
26.8%
15.8%
100%
TURKEY
1994
35.2%
11.1%
6.6%
21.9%
25.2%
100%
KOREA
1996
9.9%
30.7%
12.3%
22.0%
25.1%
100%
Country
Year
1-9
10-49
50-99
100-499
500 +
Total
UNITED STATES
1996
2.2%
9.0%
5.8%
13.7%
69.2%
100%
UNITED KINGDOM
1996
7.6%
11.2%
6.8%
26.6%
47.7%
100%
JAPAN
1997
4.1%
16.1%
10.7%
30.5%
38.6%
100%
SWEDEN
1996
5.2%
11.5%
7.7%
20.5%
55.2%
100%
FINLAND
1996
4.3%
9.1%
6.1%
23.5%
56.9%
100%
CZECH REPUBLIC
1997
4.7%
10.9%
7.5%
25.8%
51.1%
100%
AUSTRIA
1995
4.9%
12.4%
8.6%
34.3%
39.7%
100%
BELGIUM
1997
5.3%
14.6%
8.7%
22.9%
48.5%
100%
ITALY
1995
14.7%
30.1%
10.4%
24.3%
20.6%
100%
PORTUGAL
1995
8.5%
20.4%
12.3%
27.3%
31.5%
100%
TURKEY
1994
7.3%
9.7%
7.6%
31.8%
43.6%
100%
KOREA
1996
4.0%
17.0%
9.5%
23.7%
45.7%
100%
Turnover
33
DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)8
ANNEX IX
Production by person employed in manufacturing industries
34