Air Quality Regulation in California
Critical Issues in Greenhouse Gases, Stationary
Sources & Mobil Source Emissions
January 12, 2007
Jim Flanagan
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Two views of marine transport
> Dirtiest mode of
transport
> Cleanest mode of
transport
>Uses high sulfur
fuel
>Efficient use of
energy resources
>Engines not
designed to
minimize emissions
>Lowest drag on
movement
2
How should we measure and track
environmental performance?
> Reduction from baseline
> High baseline  reductions appear less meaningful
> Per container (TEU) shipped per mile
> To track performance and for comparisons
> Consider entire environmental footprint
Good business planning reduces emissions
3
Air Emissions in Marine Transportation
Energy Use  Air Emissions
Consider the full transportation chain footprint
> Ocean going vessels
> Main engine emissions
> Dockside auxiliary engine emissions
> Harbor craft: tugs, pilot vessels, etc.
> Container loading and unloading
> Movement off-site
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Pollution Prevention: Increasing Efficiency
Reduces Emissions and Costs
Best
> Pollution prevention and waste
minimization – Redesign of processes and
practices to reduce or eliminate emissions
or waste.
> Reuse of materials and converting wastes
to new uses.
> Recycling.
> End-of-pipe treatment (such as catalytic
reduction).
Worst
> Disposal (includes shifting emissions or
impacts to other areas)
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Energy efficiency for container vessels compared with
other modes of transport
S-Type
Rail –
container Electric*
vessel
Rail –
Diesel*
Heavy
Truck*
Boeing
747-400*
0.018
0.043
0.067
0.18
2.00
Energy Use
kWh/tkm
Emissions (g/tkm)
CO2
8.36
44.096
17
50
552
PM
0.009
n/a
0.008
0.005
n/a
SOx
0.162
0.21768
0.00005 0.00006
0.17
NOx
0.21
0.13
0.35
5.69
0.31
*Source: Network for Transport and the Environment (NTM)
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Shipping by water is most energy efficient
Distance travelled with 1 ton cargo using 1 kWh energy for different
transport modes
Boeing 747-400
Heavy Truck
Rail – Diesel
Rail – Electric
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
km
50.0
60.0
70.0
S-Type container
vessel
PS-Type container
(expected)
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Bigger ships are more efficient
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Larger vessels are more efficient
Medium Container Vessels 2000-3500 TEU
- Average service speed 19 knots
140.0
120.0
121.3
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
CO2
3.19
1.99
NOx
SOx
g CO2 / TEU.km
g CO2 / TEU.km
Small Container Vessels < 2000 TEU - Average
service speed 16 knots
140.0
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
CO2
g CO2 / TEU.km
g CO2 / TEU.km
1.99
NOx
SOx
100.0
85.8
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
3.17
Large Container Vessels - > 5000 TEU
- Average service speed 21 knots
Medium-Large Container Vessels - 3500-5000 TEU
- Average service speed 20 knots
100.0
121.6
2.57
80.0
76.3
60.0
40.0
20.0
1.41
2.03
1.25
NOx
SOx
0.0
0.0
CO2
NOx
SOx
CO2
g CO2/TEU.km = grams carbon dioxide emitted per twenty-foot container unit transported one kilometre.
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Shipping efficiencies through technology
Maersk Line energy optimization initiatives include:
> Waste heat recovery systems reduce fuel use 10%.
> Slide valves
> Computer systems improve cargo, route & speed efficiency
> Waste oil clarification decanters separate burnable liquids
from waste oil, water, and sludge mixtures
> New cylinder lubrication systems use less oil
> Efficient hull and propeller maintenance
> Hull coatings
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Shipping Gets More Efficient
Average CO2 emissions from A.P. Moller - Maersk
owned container vessels 2002-2006*
g CO2 / TEU.km
Results
Our efforts to reduce CO2
emissions have led to a
significant 5.6 per cent
decrease in fuel
consumption and
reduction in emissions
per tonne of cargo. This
corresponds to a total
reduction in CO2
emissions of 1.81 million
tonnes during the period
2002 to 2006*.
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
89.1
85.6
2002
2003
84.6
84.8
2004
2005
84.1
2006*
•*First half of 2006
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Port area air quality options
> Is shore-side power a solution?
> Stresses shoreside electrical networks
> Significant capital costs and time required
> Compatibility issues from port to port
> Only reduces emissions while at dock
> Safety issues
> Other options include
> Cleaner fuels while near ports
> Cleaner engines
> On-board control technologies: SCR, PM filtration, etc.
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Reduces emissions:
Total: over 400 tons/yr
SOx: 92%
PM:
73%
NOx: at least 10%
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Vessel Loading and Unloading
> Minimize container movement
> Mathematical models used to minimize moves to load
and unload vessels
> On-dock rail where feasible
> Inland mode choices
> Rail for minimum drag and resistance
> Trucks for greatest flexibility
> Pollution prevention
> Potential for electrification for new sites
> Minimize sulfur content of fuels
> Newest feasible engines
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Shipper Challenge #1
Uncoordinated Regulation
> Different governments want different outcomes
> Europe is concerned about GHGs, SOx and fine
particulate; whereas California is concerned about
diesel particulate and ozone
> Different issues  Different approaches to solutions
> Measurements and models vary
>Quality
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Shipper Challenge #2
The Law of Unintended Consequences
> Improvements in one area can lead to problems in other
areas
> Tests on SCR showed increasing particulates
> Restriction of at-sea dumping increases fuel use
> Newer vessels result in old-vessel recycling issues
> Scrubbing generates acid water
> Be careful what you measure
> Choice of metric
> Data quality
> Monitor vs. model
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The Maersk Challenge
> Being a good world-wide corporate citizen
> Reducing our GHG footprint  reducing overall energy use
> Consider world-wide operational impacts
> Harmonizing world-wide concerns
> Getting cargo where it needs to be on time and at
competitive cost
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Environmental Trends: Air Quality
> Increasing focus on health impacts of diesel emissions
> SOx, NOx and PM (particles)
> Ships, CHE, trucks, rail
> Air quality in many ports exceeds standards.
> Governments and customers are concerned about
“Greenhouse Gases” (CO2)
> Regulatory actions will include
> Tighter fuel standards world-wide (cost factor)
> Need for new technologies: AMP, SCR, PM filters
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Maersk’s Air Quality Program
> Reduce sulfur in fuel where it impacts shoreside air quality
> Develop mobile solutions for mobile sources
> Replace not retrofit port cargo handling equipment
> Implement management systems to ensure consistent
evaluation of issues
> Use good science and metrics
> Test thoroughly before committing
> Data-based decisions
> Work with shippers, other carriers and governments on
metrics, reductions and technologies
> Clean Cargo Working Group
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Thank you
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