Padico: A Component-Based Software Infrastructure for
Grid Computing
Alexandre Denis, Christian Pérez, Thierry Priol, André Ribes
To cite this version:
Alexandre Denis, Christian Pérez, Thierry Priol, André Ribes. Padico: A Component-Based
Software Infrastructure for Grid Computing. [Research Report] RR-4974, INRIA. 2003. <inria00071604>
HAL Id: inria-00071604
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00071604
Submitted on 23 May 2006
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INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
Padico: A Component-Based Software
Infrastructure for Grid Computing
Alexandre Denis , Christian Pérez , Thierry Priol , André Ribes
N˚4974
October 23, 2003
ISSN 0249-6399
ISRN INRIA/RR--4974--FR+ENG
THÈME 1
apport
de recherche
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TCP/Ethernet-100 (reference)
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Éditeur
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