TEORI KOALISI
Perbandingan Kepartaian dan Pemilu
Jurusan Ilmu Politik
FISIP Universitas Andalas
By Irawati, S.IP, MA.
[email protected]
Pemahaman
Coalition : an assembly of various factions that
unite to form a stronger alliance for mutual
action;
(Morgan, Donovan, Pothollm, Americn Politics, 1979:173)
Alasan berkoalisi :
• Lemahnya political grip, terutama parlemen;
• Kebutuhan membangun/menjaga image
pluralitas utk memobilisasi dukungan
masyarakat;
• Tidak adanya paradigma panutan;
• Akumulasi swinging voters, protest voters lebih
besar daripada pemenang pemilu;
Tipe-Tipe Hubungan Politik
• Kolutif: aktor sama kuat, terikat kepentingan yang sama,
mau bekerjasama dalam konteks melindungi
kepentingan bersama dari ancaman fihak lain;
• Konflik/disharmoni : aktor sama kuat, satu aktor ingin
menonjol, dan mengancam kepentingan partner;
• Dominatif : beda kekuatan, posisi/legitimasi salah satu
aktor lemah, menghindari konflik terbuka;
• Kolaboratif: aktor sama kuat, kepentingan sama, hadapi
musuh yang sama, beda redefinisi kepentingan
bersama;
• Harmony : sama kuat, sadar kepentingan beda, saling
komplementer, ada check and balance;
• Lobby : pertemuan antar pihak yang bersaing di
luar prosedur/agenda resmi untuk menyatukan
persepsi ttg pemecahan sebuah masalah;
• Sumber kekuatan lobby :
@ Bersifat fisik/material, misalnya uang;
@ organizational, di-backup oleh SDM
@ political link (network) dari decision makers;
@ motivational, ada motive utk bertindak;
@ intangible (adanya kemampuan utk
mendapatkan simpatisan baru)
ADA 5 BENTUK KOALISI
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Minimal Winning Coalition
Minimal Size Coalition
Bargaining Potition
Minimal Range Coalition
Minimal Connected Winning Coalition
1. Minimal Winning Coalition
• Maksimalkan kekuasaan/sebanyak
mungkin perolehan kursi di kabinet dan
abaikan partai yang tidak berarti;
• Koalisi dibentuk tanpa perlu
mempedulikan posisi partai dan spektrum
ideologi;
2. Minimal Size Coalition
• Partai dengan suara terbanyak akan
mencari partai yang lebih kecil untuk
sekedar mencapai suara mayoritas;
• Rendah sekali probabilitasnya teori ini
sehingga paling jarang dipakai utk
menganalisis;
3. Bargaining Position
• Koalisi dengan jumlah partai paling sedikit;
• Prinsip dasar : memudahkan proses
negosiasi dan tawar menawar karena
anggota atau rekan koalisi hanya sedikit;
• Jumlah rekanan yg sedikit juga bukan
jaminan bahwa koalisi akan berjalan
lancar;
• Termasuk teori yang jarang dipakai
sebagai acuan;
4. Minimal Range Coalition
• Dasar koalisi : kedekatan pada
kecenderungan ideologis sehingga
memudahkan partai2 berkoalisi
membentuk kabinet;
5. Minimal Connected Winning Coalition
• Partai2 berkoalisi karena masing2 memiliki
kedekatan dalam orientasi kebijakannya;
• Partai-partai akan mencari anggota koalisi dari
partai yg terdekat secara ideologis, yg dg
sendirinya tercermin pada orientasi kebijakan
partai;
• Partai tidak sekedar bergabung untuk merebut
kekuasaan, tetapi juga mempertimbangkan
benar2 kedekatan kebijakan masing-masing
partai
• Paling banyak dipakai secara empiris
Koalisi Antar Oposan
Dasar koalisi :
1. Common threat
2. Shared threat
3. Utilitarian motive
Terjadi karena :
1. Delegitimasi kekuasaan
hegemonik
1. Kepercayaan rakyat pd sistem
dan institusi politik merosot tajam
Tujuannya :
1. Ciptakan nilai-nilai baru
2. Membangun institusi2 baru
3. Ciptakan mekanisme politik baru
Sumber : Richard Jensen, Party Coalitions
and the Search for Modern Values (1981)
Elemen pembentukan koalisi
• Sidney Tarrow, elements are necessary to maintain a
coalition:
– Members must frame the issue that brings them
together with a common interest.
– Members’ trust in each other and believe that their
peers have a credible commitment to the common
issue(s) and/or goal(s).
– The coalition must have a mechanism(s) to manage
differences in language, orientation, tactics, culture,
ideology, etc. between and among the collective’s
members (especially in transnational coalitions).
– The shared incentive to participate and,
consequently, benefit.
Bagimana model koalisi di
parlemen Indonesia sekarang?
Sumber :
Riswanda Imawan, Koalisi Partai dan
Kebijakan Publik, Handout Kuliah, S2
Program Magister Ilmu Politik,
Pascasarjana UGM, Yogyakarta, 2005.
• A coalition government is a cabinet of
a parliamentary government in which several parties cooperate.
• The usual reason given for this arrangement is that no party on its
own can achieve a majority in the parliament.
• A coalition government might also be created in a time of national
difficulty or crisis, for example during wartime, to give a government
the high degree of perceived political legitimacy it desires whilst also
playing a role in diminishing internal political strife.
• In such times, parties have formed all-party coalitions (national
unity governments, grand coalitions). If a coalition collapses
a confidence vote is held or a motion of no confidence is taken.
Coalition governments worldwide
• Coalitions composed of few parties
– Germany => Helmut Kohl's CDU governed for years in coalition with the Free
Democratic Party (FDP), from 1998 to 2005 Gerhard Schröder's SPD was in
power with the Greens and from 2009 Angela Merkel, CDU/CSU was in power
with the FDP.
– In Ireland, coalition governments are quite common with a single party not having
ruled since 1989. Coalitions are typically formed of two or more parties always
consisting of one of the two biggest parties, Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael and one
or more smaller parties or independent members of parliament. The current
government consists of Fianna Fáil and theGreen Party, supported by
independents.
• Coalitions composed of many parties
–
–
India's present governing coalition, the United Progressive Alliance, consists of 13 separate
parties.
In Finland, no party has had an absolute majority in the parliament since independence, and
multi-party coalitions have been the norm. The current government (Vanhanen II) is a fourparty coalition.
Arguments for and against
coalition government
• Advocates of proportional representation suggest that a coalition
government leads to more consensus-based politics, in that a
government comprising differing parties (often based on
different ideologies) would need to concur in regard to
governmental policy.
• Another stated advantage is that a coalition government better
reflects the popular opinion of the electorate within a country.
• Those who disapprove of coalition governments believe that such
governments have a tendency to be fractious and prone to
disharmony.
• A second difficulty might be the ability of minor parties to play
"kingmaker" and, particularly in close elections, gain far more for
their support than their vote would otherwise indicate.
• Coalition governments have also been criticized for sustaining
a consensus on issues when disagreement and the consequent
discussion would be more fruitful.
• A single, more powerful party can shape the policies of the coalition
disproportionately. Smaller or less powerful parties can be
intimidated to not openly disagree. In order to maintain the coalition,
they will have to vote against the party's platform in the parliament. If
they do not, the party has to leave the government and loses
executive power.
• Sidney Tarrow, elements are necessary to maintain a coalition:
– Members must frame the issue that brings them together with a
common interest.
– Members’ trust in each other and believe that their peers have
a credible commitment to the common issue(s) and/or goal(s).
– The coalition must have a mechanism(s) to manage differences
in language, orientation, tactics, culture, ideology, etc. between
and among the collective’s members (especially in transnational
coalitions).
– The shared incentive to participate and, consequently, benefit.
• Coalitions manifest in a variety of forms, types
and terms of duration:
– Campaign coalitions with high intensity and long-term
cooperation
– Federations, characterized by relatively lower degree of
involvement, intensity and participation, involving cooperation of
long duration, but with members’ primary commitment remaining
with their own entities
– Instrumental coalitions, involving low-intensity involvement
without a foundation to mediate conflict
– Event-based coalitions that have a high level of involvement and
the potential for future collaboration.