Padico: A Component-Based Software Infrastructure for Grid

Padico: A Component-Based Software Infrastructure for
Grid Computing
Alexandre Denis, Christian Pérez, Thierry Priol, André Ribes
To cite this version:
Alexandre Denis, Christian Pérez, Thierry Priol, André Ribes. Padico: A Component-Based
Software Infrastructure for Grid Computing. [Research Report] RR-4974, INRIA. 2003. <inria00071604>
HAL Id: inria-00071604
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00071604
Submitted on 23 May 2006
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés.
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
Padico: A Component-Based Software
Infrastructure for Grid Computing
Alexandre Denis , Christian Pérez , Thierry Priol , André Ribes
N˚4974
October 23, 2003
ISSN 0249-6399
ISRN INRIA/RR--4974--FR+ENG
THÈME 1
apport
de recherche
!"$#%&'( *)+-,.&/)+!0")21341)+5&6*)
7 )2891:4;<
=>@?BA+CED2F+G'?IH?JD+KML/NPO3QSR2GTKMLTU'KVCEDWYXJGT?JZ\[9O^]%R+KM?JGTGT_W*GTKM`.>Ma:O+=D2F2GTXcb:KMd3?JL/e
fhg0i/jPkIlmonp6qksrJt.uck/vqwEqxvi/jPk6q
yz{J|xk/vy+}n~€
nrJ2{\zxv‚k%zk6ƒ;g0k/zƒg0k…„†ˆ‡Š‰Œ‹‡ŽmSƒ/v{\‘2k/z’ˆ“.”"’ˆ•ˆ•ˆ“m ls‰9"rJ–Œk6q
—˜
™6šs›œŒšˆž fhgŸ q:"rJ2k/z‚k6qƒ/zxŸ¡‘2k6q:¢£{\zx¤¥Ÿ¡„¦z{\–ˆzk6qq:v{§‚k/¨Œk/© {\ªr«ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Šv€­®‘"r\qk6‚
q;{J¯Mv°¢±rJzkŸ¡„.¯Vz;r\qxvxzxt0ƒ/vxtzkˆ”EƒsrJ©¡© k6‚Iy²r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{”Œ¯³{\zYƒ6{\j¬tv;rJvxŸ {\„"rJ©+–ˆzxŸ ‚q´‘"r\qk6‚I{\„Pvxg0kµ*Sn¶h}
µ±{\j¬2{\„0k/„Šv«·¸{‚k/©¯Mz{\j$vxg0k¥S·º¹9»£fhg0kŽ{\‘.|xk6ƒ/vxŸ¡¨Œkº{J¯y
r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{¼Ÿ qv{½{J¾^k/z«rƒ6{\j¬2{J­
„0k/„vjP{E‚k/©3v;rJzx–Œk/vxŸ¡„–cjt©¡vxŸ¿­®gwEqxŸ ƒ6q%qŸ¡jt©ÀrJvxŸ {\„0qS{\zSrJ„ŠwÁrJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0qSvxg"rJvzk6ŠtŸ¡zkvxg0k
ƒ6{\t©¡Ÿ¡„–{J¯Ãqk/¨Œk/z;rJ©4ƒ6{E‚k6qÄVqxŸ¡jt©ÀrJvxŸ {\„c{\z£¨Ÿ qt"rJ©¡Ÿ¡ÅBrJvxŸ {\„4Æ¢*Ÿ¡vxgŸ¡„ÇrÈgŸ¡–ˆg.­®+k/z€¯³{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6kSk/„.­
¨EŸ¡z{\„jPk/„Švs»hfhgŸ q"rJ+k/zÈr\‚‚.zk6qqk6qjIrJŸ¡„©¡wÇv°¢£{Ÿ qqxt0k6q*¢±k:Ÿ ‚k/„ŠvxŸ¿É"k6‚ºr\qŸ¡j¬2{\zxv;rJ„Šv¯³{\zr
–ˆzxŸ ‚E­°rs¢±rJzkȃ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Šv±jP{‚k/©®»²fhg0k*É0zqvYŸ qqxt0k‚ksrJ© qY¢*Ÿ¡vxgvxg0kk/„0ƒsrJ0qxt©ÀrJvxŸ {\„Ç{J¯Ã"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©
ƒ6{E‚k6qSŸ¡„Šv{ǃ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Švqs»ÈÊkz{\+{ˆq;krJ„¥k'u.vk/„0qxŸ {\„Žv{cvxg0k¬µ*Sn¶h}˃6{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvÈjP{E‚E­
k/©ƒsrJ©¡© k6‚½¹ÈzxŸ ‚"µ*µ±·½»^fhg0k¬qk6ƒ6{\„0‚ºŸ q;qxt0k¬r\‚‚.zk6qqk6q%vxg0k9z{\‘© k/jÌ{J¯±vxg0k¬ƒ6{\j¬jt„Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„
‘2k/vÍ¢±k6k/„¥ƒ6{\j¬+{\„0k/„vqÈ¢*Ÿ¡vxgŸ¡„ºrƒ6{\j¬tv;rJvxŸ {\„"rJ©–ˆzxŸ ‚^»Êkz{\+{ˆq;krI+{\zxv;rJ‘© kzxt„ŠvxŸ¡jPkˆ”
ƒsrJ©¡© k6‚«y²r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*·¼”"rJ‘© kÈv{¬k'ÎIƒ/Ÿ k/„Švx©¡wÇqxt2{\zxvƒ6{\j¬jt„Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„ÁŸ¡„Árg0k/vk/z{\–Œk/„0k6{\t0q„0k/v€­
¢±{\zx¤Ÿ¡„–k/„ЍEŸ¡z{\„jPk/„Švs»
ϧЌÑ2ÒÓÔ ›Õ
™ˆž µ±{\j¬tv;rJvxŸ {\„"rJ©
–ˆzxŸ ‚^”0y
r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{”"j¬Ÿ ‚‚.© k/¢±rJzkˆ”+q{J¯VvÍ¢±rJzkƒ6{\j¬+{\„0k/„vq
Ö¿×3ذٮÚsÛØ£Ü3ݡٮ޳ß6à
á2âãåä.æ+çTè®éæ^ê;ää³ëJììˆçTè³í®îxï´ð6ñ²í®âJî4òMóJôõî€ó6í®ãåö'î^÷+ç'óô€îõè³í®îxïYø^ôõí®ãùç'óúVû
üýò@þ
ÿ ø3÷+ò.û
ü3òMþŠ çJ í®âî è®îõóJôÍâ
SãåóãùäVí³è³ñSçüýîõä³îxê;è®ôÍâ
"ëðù ãùä³âJîxï%ãùóý
ò«
ò@ósí®î°è®ó\ê;í®ãùçTó\êêèÍêùî4êTó\ï:þ²ãùäVí³è®ãùðJëBí®îxï0è®ç6ô€îõä³ä³ãåósñ*ìˆçTä³ãåë¡ò0þ!"!"#"%$
!"!#$
& ãùô€î"$ èÍêTóô€î"
' ø(ùî*)êTóJïBè®î"
þ²îõóJãùä,+
ã è®ãåä®ê-
è
. ÷+âè®ãùäVí®ãåêTó/
.î°è®î01+
ã è®ãùä®ê
è
2 á2âJãùîõè³è³ñ3
è®ãåç4
+ ãùè®ãùä®ê-
è
5 øýóJïBè®î"
ü3ãåðˆîõä,
+ ãùè®ãùä®ê-
è
Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes
IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex (France)
Téléphone : 02 99 84 71 00 - International : +33 2 99 84 71 00
Télécopie : 02 99 84 71 71 - International : +33 2 99 84 71 71
ý1-&/)+!0")21341)+ !"4!<
! c1)
)+<)+ *4 ! <*)2;! 1
™ ž µ±k/vÈrJzxvxŸ ƒ/© k‚p6ƒ/zxŸ¡vȂk6qvxz;rs¨\rJt.uÁ¨EŸ q;rJ„v P‚p/¨Œk/© {\2k/zÈt„0k:Ÿ¡„.¯Vz;r\qxvxzxt0ƒ/vxtzk
ƒ6{\j¬2{ˆq;rJ„vqh© {\–ˆŸ ƒ/Ÿ k/© qs”0rJ+k/© p6kÈy²r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{”2{\tz±© k6q±–ˆzxŸ¡©¡© k6q*‚kȃsrJ© ƒ/t©Ãk/„ctvxŸ¡©¡Ÿ q;rJ„Šv*© kSjP{E‚i/© k
‚kcƒ6{\j¬2{ˆq;rJ„ŠvqIµ*Sn¶±}5‚k© åS·¥¹9» {\‘.|€k6ƒ/vxŸ¿¯È‚ky²r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{¥k6qxv‚ {J¾2zxŸ¡z9t„½jP{E‚i/© kc‚k
ƒ6{\j¬2{ˆq;rJ„vqŠtŸ.¨EŸ qkY© k6q´rJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0qY‚k±qŸ¡jt©ÀrJvxŸ {\„0qjt©¡vxŸ¿­®gŠw.qxŸ Št0kk/v
© k6qrJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0q
ÂtŸ£‚k/jIrJ„0‚k/„v¬© kƒ6{\t©ÀrJ–Œkǂk©¡t0qxŸ k/tzq9ƒ6{‚k6q«ÄVqxŸ¡jt©ÀrJvxŸ {\„0qs”¨EŸ qxt"rJ©¡Ÿ q;rJvxŸ {\„4Ƃ0rJ„0qt„
ƒ6{\„vk'uEvk*‚khg"rJtvkh2k/z€¯³{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6kˆ»Yµ±k/vrJzxvxŸ ƒ/© krJ+{\zxvkht„0k*q{\©¡tvxŸ {\„IrJt.u9‚k/t.uz{\‘© i/jPk6q
zxŸ¡„0ƒ/Ÿ¡"rJt.u¸ÂŠt0k„0{\t0qSrs¨Œ{\„0qŸ ‚k/„vxŸ¿É"p+{\tzSt„ÁjP{E‚i/© k‚kƒ6{\j¬+{ˆqTrJ„ŠvqS+{\tz© k6q–ˆzxŸ¡©¡© k6qB»
ýr¦zk/j¬Ÿ i/zkºz{\‘© p/jIrJvxŸ Ât0k¥ƒ6{\„0ƒ6k/zx„0kº© k/„0ƒsrJ0qxt©ÀrJvxŸ {\„ ‚kºƒ6{E‚k6qǁ"rJz;rJ©¡© i/© k6q«‚0rJ„0q«‚k6q
ƒ6{\j¬2{ˆq;rJ„vqs» {\t0q£z{\2{ˆq{\„0qYt„0kSk'u.vk/„0qxŸ {\„It„0kSk'uEvk/„0qŸ {\„‚.tcjP{‚i/© kS‚kƒ6{\j¬2{ˆq;rJ„Švq
µ*Sn¶h} rJ2k/© p6kS¹ÈzxŸ ‚"µ*µ±·½» 3r:‚k/t.u.Ÿ i/jPkz{\‘© p/jIrJvxŸ Ât0kȃ6{\„0ƒ6k/zx„0k©Àrƒ6{\j¬jt„Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„
k/„vxzk© k6q´ƒ6{\j¬2{ˆq;rJ„vqYqxtz´t„0k–ˆzxŸ¡©¡© k‚kƒsrJ© ƒ/t©®» {\t0qYz{\+{ˆq;{\„0qt„PŸ¡„Švk/zx–ˆŸ ƒ/Ÿ k/©+2{\zxv;rJ‘© kˆ”
rJ2k/© pSy
r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*·¼”.ƒsrJ"rJ‘© k‚ ùr\qqtzk/z±‚k6q±ƒ6{\j¬jt„Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0qk'ÎIƒsr\ƒ6k6qhk/„Çk/„ЍEŸ¡z{\„„0k/jPk/„Šv
zp6q;ksrJt§g0p/vp/z{\–Œi/„0kˆ»
Ô šs™ Ò  ž ¹SzxŸ¡©¡© k:‚kƒsrJ© ƒ/t©®”0y
r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{”"Ÿ¡„Švk/zx–ˆŸ ƒ/Ÿ k/©®”+ƒ6{\j¬+{ˆqTrJ„Švq© {\–ˆŸ ƒ/Ÿ k/© q
!
#"%$&'()+*,-$.() .(./-/0(
1$2(435(,627/890:
“
E, ")2%134
µ±{\j¬tv;rJvxŸ {\„"rJ©¹SzxŸ ‚q%z{\j¬Ÿ q;kPv{«‘2k9vxg0k¬„0k'u.v:–Œk/„0k/z;rJvxŸ {\„½{J¯*gŸ¡–ˆg.­®2k/z€¯V{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6kƒ6{\j9­
tvxŸ¡„–ªzk6q{\tzƒ6k6qB=
» <S{s¢±k/¨Œk/zs”z{\–ˆz;rJj¬j¬Ÿ¡„– qt0ƒg ƒ6{\j¬tvxŸ¡„–ªŸ¡„.¯Mz;r\qxvxzxt0ƒ/vxtzk6qÇ¢*Ÿ¡©¡©È‘2k
k'u.vxzk/jPk/©¡w ƒg"rJ©¡© k/„–ˆŸ¡„–0» µ£tzxzk/„ŠvǖˆzxŸ ‚z{\–ˆz;rJj¬j¬Ÿ¡„–¼z;r\ƒ/vxŸ ƒ6k6qcvk/„0‚v{¦‘2k«‘"r\qk6‚ {\„
k'u.Ÿ qxvxŸ¡„–¬rJ„0‚I¢±k/©¡©2t„0‚k/zqxv{{E‚PjP{E‚k/© qhqxt0ƒg«r\q±jPk6qq;rJ–Œk'­®"r\qqŸ¡„–9rJ„0?‚ >@BACªÄVqxŸ¡„–ˆ© kz{J­
–ˆz;rJj$jt©¡vxŸ¡© kº‚0rJv;rŒÆ'» } ƒ6{\j¬tv;rJvxŸ {\„"rJ©È–ˆzxŸ ‚ Ÿ qIvxgt0qÇqk6k/„ r\qÇr¥¨EŸ¡zxvxt"rJ©‚.Ÿ qxvxzxŸ¡‘tvk6‚
jPk/jP{\zxw"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©^ƒ6{\j¬tvk/-z D.Ÿ¡v£©¡Ÿ¡j¬Ÿ¡vqhŸ¡vq±t0qkv{"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©ÃrJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0qs”0¢*gŸ ƒg§rJzk{\„©¡wÇr
qt‘0qk/v{J¯rJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0qvxg"rJvƒ6{\t© ‚«‘2k/„0k'É0v*¯Vz{\j qxt0ƒ;gÁƒ6{\j¬tvxŸ¡„–IŸ¡„.¯Vz;r\qxvxzxt0ƒ/vxtzk6qs»hµ£tz€­
zk/„vk'¾2{\zxvqs”\qxt0ƒ;gPr\q²µhr\ƒ/vxt05q E¡l F͔ˆrJŸ¡jËrJv
‚k6qŸ¡–ˆ„Ÿ¡„–z{\‘© k/j q{\©¡¨EŸ¡„–Sk/„¨Ÿ¡z{\„jPk/„vqÄVy£8 G£Æ
vxg"rJv{J¾2k/zjP{\zIk H"k'u.Ÿ¡‘© k¬z{\–ˆz;rJj¬j¬Ÿ¡„–ºjP{‚k/© q‘"r\qk6‚{\„¦vxg0kPŸ ‚ksr§{J¯*jP{‚.t©ÀrJzxŸ¡ÅBrJvxŸ {\„û
Ek/¨Œk/z;rJ©£ƒ6{‚k6qƒsrJ„‘+k9Ÿ¡„vk/zƒ6{\„„0k6ƒ/vk6‚¼¢*Ÿ¡vxgŸ¡„½r«y£8 G v{§q{\©¡¨ŒkIrcz{\‘© k/j Ÿ¡„½r«qx2k6ƒ/Ÿ¿É"ƒ
‚{\jIrJŸ¡„ûȵ±{\j¬+{\„0k/„vȁz{\–ˆz;rJj¬j¬Ÿ¡„–«jP{‚k/© q–Œk/„0k/z;rJ©¡Ÿ¡ÅskvxgŸ qSrJz{Œr\ƒ;g¸v{ÇrJ„Šw§‚{\jIrJŸ¡„û
µ±{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvjP{E‚k/© q¢±k/zkPzk6qx2{\„0qk6q:v{Ávxg0kPŸ¡„0ƒ/zksr\qxŸ¡„–ºƒ6{\j¬© k'u.Ÿ¡vÍw¦{J¯*vxg0krJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„
‚k/¨Œk/© {\jPk/„v%z{ƒ6k6q;qk6qŸ¡„¸‘t0qxŸ¡„0k6qqSƒ6{\j¬tvxŸ¡„–«Ÿ¡„0ƒ/©¡t0‚.Ÿ¡„–Çvxg0k‚k6qŸ¡–ˆ„ށg"r\qkˆ»Sfhg0kŸ ‚ksr
‘2k/gŸ¡„0‚¥ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Švz{\–ˆz;rJj¬j¬Ÿ¡„–¸Ÿ qÈv{§‚k6qxŸ¡–ˆ„¦rJ„¼rJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„¯Vz{\j k'uEŸ qxvxŸ¡„–«‘tŸ¡© ‚.Ÿ¡„–
‘© {Eƒ¤.qYrs¨Œ{\Ÿ ‚.Ÿ¡„–vxg0k‚k/¨Œk/© {\jPk/„v±{J¯^ƒ6{‚k6q´¢*g0k/„Pvxg0k/w9rJ©¡zksr\‚.w¬k'u.Ÿ qxvs»µ±{\j¬+{\„0k/„vYjP{E‚E­
k/© q*qt0ƒgÁr\q±vxg0Jk G„Švk/zxzxŸ q;Lk KŠr6¨ˆr9¶hksrJ„0q:Ä GMKŒ¶+Æ Eù2’ NOF͔·ŽŸ ƒ/z{ˆq{J¯V5v PSŸ qxvxzxŸ¡‘tvk6‚Áµ±{\j¬2{\„0k/„Šv
‘.|xk6ƒ/v´·¸{‚k/©ÃÄ P:µ*S·ºQÆ E¡-l RF͔ŠrJ„0‚9jP{\zkhzk6ƒ6k/„Švx©¡w9vxg0kS·¥T
¹ S+UWVYXZ޵±{\j¬2{\„0k/„Šv±·Ž{E‚k/©
[Ä SJ\YAÆ E¡lsO‰ F^rJ„0‚Êk/‘«Ek/zx¨EŸ ƒ6k6+
q E]ROF2rJzkÈr%¯³k/¢ k'u0rJj¬© k6qs»fhg0{ˆqkSƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvhjP{‚k/© q±¢±k/zk
jIrJŸ¡„©¡w«‚k6qxŸ¡–ˆ„0k6‚§¯V{\z‘t0qxŸ¡„0k6qqrJ„0‚ ^J{\zS~̈́vk/zx„0k/vSƒ6{\j¬tvxŸ¡„–«rJ„0‚ÁrJzk„0{\v¢£k/©¡©
qxtŸ¡vk6‚«¯³{\z
gŸ¡–ˆg.­®2k/z€¯³{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6kƒ6{\j¬tvxŸ¡„–0»·Ž{ˆqv{J¯´vxg0k/j ‚{„0{\vk/¨Œk/„Žzxt„¸{\„¸k'uEŸ qxvxŸ¡„–cqxt2k/zƒ6{\j9­
tvk/zqB»fhg0kȵ±{\j¬jP{\„Áµ±{\j¬2{\„0k/„Šv*}zƒ;gŸ¡vk6ƒ/vxtzk¬Ä®µ*µ±}ÈÆ´Ÿ¡„Ÿ¡vxŸÀrJvxŸ¡¨Œ_k EåO‹ F2rJŸ¡jPq*rJv£‚k'É0„Ÿ¡„–
rƒ6{\j¬+{\„0k/„v£jP{E‚k/©2qx+k6ƒ/Ÿ¿É"ƒsrJvxŸ {\„I¯V{\z±‚.Ÿ qxvxzxŸ¡‘tvk6‚ÇrJ„0‚I"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©2qƒ/Ÿ k/„ŠvxŸ¿É"ƒSƒ6{\j¬tvxŸ¡„–0»´~°v
Ÿ q:rcj¬Ÿ¡„Ÿ¡jIrJ©±qx2k6ƒ/Ÿ¿É"ƒsrJvxŸ {\„Ÿ¡„¥vxg"rJv%Ÿ¡v:‚{k6q:„0{\v%Ÿ¡j¬+{ˆqkPrc"rJzxvxŸ ƒ/t©ÀrJzzxt„ŠvxŸ¡jPkPk/„¨Ÿ¡z{\„.­
jPk/„vh¯V{\zhvxg0kÈk'uk6ƒ/tvxŸ {\„§{J¯µ*µ±} ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvqjIrJ¤Ÿ¡„–9vxg0kµ*µ±} jP{E‚k/©2+{\zxv;rJ‘© k:r\ƒ/z{ˆq;q
rI¢*Ÿ ‚k9qx2k6ƒ/vxzxtj {J¯£gŸ¡–ˆg.­®+k/z€¯³{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6k¬ƒ6{\j¬tvxŸ¡„–«Ÿ¡„.¯Mz;r\qvxzxt0ƒ/vxtzkŸ¡„0ƒ/©¡t0‚.Ÿ¡„–§ƒ6{\j¬tv;r­
vxŸ {\„"rJ©.–ˆzxŸ ‚qs`» <S{s¢±k/¨Œk/zs”ŒŸ¡v‚{k6q
„0{\v‚ksrJ©¢*Ÿ¡vxg9Ÿ¡„Švk/z{\2k/z;rJ‘Ÿ¡©¡Ÿ¡vÍw¬Ÿ qqt0kY„0{\z²vxg0kh‚k/© {swEjPk/„Šv
{J¯ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvqŸ¡„Á‘Ÿ¡„"rJzxw¯³{\zxj§»
fhgŸ q"rJ2k/z9r\‚‚.zk6q;qk6qvxg0kc‚k6qxŸ¡–ˆ„ª{J¯r§ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Šv€­®‘"r\qk6‚q;{J¯Mv°¢±rJzkŸ¡„.¯Mz;r\qxvxzxt0ƒ/vxtzkˆ”
ƒsrJ©¡© k6‚9y²r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{”ˆ¯³{\zƒ6{\j¬tv;rJvxŸ {\„"rJ©0–ˆzxŸ ‚q²‘"r\qk6‚9{\„¬vxg0kµ*Sn¶h} µ±{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvY·¸{‚k/©E¯Vz{\j
vxg0kǏS·º¹¬»ý~°vvxgt0qv;rJ¤Œk6q9r\‚.¨ˆrJ„Šv;rJ–ŒkÇ{J¯rJ©¡©£vxg0kƒ/tzxzk/„Šv¬k'¾^{\zxvqv{Á‘tŸ¡© ‚¼rŽƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„.­
v9jP{E‚k/©*Ÿ¡„0ƒ/©¡t0‚.Ÿ¡„–¼rJ©¡©r\qx2k6ƒ/vq9zk/©ÀrJvk6‚v{¸vxg0k«t0qkÇ{J¯Èƒ6{\j¬+{\„0k/„vqqxt0ƒ;gr\q¬‚.Ÿ qƒ6{s¨Œk/zxwŒ”
‚k/© {BwjPk/„vs”
Ÿ¡„0qxv;rJ„ŠvxŸÀrJvxŸ {\„Ô
Ÿ¡„Švk/z{\2k/z;rJ‘Ÿ¡©¡Ÿ¡vÍwŒ”k/vƒˆ»cµ*Sn¶h} rJ2ksrJzqr\qrJ„Ÿ¡„Švk/zk6qxvxŸ¡„–
ƒ;g0{\Ÿ ƒ6k:r\qhŸ¡v*Ÿ q*rjIrJvxtzkÈvk6ƒg„0{\© {\–ˆwÇ¢*gŸ ƒg«Ÿ qhŸ¡„0‚k/2k/„0‚k/„Šv{J¯
vxg0k%{\+k/z;rJvxŸ¡„–PqwEqxvk/j§”.{J¯
vxg0k©ÀrJ„–ˆt"rJ–Œk6qrJ„0‚¸{J¯Yvxg0k9ƒ6{\j¬jt„Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„z{\v{Eƒ6{\© qs»%·¸{\zk6{s¨Œk/zs”2Ÿ¡vq%ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvÈjP{E‚E­
k/©£Ÿ q:vxg0kIjP{ˆqxvƒ6{\j¬© k/vkˆ”qxv;rJ„0‚0rJz‚.Ÿ¡Åsk6‚¼ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvjP{‚k/©®b» a"{\zk'u0rJj¬© kˆ”ýŸ¡vqx2k6ƒ/Ÿ¿É"k6q
g0{B¢ v{½‚k/© {swr¥‚.Ÿ qxvxzxŸ¡‘tvk6‚ qk/vI{J¯:ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Švqs» tzc{\‘.|€k6ƒ/vxŸ¡¨ŒkÁŸ qPv°¢£{J¯³{\© ‚^c
» a
Ÿ¡zqxvs”
;
üýü ó1d.efg
e
‡
B(
. 0(, . .() .(,( Q(. B(
7
,
Porosity
Chemistry
Code
Transport
Code
Density
a
Ÿ¡–ˆtzkPlYµ±{\j¬jt„Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„¥qƒg0k/jPk:{J¯´r‘"r\qxŸ ƒ:ƒ6{E‚k%ƒ6{\t©¡Ÿ¡„–crJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„û
¢±kPrJŸ¡j rJvÈk'u.vk/„0‚.Ÿ¡„–«vxg0k S+U VYX Zƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvjP{‚k/©Ÿ¡„¥qxt0ƒ;g¥r¢hr6w >@BACªƒ6{E‚k6qȃsrJ„
‘2kPk/„0ƒsrJ0qxt©ÀrJvk6‚¼ksr\qxŸ¡©¡w¦rJ„0‚½k'ÎIƒ/Ÿ k/„Švx©¡wŒ»ŽEk6ƒ6{\„0‚^”
¢£kIv;rJzx–Œk/vv{Á‚k6qxŸ¡–ˆ„¼r§+{\zxv;rJ‘© kcrJ„0‚
k'ÎIƒ/Ÿ k/„v*zxt„ŠvxŸ¡jPk%k/„¨Ÿ¡z{\„jPk/„v*¯V{\zhƒ6{\j¬tv;rJvxŸ {\„"rJ©Ã–ˆzxŸ ‚qhvxg"rJvh© k/vqhƒ6{\j¬+{\„0k/„vqƒ6{\j¬jt.­
„Ÿ ƒsrJvk¢*Ÿ¡vxgŽksr\ƒ;g¥{\vxg0k/zt0qxŸ¡„–vxg0krs¨\rJŸ¡©ÀrJ‘© kt„0‚k/zx©¡wEŸ¡„–„0k/v°¢£{\zx¤2”4¢*g"rJvk/¨Œk/zȟ¡vjIr6w§‘2k ʺ} ” Ã} {\zÈE} »
fhg0k¬zk/jIrJŸ¡„0‚k/z{J¯*vxgŸ q:"rJ2k/z:Ÿ q:‚.Ÿ¡¨EŸ ‚k6‚¦r\q:¯V{\©¡© {B¢qs»cEk6ƒ/vxŸ {\„ª’czk6qk/„Švqq{\jPkPk'uE­
rJj¬© k6q{J¯*t0q;rJ–ŒkIq;ƒ6k/„"rJzxŸ {ˆq%¯³{\z¢*gŸ ƒg½¢£kvxgŸ¡„¤ºvxg"rJvr§ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvjP{E‚k/©YŸ qqtŸ¡v;rJ‘© kˆ»
Ek6ƒ/vxŸ {\„º“9–ˆŸ¡¨Œk6qÈr¬qxg0{\zxv{B¨Œk/zx¨Ÿ k/¢ {J¯vxg0kS·º¹ S+U VYX Z¼ƒ6{\j¬+{\„0k/„vjP{E‚k/©®»h~̈́ºEk6ƒ/vxŸ {\„
‡0”¢£kSz{\2{ˆqkq;{\jPkk'u.vk/„0qxŸ {\„0q±v{vxg0k%µ*µ±· jP{E‚k/©®”.ƒsrJ©¡© k6‚ǹSzxŸ ‚"µ*µ±·¼”v{qxt2{\zxv±–ˆzxŸ ‚
rJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0q±r\q¢£k/©¡©+r\qYrS+{\zxv;rJ‘© kzxt„ŠvxŸ¡jPkˆ”EƒsrJ©¡© k6‚Py
r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*·¼»Ek6ƒ/vxŸ {\„ NSzk6qk/„Švq£q{\jPk
zk/©ÀrJvk6‚§¢£{\zx¤.qsM» a
Ÿ¡„"rJ©¡©¡wŒ”¢£k:z{s¨EŸ ‚kq{\jPk%ƒ6{\„0ƒ/©¡t0‚.Ÿ¡„–zk/jIrJzx¤EqŸ¡„ŽEk6ƒ/vxŸ {\„ .»
-&º 7 )2 ;ý*4 !Ë!4< #È
*)+;!
·ºrJ„Šw§rJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0qs”4qxt0ƒg¸r\qƒ6{‚kƒ6{\tŸ¡„–crJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„§¯³{\zk'u0rJj¬© kˆ”jIr6wǑ2k/„0k'É0v¯Vz{\j
vxg0k:rJjP{\t„v{J¯ƒ6{\j¬tv;rJvxŸ {\„"rJ©ý2{s¢±k/zȹSzxŸ ‚qƒsrJ„Á{J¾2k/zs»
Ãk/vt0qSƒ6{\„0qxŸ ‚k/z:rPqŸ¡j¬© kƒ6{E‚kƒ6{\t©¡Ÿ¡„–§rJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„¥vxg"rJvÈqxŸ¡jt©ÀrJvk6qSvxg0kvxz;rJ„0qx2{\zxv
{J¯²ƒg0k/j¬Ÿ ƒsrJ©ýz{‚.t0ƒ/vq*Ÿ¡„Ár2{\z{\t0q*jPk6‚.Ÿ¡tj§»£fhg0k/zkrJzkÈvÍ¢±{Pƒ6{‚k6"q {\„0k:ƒ6{‚k%ƒ6{\j¬tvk6q
vxg0kƒg0k/j¬Ÿ ƒsrJ©²z{E‚.t0ƒ/v qȂk/„0qxŸ¡vÍwŽrJ„0‚ºrPq;k6ƒ6{\„0‚Žƒ6{E‚kqŸ¡jt©ÀrJvk6qÈvxg0k:jPk6‚.Ÿ¡tj qȁ2{\z{ˆqxŸ¡v°wŒ»
a
Ÿ¡–ˆtzk¥lǁzk6qk/„vq¬vxg0k«ƒ6{\t©¡Ÿ¡„–¦qƒ;g0k/jPk§{J¯ÈvxgŸ qPrJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„û ¶h{\vxg ƒ6{‚kDŽ0k6k6‚ªv{º‘2k
"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©3¢*g0k/„ÁqxŸ¡jt©ÀrJvxŸ¡„–Ç“ P jPk6‚.ŸÀr.»
fhgŸ qYqk6ƒ/vxŸ {\„PŸ¡„vxz{‚.t0ƒ6k6qhq{\jPkvÍwEŸ ƒsrJ©"t0qk*ƒsr\qk6qYvxg"rJv£qxt0ƒ;grJ„rJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„cjIr6w¬g"rs¨Œk
v{¯®r\ƒ6k:‚.tzxŸ¡„–PŸ¡vq©¡Ÿ¿¯Vk%ƒ/w.ƒ/© kˆ»
#Y%Ð $ œ Ñ  Ô Õ Ð ™ & PÈk/¨Œk/© {\Ÿ¡„–r¦z{\–ˆz;rJj Ÿ qÇr½ƒ6{\j¬© k'u rJ„0‚ © {\„–ªvxŸ¡jPkºk'¾^{\zxvs» fhg0k
ƒ;g0k/j¬Ÿ ƒsrJ©hrJ„0‚¦vxg0kPvxz;rJ„0qx2{\zxvƒ6{E‚k6q9rJzkPz{\‘"rJ‘©¡w‚k/¨Œk/© {\2k6‚¦‘w‚.Ÿ¿¾2k/zk/„vvksrJjPqs”²ksr\ƒ;g
vksrJj g"r6¨EŸ¡„–ÈŸ¡vq²{s¢*„¬qk/v²{J¯0v{{\© 'q 3vxg0k£ƒ6{E‚k6q
jt0qxv²‘2k£r\qqtjPk6‚v{S‘2k´¢*zxŸ¡vxvk/„9Ÿ¡„‚.Ÿ¿¾^k/zk/„Šv
©ÀrJ„–ˆt"rJ–Œk6qŽÄ (MUWV%)YVZ*²”,µ ++”±k/vƒˆ»åƅrJ„0‚ªvxg0kǁ"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©¡Ÿ qj jIr6w¼‘+kǑ"r\q;k6‚¼{\„ ‚.Ÿ¿¾^k/zk/„Šv
"rJz;r\‚.Ÿ¡–ˆjPqÄ - @/.®1” 032`A:”"¹S© {\‘"rJ©3}zxz;r6w.qs”42k/„0·Žy
”0k/vƒˆ»åÆ'»
/œ 465+šs/œ 4653œ7˜ 4 84@š Ñ & PÈk/¨Œk/© {\2k/zq„0k6k6‚¸rPqxŸ¡j¬© k:¢±r6wÁv{¬zk/–ˆt©ÀrJzx©¡w§t2‚0rJvk%vxg0k/Ÿ¡zƒ6{E‚k%¯³{\z
¨ˆrJzxŸ {\t0q*zksr\q{\„0"q ‘t–9Éu.k6qB”„0k/¢ ¯VksrJvxtzk6qB”„0k/¢ rJ©¡–Œ{\zxŸ¡vxgjPqs”0k/vƒˆ»
ò &
ü3òVø
!
#"%$&'()+*,-$.() .(./-/0(
1$2(435(,627/890:
N
«Ð ÔEÑ Ð 5+šˆžS Ô 54MŒœ."š 4 Ô 5 Ð 4M˜ 4 64@š Ñ & fâ±{9‚.Ÿ¿¾2k/zk/„v±ƒ6{\„.É0–ˆtz;rJvxŸ {\„0qrJzkSr6¨ˆrJŸ¡©¿­
rJ‘© k‚k/+k/„0‚.Ÿ¡„–Ç{\„Áq{\jPkk'uEvk/zx„"rJ©²ƒ6{\„0‚.Ÿ¡vxŸ {\„0qs»*fhg0k:É0zqxvƒ6{\„.É0–ˆtz;rJvxŸ {\„¸Ÿ qjIr\‚k{J¯vÍ¢£{
"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©ýjIr\ƒgŸ¡„0k6qSƒ6{\„„0k6ƒ/vk6‚§‘w«r¬¢*Ÿ ‚krJzksr9„0k/vÍ¢±{\zx¤+»QGYr\ƒ;gÁ"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©3jIr\ƒ;gŸ¡„0kŸ q©ÀrJzx–Œk
k/„0{\t–ˆgŽv{¬{\„©¡w«k'u.k6ƒ/tvk:{\„0k{J¯
vxg0k:vÍ¢£{ƒ6{‚k6qB»´fhg0kqk6ƒ6{\„0‚Áƒ6{\„.É0–ˆtz;rJvxŸ {\„ŽŸ qr¬"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©
jIr\ƒ;gŸ¡„0k%©ÀrJzx–Œk%k/„0{\t–ˆg§v{¬k'uk6ƒ/tvkȑ+{\vxg§ƒ6{E‚k6qs»fhg0kS¯³ksrJvxtzk6qÄM„0k/vÍ¢±{\zx¤+”0z{ƒ6k6qq;{\zs”k/vƒBÆ
{J¯
vxg0kÈjIr\ƒgŸ¡„0k6qSrJzkȤ„0{B¢*„Áqxv;rJvxŸ ƒsrJ©¡©¡wŒ»´~°„Çvxg0kSÉ0zqxvƒsr\qkˆ”.vxg0k%ƒ6{\j¬jt„Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0q‘2k/vÍ¢£k6k/„
vxg0kSv°¢£{¬ƒ6{E‚k6qht0qkvxg0kS¢*Ÿ ‚k:rJzkS„0k/vÍ¢±{\zx¤¢*gŸ¡© kÈvxg0k/wt0qkvxg0kȁ"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©+jIr\ƒ;gŸ¡„0k%„0k/vÍ¢±{\zx¤
Ÿ¡„«vxg0kqk6ƒ6{\„0‚§ƒsr\qkˆ»
«Ð ÔEÑ Ð 5+šˆž œ 465 Ð 7Õ 4M™s Ô 4Ð › Ñ & fhg0kYt0q;k/zqýjIrsw:„0{\v
g"r6¨Œk*r‚.Ÿ¡zk6ƒ/vr\ƒ6ƒ6k6qq
v{Sq{\jPk
jIr\ƒ;gŸ¡„0k6qs»*fhg0k/w«„0k6k6‚Žr¬jPk6ƒg"rJ„Ÿ qxjv{¬É0„0‚^”"v{I‚k/© {swÁrJ„0‚Áv{Ik'uk6ƒ/tvk:vxg0k/Ÿ¡zSƒ6{‚k6q{\„
jIr\ƒ;gŸ¡„0k6qYvxg0k/w¬rJzk*–Œk/v£r\ƒ6ƒ6k6q;q´v{»²fhg0kh¯³ksrJvxtzk6qY{J¯2vxg0k*jIr\ƒgŸ¡„0k6qÈÄM„0k/vÍ¢±{\zx¤Pvk6ƒg„0{\© {\–ˆŸ k6qs”
z{Eƒ6k6qq{\zqB”k/vƒˆ»åƬrJzkȄ0{\v¤E„0{s¢*„Áqxv;rJvxŸ ƒsrJ©¡©¡wŒ»
ž Ô Œœ 64Œœ."š 4 Ô 55 Ô 53™sšs›/œ 465+šs™ & } ƒ6{\j¬"rJ„Š
«Ð ÔEÑ Ð 5+šˆ
w ¢±{\t© ‚©¡Ÿ¡¤ŒkŽv{vk6qxvIvxg0k
z{\"rJ–ŠrJvxŸ {\„º{J¯²Ÿ¡vq"rJvk/„Švk6‚¸ƒg0k/j¬Ÿ ƒsrJ©
z{E‚.t0ƒ/vs»£~°v¢±rJ„vqv{Iƒ6{\t© k:Ÿ¡vqƒ6{E‚k6q¢*Ÿ¡vxgÁvxg0k
vxz;rJ„0q+{\zxvȃ6{‚kˆ+» <S{s¢±k/¨Œk/zs”^vxg0k9ƒg0k/j¬Ÿ qxvxzxw¸ƒ6{‚kÇÄVq{\tzƒ6k¬rJ„0‚Á‘Ÿ¡„"rJzxŸ k6q'Æjt0qxvȑ+k{\„¸vxg0k
jIr\ƒ;gŸ¡„0k6q{J¯²vxg0k:ƒ6{\j¬"rJ„ŠwŒ»
Ô 54MŒœ."š 4 Ô 5 ™ Ð  ý› 4Àš Ñ & } –ˆzxŸ ‚ºƒsrJ„¥‘+kjIr\‚k¬{J¯±q;k6ƒ/tzkPrJ„0‚ºŸ¡„0qk6ƒ/tzk9„0k/vÍ¢±{\zx¤Eqs»
fhg0k‚0rJv;r9ƒ6{\j¬tvk6‚§‘ŠwÇvxg0k:qŸ¡jt©ÀrJvxŸ {\„§„0k6k6‚«v{P‘+k%qk6ƒ/tzk6‚Á{\„«Ÿ¡„0qk6ƒ/tzk%„0k/vÍ¢±{\zx¤EqB»
fhg0k«„0k'uEvPq;k6ƒ/vxŸ {\„ Ÿ¡„Švxz{E‚.t0ƒ6k6qq;{J¯Mv°¢±rJzkÁƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Švqcr\qrºq{\©¡tvxŸ {\„v{qxŸ¡j¬©¡wrJ„0‚
k'ÎIƒ/Ÿ k/„vx©¡w§qxt2{\zxv*vxg0{ˆqk:qƒ6k/„"rJzxŸ {ˆqs»
#È&'(*)2 4!
"!$#
%'&%')(*+,%.-0/1!32465789!:8;%&
‘.|xk6ƒ/v€­Í{\zxŸ k/„Švk6‚¼z{\–ˆz;rJj¬j¬Ÿ¡„–ºg"r\qz{s¨EŸ ‚k6‚½qxt‘0qv;rJ„ŠvxŸÀrJ©*r\‚.¨\rJ„v;rJ–Œk6q{B¨Œk/zqvxzxt0ƒ/vxtzk6‚
z{\–ˆz;rJj¬j¬Ÿ¡„–0»E{J¯VvÍ¢hrJzkƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvSvk6ƒg„0{\© {\–ˆw§Ÿ qk'uE2k6ƒ/vk6‚«v{¬‘zxŸ¡„–Çr¬qxŸ¡j¬Ÿ¡©ÀrJzSk/¨Œ{\©¡t.­
vxŸ {\„«v{9q{J¯VvÍ¢hrJzk%vk6ƒg„0{\© {\–ˆwŒ»£Ê gŸ¡© kS{\‘.|xk6ƒ/v€­Í{\zxŸ k/„Švk6‚Áz{\–ˆz;rJj¬j¬Ÿ¡„–Iv;rJzx–Œk/vqrJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„
‚k6qŸ¡–ˆ„Ô0ƒ6{\j¬+{\„0k/„vSq;{J¯Mv°¢±rJzk:vk6ƒ;g„0{\© {\–ˆwÁk/j¬g"r\qxŸ¡Åsk6qƒ6{\j¬+{\„0k/„vSƒ6{\j¬2{ˆqxŸ¡vxŸ {\„¸rJ„0‚Á‚k'­
© {BwjPk/„vs»
E{J¯Mv°¢±rJzkIƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Švvk6ƒg„0{\© {\–ˆw Eù’ OF´g"r\q%‘2k6k/„k/jPk/zx–ˆŸ¡„–§¯³{\z:q{\jPk9wŒksrJz#q E]NOFYk/¨Œk/„
vxg0{\t–ˆgŸ¡vqPt„0‚k/zx©¡wŸ¡„–¥Ÿ¡„vxtŸ¡vxŸ {\„Ÿ q9„0{\v¬¨Œk/zxw¦zk6ƒ6k/„?v E¡lBO‹ FÍ»¼}jP{\„–¦rJ©¡©*vxg0k«‚k'É0„Ÿ¡vxŸ {\„0q
{J¯Èq{J¯VvÍ¢±rJzkÁƒ6{\j¬+{\„0k/„vqs”Yg0k/zkǟ qIÅ6wE2k/zqx¤Ÿ q¬{\„0k Eù’ F =<O!%$&'()?
.L b
/8 %$+ ,b&8 ()!/ 8 _ ) >Q) 9 .(9$,,J2B , '
2' . 0.B , / @? %$&'(
_ ) 9B[ .B6 B ./ BA!)- , #89(%J( ,C?ED
üýü ó1d.efg
e
B(
. 0(, . .() .(,( Q(. B(
7
,
Facet
Event
sink
CCM
Component
Event
source
Receptacle
aýŸ¡–ˆtzk’ ´}
Attribute
µ*µ±· ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Švs»
µ±{\j¬+{\„0k/„vrJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0qrJzk„"rJvxtz;rJ©¡©¡wŽjP{E‚.t©ÀrJz:r\q%ksr\ƒgƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Šv%zk/zk6qk/„vqr
;q k/"rJz;rJvk¯Vt„0ƒ/vxŸ {\„"rJ©¡Ÿ¡vÍwŒ»£µ±{E‚kzk/t0qkrJ„0‚cƒ6{‚kjIrJŸ¡„Šv;rJŸ¡„"rJ‘Ÿ¡©¡Ÿ¡v°wÇrJzkjIr\‚kksr\qŸ k/z±r\q±ƒ6{\j9­
2{\„0k/„Švq*rJzk¢£k/©¡©¿­Í‚k'É0„0k6‚«rJ„0‚IŸ¡„0‚k/2k/„0‚k/„Švs»3r\qxvs”Eƒ6{\j¬+{\„0k/„vqhz{s¨EŸ ‚kjPk6ƒ;g"rJ„Ÿ qxjPqhv{
‘2k‚k/© {swŒk6‚rJ„0‚¸ƒ6{\„„0k6ƒ/vk6‚ºŸ¡„¥r‚.Ÿ qxvxzxŸ¡‘tvk6‚¸Ÿ¡„.¯Vz;r\qxvxzxt0ƒ/vxtzkˆ»:fhgŠt0qB”2vxg0k/wŽrJ+ksrJzȨŒk/zxw
¢±k/©¡©3qxtŸ¡vk6‚ǯ³{\z¹SzxŸ ‚Áµ±{\j¬tvxŸ¡„–0»
!32
24;357;8!:8;%
9!C2 2
fhg0k SJUWVYXZ޵±{\j¬2{\„0k/„Šv£·¸{E‚k/© E¡ls‰ FÃ[Ä SJ\YAƲrJ2ksrJzk6‚9Ÿ¡„ S+U VYX Z¸“.»ù_• Eù’ˆO• FÍ'» SJ\YA rJ©¡© {s¢q
vxg0kYƒ/zksrJvxŸ {\„9rJ„0‚:‚k/© {BwjPk/„v
{J¯0ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Švq
Ÿ¡„r*‚.Ÿ qvxzxŸ¡‘tvk6‚k/„ЍEŸ¡z{\„jPk/„Švs»QSJ\YAŸ q3{\„0k
{J¯2vxg0khjP{ˆqxvYƒ6{\j¬© k/vkjP{‚k/© q´‘+k6ƒsrJt0qkhŸ¡vYjIrJ„"rJ–Œk6q´vxg0k*¢*g0{\© k*©¡Ÿ¿¯³k*ƒ/w.ƒ/© k{J¯^rȃ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Švs»
~°v£q+k6ƒ/Ÿ¿É"k6q£¯³{\tz£jP{E‚k/© q ²rJ‘0qvxz;r\ƒ/vs”z{\–ˆz;rJj¬j¬Ÿ¡„–0”‚k/© {BwjPk/„vrJ„0‚Çk'u.k6ƒ/tvxŸ {\„ÇjP{E‚k/© qs»
fhg0Ik S+\ A rJ‘0qxvxz;r\ƒ/vSjP{‚k/©²rJ©¡© {s¢ ‚k/¨Œk/© {\+k/zqSv{I‚k'É0„0kŸ¡„Švk/z€¯®r\ƒ6k6q%rJ„0‚§z{\2k/zxvxŸ k6q{J¯
ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvqB»£µ±{\j¬+{\„0k/„vqjIrswIŸ¡„Švk/z;r\ƒ/vvxgz{\t–ˆg§‚.Ÿ¿¾2k/zk/„vvÍwE+k6qh{J¯
+{\zxvqr\q*qxg0{B¢*„«Ÿ¡„
a
Ÿ¡–ˆtzk:’.» a"r\ƒ6k/vqrJ„0‚Çzk6ƒ6k/v;r\ƒ/© k6qrJzk%qxwE„0ƒgz{\„0{\t0q*2{\zxvqhvxg"rJvk'u.zk6qqh¢*g"rJvqk/zx¨EŸ ƒ6k6qr
ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Šv£z{s¨EŸ ‚k6qÄ@¯®r\ƒ6k/vTÆ´rJ„0‚ ^J{\z´zk6ÂtŸ¡zk6qÄMzk6ƒ6k/v;r\ƒ/© kBÆ''» G¨Œk/„ŠvqhrJzkht‘©¡Ÿ qxg0k6‚P‘w9Ÿ¡vq
k/¨Œk/„v£q{\tzƒ6k6q±rJ„0‚Pzk6ƒ6k/Ÿ¡¨Œk6‚I‘Šw¬k/¨Œk/„ŠvhqxŸ¡„¤.qs»ýfhg0Lk S+\ Az{\–ˆz;rJj¬j¬Ÿ¡„–jP{E‚k/©4‚k'É0„0k6qYvxg0k
µ±{\j¬2{\„0k/„Šv~Íj¬© k/jPk/„v;rJvxŸ {\„ PSk'É0„Ÿ¡vxŸ {\„ 3rJ„–ˆt"rJ–ŒkŽ[Ä S. C ŠÆS¢*gŸ ƒ;g¦Ÿ q:t0q;k6‚ºv{§‚k6qƒ/zxŸ¡‘2k
vxg0kŸ¡j¬© k/jPk/„v;rJvxŸ {\„¦qxvxzxt0ƒ/vxtzk9{J¯±rcƒ6{\j¬+{\„0k/„vrJ„0‚¸Ÿ¡vqSqwEqxvk/jzk6ÂtŸ¡zk/jPk/„Šv'q vxg0k9qk/v
{J¯ýŸ¡j¬© k/jPk/„Šv;rJvxŸ {\„Žƒ/©Àr\q;qk6qs”Evxg0k%rJ‘0qxvxz;r\ƒ/vh+k/zqxŸ qvk/„0ƒ6kSqv;rJvkˆ”k/vƒˆ»fhg0k SJ\YA ‚k/© {swEjPk/„Šv
jP{E‚k/©
Ÿ q‘"r\q;k6‚¸{\„¸vxg0kt0qk{J¯£q{J¯VvÍ¢±rJzk"r\ƒ;¤\rJ–Œk6qs”2Ÿ®» kˆ:» < . @
DrJzƒgŸ¡¨Œk6q:ƒ6{\„v;rJŸ¡„Ÿ¡„–§ƒ6{\j9­
2{\„0k/„Šv‚k6qƒ/zxŸ¡v{\zqIrJ„0‚Ÿ¡j¬© k/jPk/„v;rJvxŸ {\„0qs» PÈk6qƒ/zxŸ¡v{\zqcrJzkÇ¢*zxŸ¡vxvk/„ t0qxŸ¡„–¥vxg0kÁ2k/„
E{J¯VvÍ¢hrJz4k PÈk6qƒ/zxŸ¡vxŸ {\„Ä OC3Æ©ÀrJ„–ˆt"rJ–Œk¬¢*gŸ ƒ;gŸ q:rJ„ 4A c¨Œ{EƒsrJ‘t©ÀrJzxwŒ»9fhg0k S+\ A k'uk'­
ƒ/tvxŸ {\„¦jP{‚k/©Y‚k'É0„0k6qƒ6{\„Šv;rJŸ¡„0k/zq9r\q:zxt„vxŸ¡jPkIk/„ЍEŸ¡z{\„jPk/„Švq¯³{\z:ƒ6{\j¬+{\„0k/„vŸ¡„0qxv;rJ„0ƒ6k6qB»
µ±{\„v;rJŸ¡„0k/zq%gŸ ‚kvxg0k9ƒ6{\j¬© k'uEŸ¡v°w¸{J¯YjP{ˆqvÈ{J¯£vxg0kqwEqxvk/j qk/zx¨EŸ ƒ6k6qS©¡Ÿ¡¤Œkvxg0kvxz;rJ„0q;r\ƒ/vxŸ {\„Ô
q;k6ƒ/tzxŸ¡vÍwŒ”2k/zqxŸ qxvk/„0ƒ6kˆ”"rJ„0‚§„0{\vxŸ¿É"ƒsrJvxŸ {\„Žqk/zx¨EŸ ƒ6k6qs»
ò &
ü3òVø
!
#"%$&'()+*,-$.() .(./-/0(
1$2(435(,627/890:
!,& %8 !/ 35 ! -
%
‹
22
SJ\YA ‘zxŸ¡„–Œqȟ¡„Švk/zk6qxvxŸ¡„–¸rJ„0qx¢£k/zqÈv{cjIrJ„Šwºqƒ6k/„"rJzxŸ {ˆq%{J¯£{\tz:k'u0rJj¬© kˆ»:~°vÈjIrJ„"rJ–Œk6qÈvxg0k
g0k/vk/z{\–Œk/„0k/Ÿ¡v°w{J¯vxg0kÇ©ÀrJ„–ˆt"rJ–Œk6qs”±ƒ6{\j¬tvk/zqIrJ„0‚ª„0k/vÍ¢±{\zx¤Eq"«q{”© k/–Šr\ƒ/wªƒ6{‚k6q¬ƒsrJ„‘2k
k/j‘+k6‚‚k6‚¦Ÿ¡„ S+U VYX Z ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Švq9rJ„0‚¦‚k/© {swŒk6‚¦Ÿ¡„¼rǂ.Ÿ qxvxzxŸ¡‘tvk6‚½g0k/vk/z{\–Œk/„0k6{\t0qk/„.­
¨EŸ¡z{\„jPk/„Šv¬vxg"rJ„¤.qv{¸vxg0kc‚k/© {BwjPk/„vPjP{E‚k/©®» S+\ A…Ÿ q¬r¸‚.w„"rJj¬Ÿ ƒcjP{E‚k/©®»~Ív¬rJ©¡© {s¢q
ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Švqv{«‘2k‚.wE„"rJj¬Ÿ ƒsrJ©¡©¡w¥ƒ6{\„„0k6ƒ/vk6‚½rJ„0‚‚.Ÿ q;ƒ6{\„„0k6ƒ/vk6‚^»P·Ž{\zk6{B¨Œk/zs”3Ÿ¡v%jIrJ„"rJ–Œk6q
¨Œk/zqŸ {\„Ÿ¡„/– SJ\YA…rJ„0q¢£k/zqjIrJŸ¡„Šv;rJŸ¡„"rJ‘Ÿ¡©¡Ÿ¡v°w¦Ÿ qqxt0k6qB» a
Ÿ¡„"rJ©¡©¡wŒQ” S+U VYXZ Eù’ˆ• F±{J¾2k/zq9r«zxŸ ƒ;g
k/„¨Ÿ¡z{\„jPk/„v¯³{\zqk6ƒ/tzxŸ¡v°wcŸ q;qxt0k6qs”EŸ¡„0ƒ/©¡t0‚.Ÿ¡„–crJtvxg0k/„vxŸ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„ºrJ„0‚§‚k/© k/–ŠrJvxŸ {\„û
S+\ A q{\©¡¨Œk6q9jIrJ„w½Ÿ qqt0k6q{J¯È{\tzPk'urJj¬© kˆ»½¶±tvs”´Ÿ¡v9©Àr\ƒ¤.q¬q{\jPk¯Mt„0ƒ/vxŸ {\„"rJ©¡Ÿ¡vxŸ k6qIv{
jIrJ„"rJ–Œkk'ÎIƒ/Ÿ k/„Švx©¡w«"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©ýƒ6{E‚k6qs»
7 )2!
9
( %'# ;,8& + 22
9
/1/ ! 2 8 9 ! / 65 !
} ¡© Ÿ¡j¬Ÿ¡v;rJvxŸ {\„Ž{J¯+S+\ A Ÿ q*vxg"rJvŸ¡v‚{k6q*„0{\v*z{B¨Ÿ ‚krJ„Šw«qxt2{\zxv*v{Pk/„0ƒsrJ0qxt©ÀrJvk"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©
ƒ6{E‚k6qs»ý·Ž{E‚.Ÿ¿¯MwEŸ¡„–*vxg0k"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©Eƒ6{‚kv{r±jIr\qxvk/z€­Íqx©Àr6¨Œk±rJz{Œr\ƒg9q{r\qÃv{zk6qxvxzxŸ ƒ/vS+U VYX Z
ƒ6{\j¬jt„Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0qÈv{I{\„0k%„0{E‚kÄMvxg0kjIr\qxvk/zTÆ*‚{Ek6q„0{\vÈrJ+ksrJzv{P‘2k%vxg0k:zxŸ¡–ˆgvSq;{\©¡tvxŸ {\„ Ÿ¡vjIr6w½zk6ŠtŸ¡zkc„0{\„ªvxzxŸ¡¨EŸÀrJ©±jP{E‚.Ÿ¿É"ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0q9v{¸vxg0kI"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©ƒ6{E‚kÇrJ„0‚½vxg0kcjIr\qxvk/z9„0{E‚k
jIrswŽ‘2k6ƒ6{\jPkIrǃ6{\j¬jt„Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„¦‘2{\vxvx© k/„0k6ƒ¤2»PfhgŸ q%Ÿ qqxt0kŸ qr\‚‚.zk6q;qk6‚º‘Šw¹SzxŸ ‚"µ*µ±·¼”3r
"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©ýk'uEvk/„0qxŸ {\„Áv{ S+\ A:”zk6q;k/„Švk6‚§Ÿ¡„ºEk6ƒ/vxŸ {\„§‡0»ù’.»
ÊkcrJ© q{Žƒ6{\„0qxŸ ‚k/zvÍ¢£{º{\vxg0k/zz{\‘© k/jPqs»Áfhg0kIÉ0zqxv{\„0kIŸ qvxg0kIjIrJ„"rJ–Œk/jPk/„v¬{J¯vxg0k
„0k/v°¢£{\zx¤¸g0k/vk/z{\–Œk/„0k/Ÿ¡vÍwº¢*Ÿ¡vxgŸ¡„ºgŸ¡–ˆg.­®+k/z€¯³{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6kPƒ6{\„0qxvxz;rJŸ¡„vqs»:fhg0k9qk6ƒ6{\„0‚¥{\„0kŸ¡„¸vxg0k
ƒ6{J­®g"rJ‘Ÿ¡v;rJvxŸ {\„ {J¯S‚.Ÿ¿¾2k/zk/„v¬j¬Ÿ ‚‚.© k/¢±rJzk«qxw.qxvk/jPqŸ¡„0qxŸ ‚kÇ{\„0kIz{Eƒ6k6qqs”²©¡Ÿ¡¤Œ6k S+U VYXZ rJ„0‚
- @/.^¯³{\zk'urJj¬© kˆ»´fhg0k6q;k%z{\‘© k/jPqrJzkr\‚‚.zk6q;qk6‚Ç‘Šw«y²r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*· Ÿ¡„ŽEk6ƒ/vxŸ {\„Á‡0»ù“.»
¹SzxŸ ‚"µ*µ±· rJ„0‚¥y
r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*· ƒ/tzxzk/„vx©¡w‚k'É0„0kPy
r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{”rǃ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Šv€­®‘"r\qk6‚½q{J¯VvÍ¢±rJzk
Ÿ¡„.¯Vz;r\qxvxzxt0ƒ/vxtzk¯V{\z±–ˆzxŸ ‚Iƒ6{\j¬tvxŸ¡„–0»Yfhg0k–Œ{ŒrJ©+Ÿ qYv{{J¾^k/z±r%z{\–ˆz;rJj¬j¬Ÿ¡„–IrJ„0‚ck'uk6ƒ/tvxŸ {\„
¯Vz;rJjPk/¢£{\zx¤Çv{¬‘2k:rJ‘© k%v{¬ksr\qxŸ¡©¡w«rJ„0‚§k'ÎIƒ/Ÿ k/„vx©¡w«t0qk¹SzxŸ ‚qs»
206578!:8;%& 7
22
Ô Õ3 485 $! œ›œ Ð 64M™ 465+š Ô ¹ÈzxŸ ‚"µ*µ±· k'u.vk/„0‚q*vxg0k_SJUWVYXZ¼µ±{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvÈ·Ž{E‚k/©^¢*Ÿ¡vxg§vxg0k:ƒ6{\„0ƒ6k/v{J¯
"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©
ƒ6{\j9­
2{\„0k/„ŠvqB»¼~°vq¬{\‘.|xk6ƒ/vxŸ¡¨Œk«Ÿ q¬v{rJ©¡© {s¢rJ„ k'ÎIƒ/Ÿ k/„ŠvIk/„0ƒsrJ0qxt©ÀrJvxŸ {\„ {J¯"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©ƒ6{E‚k6q¬Ÿ¡„v{
¹ÈzxŸ ‚"µ*µ±· ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Švqs»¬}„0{\vxg0k/z%–Œ{ŒrJ©´{J¯¹SzxŸ ‚"µ*µ±· Ÿ qÈv{«k/„0ƒsrJ0qt©ÀrJvk¬"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©Yƒ6{E‚k6q
¢*Ÿ¡vxgIr\q¯Vk/¢jP{E‚.Ÿ¿É"ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0q´v{ȁ"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©"ƒ6{E‚k6q´r\q2{ˆqqxŸ¡‘© kˆ»Ÿ¡j¬Ÿ¡©ÀrJzx©¡wŒ”Š¢±khv;rJzx–Œk/v´v{%k'u.vk/„0‚
SJ\YA ¢*Ÿ¡vxg0{\tv%Ÿ¡„Švxz{E‚.t0ƒ/Ÿ¡„–§‚k6k/¸jP{E‚.Ÿ¿É"ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0qȟ¡„Šv{cvxg0kjP{E‚k/© *vxg0#
k S+UWVYXZ~°„Švk/z€¯®r\ƒ6k
& &
5+šs›
üýü ó1d.efg
e
R
B(
. 0(, . .() .(,( Q(. B(
7
,
Parallel Component
MPI communication layer
CORBA Component
SPMD Process
CORBA Component
SPMD Process
CORBA Component
SPMD Process
CORBA communication layer : ORB
!#"$!"&%
CORBA client component
o->m(matrix n);
GridCCM layer
o1->m(MatrixDis n1);
o2->m(MatrixDis n2);
o3->m(MatrixDis n3);
CORBA stub
('!*)+,-/.0.21 3"
"
4
!-5",!4,6"
47
8"
98",:!;-5<
= ;&",!4&%
Component
Parallel description
in XML
Component
IDL description
GridCCM’s
Compilers
GridCCM’s layers
+
Proxies
New
Component
IDL description
CORBA’s
Compilers
Standard
CORBA Stubs
?>9.26",@4,"
!40"
8A!"
?BCDE!3"&%
FGIH!",KJDCALNM
OP3QR47!"8;-SHC-T!-C!#"
4U
0#"
V
W ",:X4,"!-!
-X4
Y3!#",6E!3"
4Z%\[]?,
#",^_"+",:!`8;-"
T^_?VEaEb/c OdLfeCgih#jk6lmUnpo
jnpqrtsvu;kxwyg{z/k6lB|`qw}qQ+;-4`VE&!4
8~9" W v!4,-",!4&%K13^
CE;-4U
€!-- aEbCc OX!-",:! aEbCc O_8;-C49T&4,^CA&V+8;-}%
‚iƒ„D‚y…
‰
!
#"%$&'()+*,-$.() .(./-/0(
1$2(435(,627/890:
aýŸ¡–ˆtzk9“¬Ÿ¡©¡©¡t0qvxz;rJvk6qÈrI"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©²ƒ6{\j¬+{\„0k/„v%rJvSzxt„ŠvxŸ¡jPkˆ»Sfhg0k >@BAC¦ƒ6{E‚k:t0q;k6q - @/.
¯³{\zǟ¡vqǟ¡„Švk/z€­®z{Eƒ6k6qq§ƒ6{\j¬jt„Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0q-DŸ¡v«t0q;k6q?SJUWVYXZ v{ƒ6{\j¬jt„Ÿ ƒsrJvk¢*Ÿ¡vxg {\vxg0k/z
ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvqB»Yf3{Prs¨Œ{\Ÿ ‚§‘2{\vxvx© k/„0k6ƒ¤.qs”"rJ©¡©^z{Eƒ6k6qqk6q*{J¯´r"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©3ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Šv"rJzxvxŸ ƒ/Ÿ¡"rJvk
v{¦Ÿ¡„Švk/z€­Íƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Šv§ƒ6{\j¬jt„Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0qs» fhg0kÁ„0{‚k6qc{J¯r¥"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©Èƒ6{\j¬+{\„0k/„vÇrJzkÁ„0{\v
‚.Ÿ¡zk6ƒ/vx©¡wk'u.+{ˆq;k6‚ªv{{\vxg0k/zIƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Švqs»Êkǟ¡„Švxz{E‚.t0ƒ6k6‚ z{6u.Ÿ k6qPv{gŸ ‚k«vxg0k«„0{E‚k6qs»
·¸{\zk%‚k/v;rJŸ¡© qrJ‘2{\tv"rJz;rJ©¡© k/© SJUWVYXZ¦ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvqÈrJzk%zk6qk/„vk6‚«Ÿ¡„ Eù’..l FÍ»
/œ 5ýœ $ 465 $ .š Ð œ›Jœ Ð 84M™ &&
fý{«Ÿ¡„Švxz{E‚.t0ƒ6kP"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©¡Ÿ qj§”3©¡Ÿ¡¤ŒkP‚0rJv;r«zk6‚.Ÿ qxvxzxŸ¡‘tvxŸ {\„Ô
¢*Ÿ¡vxg0{\tv:zk6ŠtŸ¡zxŸ¡„–ºrJ„Šw¥ƒg"rJ„–ŒkIv{
vxg0k _VYXÔ0¢£k:ƒ;g0{{ˆqk:v{9Ÿ¡„Švxz{E‚.t0ƒ6kr¬q{J¯VvÍ¢hrJzk:©ÀrswŒk/z‘+k/v°¢£k6k/„Žvxg0k%t0qk/zƒ6{E‚kPÄVƒ/©¡Ÿ k/„ŠvÈrJ„0‚
q;k/zx¨Œk/zTÆ*rJ„0‚Çvxg0k:qxvxt‘Ár\q*Ÿ¡©¡©¡t0qvxz;rJvk6‚§Ÿ¡b„ a
Ÿ¡–ˆtzk%‡0»
} ƒsrJ©¡©3v{Ir¬"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©
{\+k/z;rJvxŸ {\„¸{J¯´r¬"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©ýƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvSŸ q*Ÿ¡„Švk/zƒ6k/vk6‚¸‘ŠwÇvxgŸ q„0k/¢
©ÀrswŒk/z:vxg"rJv:qk/„0‚qÈvxg0kP‚0rJv;r¯Vz{\j vxg0k¬ƒ/©¡Ÿ k/„Šv„0{‚k6qÈv{Çvxg0kPq;k/zx¨Œk/z%„0{‚k6qs»~°v:ƒsrJ„¥+k/z€¯³{\z€­
j r§zk6‚.Ÿ qvxzxŸ¡‘tvxŸ {\„ª{J¯vxg0kc‚0rJv;rŽ{\„½vxg0kƒ/©¡Ÿ k/„Šv¬qxŸ ‚kˆ”{\„¦vxg0kcqk/zx¨Œk/z9qxŸ ‚kI{\z9‚.tzxŸ¡„–¸vxg0k
ƒ6{\j¬jt„Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„ ‘+k/v°¢£k6k/„ vxg0kÁƒ/©¡Ÿ k/„Šv«rJ„0‚vxg0kŽqk/zx¨Œk/zs» fhg0kÁ‚k6ƒ/Ÿ qxŸ {\„ ‚k/+k/„0‚qc{\„qk/¨­
k/z;rJ©²ƒ6{\„0qxvxz;rJŸ¡„vq%©¡Ÿ¡¤Œk:¯³ksr\qxŸ¡‘Ÿ¡©¡Ÿ¡v°w¼ÄMjIrJŸ¡„©¡wÁjPk/jP{\zxwŽzk6ŠtŸ¡zk/jPk/„vqTÆÈrJ„0‚¸k'ÎIƒ/Ÿ k/„0ƒ/w¼ÄVƒ/©¡Ÿ k/„Šv
„0k/v°¢£{\zx¤«2k/z€¯V{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6k:¨Œk/zqxt0qqk/zx¨Œk/z„0k/v°¢£{\zx¤«2k/z€¯V{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6kBÆ'»
fhg0kȁ"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©ÃjIrJ„"rJ–Œk/jPk/„ŠvS©Àr6wŒk/zŸ qh–Œk/„0k/z;rJvk6‚Á‘Šw«r9ƒ6{\j¬Ÿ¡© k/zqx2k6ƒ/Ÿ¿É"ƒÈv{I¹SzxŸ ‚"µ*µ±·ª»
fhgŸ qǃ6{\j¬Ÿ¡© k/z«t0qk6qcv°¢£{¼É0© k6'q ¼rJ
„ C ª‚k6qƒ/zxŸ¡vxŸ {\„ {J¯vxg0k¸ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvÁrJ„0‚ rJ„ A
‚k6q;ƒ/zxŸ¡vxŸ {\„¦{J¯£vxg0k¬ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Šv:"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©¡Ÿ qj§» a
Ÿ¡–ˆtzk Nzk6qk/„vq:vxg0k9ƒ6{\j¬Ÿ¡©ÀrJvxŸ {\„½qvk/0qs»
~°„{\z‚k/zv{§g"r6¨Œkr«vxz;rJ„0qx"rJzk/„Šv©Àr6wŒk/zs”rDŽ0k/
¢ C ÁŸ¡„Švk/z€¯®r\ƒ6kI‚k6q;ƒ/zxŸ¡vxŸ {\„¦Ÿ q:–Œk/„0k/z;rJvk6‚^»
fhgŸ q±Ÿ¡„vk/z€¯³r\ƒ6k%‚k/zxŸ¡¨Œk6‚¯Vz{\j…vxg0kÈ{\zxŸ¡–ˆŸ¡„"rJ©2Ÿ¡„Švk/z€¯®r\ƒ6kȟ q±Ÿ¡„Švk/zx„"rJ©¡©¡wct0qk6‚I‘wPvxg0k:¹SzxŸ ‚"µ*µ±·
©ÀrswŒk/zÈv{Çr\ƒ/vxt"rJ©¡©¡wŽŸ¡„ЍŒ{\¤Œk¬{\2k/z;rJvxŸ {\„0q%{\„Žvxg0k9qk/zx¨Œk/z%qxŸ ‚kˆ»Èfhg0k9{\zxŸ¡–ˆŸ¡„"rJ© C ǟ¡„Švk/z€¯®r\ƒ6k9Ÿ q
t0q;k6‚ª‘+k/v°¢£k6k/„ vxg0k«t0q;k/z9ƒ6{E‚k§rJ„0‚vxg0kÁ¹SzxŸ ‚"µ*µ±· ©Àr6wŒk/z{\„vxg0k§ƒ/©¡Ÿ k/„ŠvrJ„0‚ªvxg0k«q;k/zx¨Œk/z
qŸ ‚k6qs»
~̈́«vxg0kȄ0k/
¢ C PŸ¡„Švk/z€¯®r\ƒ6kˆ”0vxg0kÈt0qk/zrJzx–ˆtjPk/„vq‚k6qƒ/zxŸ¡‘2k6‚Ár\q*‚.Ÿ qxvxzxŸ¡‘tvk6‚Ág"r6¨Œk%‘2k6k/„
zk/©Àr\ƒ6k6‚c‘wIvxg0k/Ÿ¡z*k6ŠtŸ¡¨ˆrJ© k/„Šv‚.Ÿ qvxzxŸ¡‘tvk6‚c‚0rJv;rv°w2k6qs»fhgŸ qhvxz;rJ„0q€¯³{\zxjIrJvxŸ {\„«ƒ6{\„0qxvxz;rJŸ¡„Švq
vxg0kÇv°w2k6q¬vxg"rJvIƒsrJ„‘+k«‚.Ÿ qxvxzxŸ¡‘tvk6‚^»fhg0k§ƒ/tzxzk/„ŠvPŸ¡j¬© k/jPk/„v;rJvxŸ {\„ zk6ŠtŸ¡zk6q¬vxg0k§t0qk/z
v°w2kÇv{¥‘2k§rJ
„ C ºv°w2kˆ”±vxg"rJvPŸ q¬v{qTr6wrª!l P rJzxz;r6wŒ» E{”h{\„0k§‚.Ÿ¡jPk/„0qŸ {\„
‚.Ÿ qvxzxŸ¡‘tvxŸ {\„¼ƒsrJ„ªrJtv{\jIrJvxŸ ƒsrJ©¡©¡w¦‘2krJ©¡Ÿ k6‚^»§fhgŸ qqƒg0k/jPkcƒsrJ„½ksr\qŸ¡©¡w¥‘+kk'uEvk/„0‚k6‚½v{
jt©¡vxŸ ‚.Ÿ¡jPk/„0qxŸ {\„"rJ©
rJzxz;rswE"q ´r’ P rJzxz;rswcƒsrJ„Ç‘2kjIrJ2k6‚Çv{¬r9qk6Ât0k/„0ƒ6kS{J¯²qk6Ât0k/„0ƒ6k6qrJ„0‚
q;{¬{\„ÃQ» S+UWVYXZ¼‚0rJv;r¬ƒ6{\„0qxvxzxt0ƒ/v{\zqjIrsw§rJ©¡© {s¢ jPk/jP{\zxw«ƒ6{\Ÿ k6qv{9‘2k:r6¨Œ{\Ÿ ‚k6‚^»
› Ð 64 4653œ› Ñ Ð Ð 5+šsœ."š 4 Ô 5 Ô › 4MÕ &&
Êkg"rs¨Œk9Ÿ¡j¬© k/jPk/„Švk6‚¦rzk/©¡Ÿ¡j¬Ÿ¡„"rJzxw¸z{\v{\vÍwE+k¬{J¯h¹ÈzxŸ ‚"µ*µ±· {\„ºv{\¥{J¯YvÍ¢±{«k'uEŸ qvxŸ¡„–
SJ\YA Ÿ¡j¬© k/jPk/„Šv;rJvxŸ {\„0'q *+k/„4µ*µ±· Eù’ŒO‹ F^rJ„0‚Ç·ŽŸ ƒ6{е*µ±· Eù’ˆO’ FÍ»Y2k/„4µ*µ±· Ÿ qh‚k/¨Œk/© {\2k6‚
üýü ó1d.efg
e
ls•
B(
. 0(, . .() .(,( Q(. B(
7
,
Parallel Personalities
Distributed Personalities
Parallel Abstraction
Distributed Abstraction
Personalities
Abstraction
Straight
Cross−paradigm
Parallel Arbitrated
Interface
Distributed Arbitrated
Interface
Parallel
Low−level Library
System Sockets
Arbitration
!"!#$%'&($)!*+-,/.
'&0&(
12%'
3,4'562'&
(798;:<8>=/?A@CB(DEF@G/DHIE
JLKNM OQP%RDS*@GTHVU-WJYX;DPZK[@S*J-P\G/@]J"KCJ?H^]^]J'_
'$`1ba(&(&
-$c$edCf.g)Chhij1#'$lkNmJ-Pn6DW+EFoQJp!"q,-!*-$C&2'&($r5\1
`$c&(
)"s"tvuw'$L1ia(&(&
-$p$whxxy.z`{'
0$g&2'([-&($|}/q~-FT(!L'$.€0‚a}
-f[-%ƒdCf`hhi„!"q,-!*-$…&2'&($1g'
p!*
w!"q,-&
†&(\'$‡hxxˆ!"q,-!*-$C&2'&($1%.
‰ ƒCaŠ12"&(‹dC%fb!"q,-!*-$C&2'&($†&
b1(‚aŒ&(V%1(5,&7*'$*&(‹[-$-(-&7*'~&(
'qq
[2A. ‰ -&($)Ž. Ž"q
1
-$C&
101
!*q
-,!"$\'(7†q6-FV(!L'$b
1
,&
1%.
I‘ ’”“~•“~–;—•–™˜pš;›>›Œœ•Š—“6ž[—/š;•ŠŸ… |¡|“v¢—<š;£g’
¤ (\hhi¥
¦…
1b1
-f[-2',!",-ai'
g1(71(&
-!*1b'&&(|12'!*|&(!*ƒv&7+q%',,7r§{¨tvu©
'$wªr«¬.-7g1(,p56Y'5,­&
y¯®L--$C&(,7†1(\'
0&(­
1
1=^$-&<aŠ(°~ƒq
…121
%ƒ
-&
.±_†a&(&Y$²-&
1{'$9a&(&{!"q~-&($ga&(3%
³&(-%.‹)
‚f[-%ƒ6aŠ#ai'$C&
-f[-(7†!",-a'
y1
7+1(&
-!*1‹&
"56#'5,b&
"1
#-f[-(7´f',4'5,
1
1­a&(9&(!*1(&
'qq
q(4'&
*!*-&(…µ1
w1{&
´2-f["&(y1(&q6-FV(!L'$.|C1%ƒAaŠ|q
q~1
*
&(
¯}/,-f[-,($…&(!*,47[-¶!*+-,a
*q,1¶&(i$…&
-FV1
-$|5…7&(i!",-ai'
1
7+1(&
-!*1^
!”&(b$C&
-F/#-&(\',,7†1
9'&‹,‚a}/,-f[-,/i'$r@E%B¯H^GTE(@GTHVDP3]·@¸CJ¯E|q,4%7+1­&(
,'
1
1!#,&(q,¯¹-%º6'$c@CBQ»¯GTE(@[oGTHVDP3]·@¸[J-E#f+(&(\',¼%1
1
1­'$†q
‚f…1
&(Y'qq
q(4'&
{!"!$%'&($9'51(&(2-&($1%º{mJ¯EQ»-DP6@]½HTGT¸y]·@¸CJ¯E!"q,-!*-$C&
1f'(1
¾ :¿1$µ&
q`'i&(*'51
&(2-&b$C&
-F/1%."*($\',&<7³'&(1!*+-,¶1{&
wq
q~1
5~&(µq\'2',,-,'$`1(&((5&
µ!"!#$%'&($eq\'2!*1y'&b-f[-(7),-f[-,/ƒ;-f[-$µ$µ&(
'51
&(2-&($µ,47[-%.y-
|10$LÀ5~&(&(,-$
°µ'V%'&(
1FÁ2.1{!*+-,¶1Y!"q,-!*-$C&
$´ÂƒZ'$9‚f[-(f…-aÃ'a2´1‹1(‚a$´$9
.
Ä^ÅÆ;ÄTÇ
!
#"%$&'()+*,-$.() .(./-/0(
1$2(435(,627/890:
lˆl
I— ›J˜74Àšs›Jœ.š"4 Ô 5 /™s™ Ð ™
t2{\zxvxŸ¡„– SJUWVYXZ rJ„0‚ - @/.͔ )8 (./8 90: . _/ )/0 ŽŸ¡„¥vxg0kPqTrJjPk9z{ƒ6k6qq:t0q€­
Ÿ¡„–vxg0kqTrJjPk:„0k/vÍ¢±{\zx¤+”2Ÿ q„0{\vSqvxz;rJŸ¡–ˆgŠv€¯³{\zx¢±rJz‚^»S}*ƒ6ƒ6k6qqSv{PgŸ¡–ˆg.­®2k/z€¯V{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6k„0k/vÍ¢±{\zx¤Š­
qIŸ qPvxg0kÁjP{ˆqxvIƒ6{\„ H0Ÿ ƒ/v€­®z{\„0k¸v;r\qx¤ª¢*g0k/„t0qxŸ¡„–½jt©¡vxŸ¡© kŽj¬Ÿ ‚‚.© k/¢±rJzkºqxw.qxvk/jPqrJvIvxg0k
qTrJjPkÈvxŸ¡jPkˆ»Yfhg0k/zkrJzk%¨ˆrJzxŸ {\t0qƒ6{\„ H0Ÿ ƒ/vqq{\tzƒ6k6'q g"rJz‚.¢hrJzk:¢*Ÿ¡vxgÁk'uƒ/©¡t0qxŸ¡¨Œkr\ƒ6ƒ6k6qqÄVkˆ» –0»
·ŽwEzxŸ¡„0k/v*vxgz{\t–ˆg . @0Æ'”.g"rJz‚.¢hrJzk:¢*Ÿ¡vxg«©¡Ÿ¡j¬Ÿ¡vk6‚«„0{\„.­Íqg"rJzksrJ‘© k%gŠw.qxŸ ƒsrJ©Ãzk6q{\tzƒ6k6qÄVkˆ» –0»
>\.
jIrJŸ¡„–Œq'Æ'”2Ÿ¡„0ƒ6{\j¬"rJvxŸ¡‘© kP‚.zxŸ¡¨Œk/zqPÄVkˆ» –0».9@ (4
A {\„¥·ÁwEzxŸ¡„0k/vTÆ'»%·Ž{\zk6{B¨Œk/zs”^Ÿ¡vSŸ q
„0{B¢ ƒ6{\j¬jP{\„ºvxg"rJvÈj¬Ÿ ‚‚.© k/¢±rJzk9Ÿ¡j¬© k/jPk/„v;rJvxŸ {\„0q%t0qkjt©¡vxŸ¡vxgzksr\‚.Ÿ¡„–0L» <S{s¢±k/¨Œk/zs”2j¬Ÿ ‚E­
‚.© k/¢hrJzk«qxw.qxvk/jPq¬rJzkI©¡Ÿ¡¤Œk/©¡w½v{Žt0q;kIŸ¡„0ƒ6{\j¬"rJvxŸ¡‘© k«vxgzksr\‚¼2{\©¡Ÿ ƒ/Ÿ k6qs”´{\z¬qxŸ¡j¬©¡w¦‚.Ÿ¿¾^k/zk/„Šv
jt©¡vxŸ¡vxgzksr\‚.Ÿ¡„–ǁ"r\ƒ¤ˆrJ–Œk6qs»£~°„«vxg0k%¢±{\zqxvƒsr\qkˆ”0jP{\zk:vxg"rJ„Á{\„0kj¬Ÿ ‚‚.© k/¢±rJzkqxwEqvk/j ƒsrJ„.­
„0{\vǃ6{Ek'uEŸ qxvŸ¡„ vxg0k¸q;rJjPkށz{ƒ6k6q;qI„0{\zÇ{\„ vxg0kºq;rJjPkÁjIr\ƒgŸ¡„0kˆ» ~ͯk/¨Œk/z¢±k¸rJzkŽ©¡t0ƒ¤Ew
k/„0{\t–ˆgªrJ„0‚Ÿ¡v¢£{\zx¤.qs”
vxg0kr\ƒ6ƒ6k6qqv{§vxg0kP„0k/v°¢£{\zx¤Ÿ qƒ6{\j¬+k/vxŸ¡vxŸ¡¨Œkˆ”²z{\„0kIv{§z;r\ƒ6kƒ6{\„.­
‚.Ÿ¡vxŸ {\„0qB”3rJ„0‚ºjP{ˆqxvÈ©¡Ÿ¡¤Œk/©¡w¸qt‘.­Í{\vxŸ¡jIrJ©®»nk6q{\tzƒ6kPr\ƒ6ƒ6k6qq%qxg0{\t© ‚º‘2k -, .(% Çz;rJvxg0k/z
vxg"rJ„ /”4r\q‚k6q;ƒ/zxŸ¡‘+k6‚«Ÿ¡„ E¡lˆlŠ”^lsO’ FÍ»
fhg0k6qk«z{\‘© k/jPqÇrJzk§‚ksrJ©¡vP¢*Ÿ¡vxgŸ¡„vxg0k ('.9()2 .(/»fhg0kŽrJzx‘Ÿ¡vxz;rJvxŸ {\„ ©ÀrswŒk/z
rJŸ¡jPq9rJvz{s¨EŸ ‚.Ÿ¡„–ºrJ„¼Ÿ¡„Švk/©¡©¡Ÿ¡–Œk/„vIrJ„0‚jt©¡vxŸ¡© k'uk6‚r\ƒ6ƒ6k6qqv{Ák/¨Œk/zxw¥„0k/v°¢£{\zx¤EŸ¡„–¥g"rJz‚E­
¢hrJzkˆ» fhg0k/„Ô*¢£kÁ¢*Ÿ¡©¡©‘2kŽrJ‘© kÁv{z{s¨EŸ ‚kŽjP{\zkŽr\‚.¨ˆrJ„0ƒ6k6‚ rJ‘0qxvxz;r\ƒ/vxŸ {\„0qc{\„v{\ {J¯r
¯Vt©¡©¡w¸jt©¡vxŸ¡© k'uk6‚½rJ„0‚ºzk6k/„Švxz;rJ„vƒ6{\j¬jt„Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„¼qwEqxvk/j§»¬fhg0krJzx‘Ÿ¡vxz;rJvxŸ {\„¦©Àr6wŒk/zz{J­
¨EŸ ‚k6q*rJ„§r\ƒ6ƒ6k6qqhjPk/vxg0{‚c¯³{\z±vxg0k:r6¨ˆrJŸ¡©ÀrJ‘© kȄ0k/vÍ¢£{\zx¤EŸ¡„–Pg"rJz‚.¢hrJz2k D0ksr\ƒg«v°w2kÈ{J¯ý„0k/vÍ¢±{\zx¤
Ÿ qt0qk6‚½¢*Ÿ¡vxgªvxg0kcjP{ˆqxvPrJz{\zxŸÀrJvkǁ"rJz;r\‚.Ÿ¡–ˆj§»¥Êkc‘+k/©¡Ÿ k/¨Œkcvxg"rJv9vxg0kc© {s¢h­®© k/¨Œk/©*Ÿ¡„Švk/z€­
¯®r\ƒ6kIqg0{\t© ‚zk6qx2k6ƒ/vvxg0k‚.Ÿ¿¾2k/zk/„0ƒ6k6q‘2k/vÍ¢£k6k/„¼vxg0k"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©hrJ„0‚½‚.Ÿ qxvxzxŸ¡‘tvk6‚¦"rJz;r\‚.Ÿ¡–ˆj9­
q D*vxzxwŸ¡„–½v{¥‘2k/„0‚vxg0k/j v{¼r¥ƒ6{\j¬jP{\„_ @/.¢£{\t© ‚ © ksr\‚ v{¦rJ„ r6¢*¤E¢±rJz‚ jP{‚k/©SrJ„0‚
qt‘.­Í{\vxŸ¡jIrJ©±2k/z€¯³{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6kˆ»¸fhgt0qs”²¢£kctvxŸ¡©¡Ÿ¡Åsk .(. /8 ) (, . ¦©¡Ÿ¡„¤.qÇÄ
Z *²”` Z*3Æ
¢*Ÿ¡vxgº©ÀrJŸ¡„¥q{Eƒ¤Œk/vqs”^rJ„0?‚ ()8 2(, . )¸„0k/v°¢£{\zx¤.qPÄV·ÁwEzxŸ¡„0k/vs” >\.®”+gŸ¡–ˆg.­®2k/z€¯V{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6k
„0k/v°¢£{\zx¤.qŸ¡„0qŸ ‚kr"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©3jIr\ƒ;gŸ¡„0kBÆ*¢*Ÿ¡vxgŽr© {B¢h­®© k/¨Œk/©ý©¡Ÿ¡‘z;rJzxw«{\vxŸ¡j¬Ÿ¡Åsk6‚§¯V{\z"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©¡Ÿ qx­
j§» a0{\zȖŒ{{E‚Á)~ ^ˆËzksr\ƒ/vxŸ¡¨Ÿ¡v°w E OFrJ„0‚ށ2{\zxv;rJ‘Ÿ¡©¡Ÿ¡vÍwŽ{B¨Œk/zÈgŸ¡–ˆg.­®+k/z€¯³{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6k„0k/vÍ¢£{\zx¤.qs”2¢±k
g"rs¨Œkƒ;g0{ˆqk/„I·ºrJzƒ6k/W© E¡lsO• F
ÄMjt©¡vxŸ¡vxgzksr\‚.Ÿ¡„–©¡Ÿ¡‘z;rJzxw0ÆrJ„0‚P·ºr\‚k/© k/Ÿ¡„0k EùO“ F²ÄM"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©4{\zxŸ k/„Švk6‚
gŸ¡–ˆg.­®2k/z€¯³{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6k*„0k/vÍ¢±{\zx¤¬©¡Ÿ¡‘z;rJzxwƲr\q²¯³{\t„0‚0rJvxŸ {\„0qs»²fhgŸ q©ÀrswŒk/z´Ÿ qvxg0k*{\„©¡w9ƒ/©¡Ÿ k/„ŠvY{J¯+vxg0k
© {B¢h­®© k/¨Œk/©Yzk6q{\tzƒ6k6qB»¬fhg0k/„Ôß¡v:qxg0{\t© ‚º‘2k9vxg0k¬t„Ÿ Ât0k¬k/„Švxzxw­®+{\Ÿ¡„v:¯³{\z%© {s¢h­®© k/¨Œk/©±r\ƒ6ƒ6k6q;qs»
}©¡©Ãr\ƒ6ƒ6k6qqk6qhv{vxg0kȄ0k/vÍ¢±{\zx¤EqB”jt©¡vxŸ¡vxgzksr\‚.Ÿ¡„–0”„Ÿ¿uÇqxŸ¡–ˆ„"rJ© qs”.©¡Ÿ¡‘z;rJzxŸ k6q{\zhjPk/jP{\zxw«rJ©¡© {J­
ƒsrJvxŸ {\„qg0{\t© ‚º‘+k2k/z€¯V{\zxjPk6‚ºvxgz{\t–ˆg¥vxg0kPrJzx‘Ÿ¡vxz;rJvxŸ {\„©ÀrswŒk/zs»9~Ív%ƒ6{\„Šv;rJŸ¡„0qrcqxt‘0qxw.qxvk/j
¯³{\z%ksr\ƒg© {B¢h­®© k/¨Œk/©Y"rJz;r\‚.Ÿ¡–ˆj ÄV{\„0k¯³{\z:·ºr\‚k/© k/Ÿ¡„0kˆ”Ã{\„0k9¯³{\zÈq;{ƒ;¤Œk/vqTÆ'”3rJ„0‚rǃ6{\zk9¢*gŸ ƒg
g"rJ„0‚.© k6qvxg0kŸ¡„Švk/zx© ksr6¨EŸ¡„–Ç‘+k/v°¢£k6k/„ºvxg0k‚.Ÿ¿¾^k/zk/„ŠvS"rJz;r\‚.Ÿ¡–ˆjPqSv{rs¨Œ{\Ÿ ‚Žƒ6{\j¬2k/vxŸ¡vxŸ {\„Ô^rJ„0‚
k/„.¯³{\zƒ6k6qr¬ƒ6{\g0k/zk/„vjt©¡vxŸ¡vxgzksr\‚.Ÿ¡„–2{\©¡Ÿ ƒ/wÇrJjP{\„–Ivxg0k:ƒ6{\„0ƒ/tzxzk/„ŠvS+{\©¡©¡Ÿ¡„–¬© {E{\0qs»
& &
üýü ó1d.efg
e
ls’
B(
. 0(, . .() .(,( Q(. B(
7
,
& &
I— ˜
™6šs›Jœˆš"4 Ô 5 # œ Ñ4Ð ›
„¸v{\¥{J¯´vxg0k¬rJzx‘Ÿ¡vxz;rJvxŸ {\„¸©ÀrswŒk/zs”2vxg0k/zkŸ qÈrJ„¥rJ‘0qxvxz;r\ƒ/vxŸ {\„º©Àr6wŒk/z%¢*gŸ ƒ;gºz{s¨EŸ ‚k6qÈgŸ¡–ˆg0k/z
© k/¨Œk/©´q;k/zx¨Ÿ ƒ6k6qs”ß¡„0‚k/+k/„0‚k/„v{J¯hvxg0k9g"rJz‚.¢±rJzkˆ»I~°vqȖŒ{ŒrJ©´Ÿ qÈv{«z{B¨Ÿ ‚kP¨\rJzxŸ {\t0qrJ‘0qvxz;r\ƒ/v
Ÿ¡„vk/z€¯³r\ƒ6k6q¢£k/©¡©3qtŸ¡vk6‚ǯV{\z*vxg0k/Ÿ¡zt0qkȑŠwǨˆrJzxŸ {\t0q*j¬Ÿ ‚‚.© k/¢±rJzkqxw.qxvk/jPqs»
}-¢*Ÿ ‚k'­Íqxzksr\‚½‚k6qŸ¡–ˆ„½ƒ6{\„0qxŸ qxvqŸ¡„¦z{B¨Ÿ ‚.Ÿ¡„–r§t„Ÿ Št0kcrJ‘0qxvxz;r\ƒ/vxŸ {\„{\„¦¢*gŸ ƒgªqk/¨­
k/z;rJ©ýj¬Ÿ ‚‚.© k/¢±rJzk¬qxw.qxvk/jPqjIr6w«‘2k:‘tŸ¡©¡vs» <S{s¢±k/¨Œk/zs”2Ÿ¿¯²vxgŸ qt„Ÿ Ât0krJ‘0qxvxz;r\ƒ/vSŸ¡„Švk/z€¯®r\ƒ6kŸ q
"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©¿­Í{\zxŸ k/„vk6‚ Ä - @/. £jPk6qq;rJ–Œk'­®‘"r\qk6‚^W” >@BAC”"© {\–ˆŸ ƒsrJ©ý„tj‘2k/zxŸ¡„–«{J¯´z{ƒ6k6qq;k6qTÆ'”
‚.wE„"rJj¬Ÿ ƒ/Ÿ¡vÍw¥rJ„0‚º©¡Ÿ¡„¤­®+k/z€­®©¡Ÿ¡„¤¸jIrJ„"rJ–Œk/jPk/„Šv9rJzk„0{\v:ksr\qwŒ»„¥vxg0k¬{\vxg0k/z%g"rJ„0‚^”^Ÿ¿¯±vxgŸ q
t„Ÿ Ât0krJ‘0qvxz;r\ƒ/v£Ÿ¡„vk/z€¯³r\ƒ6kŸ qY‚.Ÿ qxvxzxŸ¡‘tvk6‚E­Í{\zxŸ k/„vk6‚Ä 9q;{ƒ;¤Œk/v'q ²qxvxzksrJjPqs”НMt©¡©¡w¬‚.wE„"rJj9­
Ÿ ƒBÆ'”Evxg0kS2k/z€¯V{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6kȟ qh©¡Ÿ¡¤Œk/©¡wv{‘2k+{E{\zs»fhgŠt0qh¢±kȁz{\+{ˆqk%rJ„§rJ‘0qxvxz;r\ƒ/vxŸ {\„«©ÀrswŒk/z*¢*Ÿ¡vxg
‘2{\vxg¸"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©¿­rJ„0‚¸‚.Ÿ qvxzxŸ¡‘tvk6‚E­Í{\zxŸ k/„Švk6‚Ÿ¡„vk/z€¯³r\ƒ6k6q D^vxg0k6qk¬rJ‘0qxvxz;r\ƒ/vȟ¡„Švk/z€¯®r\ƒ6k6q:rJzkz{J­
¨EŸ ‚k6‚{\„½v{\¦{J¯k/¨Œk/zxw¸jPk/vxg0{E‚z{B¨Ÿ ‚k6‚¦‘Šw¥vxg0kIrJzx‘Ÿ¡vxz;rJvxŸ {\„¼©Àr6wŒk/zs»Ç} –ˆŸ¡¨Œk/„¼rJ‘0qvxz;r\ƒ/v
Ÿ¡„vk/z€¯³r\ƒ6kSqxg0{\t© ‚I‘+kvxg0kq;rJjPk¢*g"rJvk/¨Œk/z£vxg0kt„0‚k/zx©¡wŸ¡„–„0k/vÍ¢±{\zx¤IŸ qs»²fhg0krJ‘0qvxz;r\ƒ/v£©ÀrswŒk/z
qg0{\t© ‚§‘2kȯMt©¡©¡wÇvxz;rJ„0qx"rJzk/„'v *r¬j¬Ÿ ‚‚.© k/¢±rJzkqxw.qxvk/j ‘tŸ¡©¡vS{\„Áv{\Ž{J¯vxg0krJ‘0qvxz;r\ƒ/v©ÀrswŒk/z
qg0{\t© ‚Á„0{\vSg"r6¨Œkv{¤„0{B¢ ¢*g0k/vxg0k/zȟ¡vSt0qk6q·ŽwEzxŸ¡„0k/vs”2r ` Z*½{\z%r Z*D2Ÿ¡vSrJ©¡¢±rswEqÈt0q;k6q
vxg0kcq;rJjPk @1.hrJ„0‚¼‚{Ek6q„0{\vk/¨Œk/„ªƒg0{E{ˆqk¢*gŸ ƒgªg"rJz‚.¢±rJzkǟ¡vt0qk6qs»Žfhg0kcrJ‘0qxvxz;r\ƒ/vxŸ {\„
©ÀrswŒk/z¬Ÿ qzk6qx+{\„0qŸ¡‘© kI¯³{\z¬rJtv{\jIrJvxŸ ƒsrJ©¡©¡wªrJ„0‚ª‚.wE„"rJj¬Ÿ ƒsrJ©¡©¡w¼ƒ;g0{{ˆqxŸ¡„–ºvxg0kc‘2k6qxv9rs¨\rJŸ¡©ÀrJ‘© k
q;k/zx¨Ÿ ƒ6kh¯Vz{\j vxg0k© {s¢h­®© k/¨Œk/©^rJzx‘Ÿ¡vxz;rJvxŸ {\„©ÀrswŒk/zhr\ƒ6ƒ6{\z‚.Ÿ¡„–v{:vxg0kr6¨ˆrJŸ¡©ÀrJ‘© kg"rJz‚.¢hrJz2k D.vxg0k/„
Ÿ¡vÈqxg0{\t© ‚ºjIrJºŸ¡vÈ{\„Šv{Çvxg0kzxŸ¡–ˆgŠvrJ‘0qxvxz;r\ƒ/vxŸ {\„ûfhgŸ qÈjIrJŸ¡„–§ƒ6{\t© ‚Ž‘2#k .() : 0ÄVqTrJjPk
"rJz;r\‚.Ÿ¡–ˆj rJv±© {s¢ rJ„0‚«rJ‘0qxvxz;r\ƒ/vh© k/¨Œk/© qs”.kˆ» –0»Š"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©ÃrJ‘0qxvxz;r\ƒ/vhŸ¡„vk/z€¯³r\ƒ6kÈ{\„ǁ"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©2g"rJz‚E­
¢hrJzkBƱ{\Lz (% , () :«kˆ» –0»E‚.Ÿ qvxzxŸ¡‘tvk6‚ÁrJ‘0qxvxz;r\ƒ/v*Ÿ¡„Švk/z€¯®r\ƒ6k%{\„ǁ"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©Ãg"rJz‚.¢±rJzkˆ”4r\q
qg0{s¢*„cŸ¡#„ a
Ÿ¡–ˆtzk .»²y²r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*· Ÿ¡j¬© k/jPk/„vqr%"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©¿­Í{\zxŸ k/„Švk6‚ @/.+ƒsrJ©¡© k6‚ ()/89£rJ„0‚
r9‚.Ÿ qvxzxŸ¡‘tvk6‚E­Í{\zxŸ k/„Švk6‚ @1.ÃsrJ©¡© k6
‚ `9»
Ð ›™ Ô 5ýœ 84@š Ñ # œ Ñ+Ð ›
& &
fhg0kcrJ‘0qxvxz;r\ƒ/vxŸ {\„¼©Àr6wŒk/zz{s¨EŸ ‚k6q9rJ‘0qvxz;r\ƒ/vŸ¡„vk/z€¯³r\ƒ6k6qs”
¢*gŸ ƒ;grJzkI–Œk/„0k/zxŸ ƒIŸ¡„vk/z€¯³r\ƒ6k6q¯³{\z
"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©2rJ„0‚I‚.Ÿ qxvxzxŸ¡‘tvk6‚I"rJz;r\‚.Ÿ¡–ˆjPqs» <S{s¢£k/¨Œk/zs”¯³{\z£rȑ2k/vxvk/z H"k'u.Ÿ¡‘Ÿ¡©¡Ÿ¡vÍwIrJ„0‚¬¯³{\zYqksrJj¬© k6q;q
Ÿ¡„vk/–ˆz;rJvxŸ {\„¦{J¯Y© k/–Šr\ƒ/w¸ƒ6{‚k6qs”+Ÿ¡vSŸ qS‘+k/vxvk/zÈv{cz{s¨EŸ ‚k¬qxv;rJ„0‚0rJz‚º}yY~°qs»ÈfhgŸ qȟ q%r\ƒgŸ k/¨Œk6‚
vxgz{\t–ˆgºvxg0kt0qk{JM¯ ( !B 9 ,¬{\„Žv{\¥{J¯Yvxg0k¬rJ‘0qxvxz;r\ƒ/vȟ¡„vk/z€¯³r\ƒ6k6qs»yýk/zq{\„"rJ©¡Ÿ¡vxŸ k6qrJzk
vxgŸ¡„Pr\‚0rJvk/zq²¢*gŸ ƒ;gIr\‚0rJvYr–Œk/„0k/zxŸ ƒ _ @/.Ev{SjIrJ¤Œk±Ÿ¡v²© {{\¤:©¡Ÿ¡¤Œk*rJ„0{\vxg0k/z´ƒ/© {ˆqk _ @/.®»
fhg0k/w
‚{Ȅ0{\v£‚{ȁz{\v{ƒ6{\©2r\‚0rJv;rJvxŸ {\„P„0{\z´"rJz;r\‚.Ÿ¡–ˆj vxz;rJ„0q©ÀrJvxŸ {\„ DŠvxg0k/w¬{\„©¡w¬r\‚0rJv´vxg0kqxwE„Šv;ru^»
Êkg"r6¨ŒkŸ¡j¬© k/jPk/„Švk6‚º2k/zq{\„"rJ©¡Ÿ¡v°w§jP{‚.t© k6qS¢*gŸ ƒ;g¸jIrJ¤Œk 9(%/8*© {{\¤«©¡Ÿ¡¤Œk·ºr\‚k/© k/Ÿ¡„0k
{\z a"r\qv·Žk6qqTrJ–Œk6qs”ŠrJ„0
‚ :© {E{\¤©¡Ÿ¡¤Œkhqxv;rJ„0‚0rJz‚ OC«q{Eƒ¤Œk/vq{\z´y
{ˆqxŸ¿u^»ù’È}qxwE„0ƒgz{\„0{\t0q
~°„t,v ^ˆtvxtvŸ¡„vk/z€¯³r\ƒ6kÄ EÆ'»
ò &
ü3òVø
ls“
!
#"%$&'()+*,-$.() .(./-/0(
1$2(435(,627/890:
& & M4 Õ
Õ ÐŠÓ œ› Ð2Ñ ™6š Ð ¦™ Ô 5 œÕ74M Ô „0k%{J¯
vxg0k%qxvxzk/„–ˆvxg0q{J¯y
r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*· Ÿ qhvxg"rJvŸ¡vhŸ qqvxz;rJŸ¡–ˆgŠv€¯³{\zx¢±rJz‚§v{92{\zxv*k'uEŸ qvxŸ¡„–¬j¬Ÿ ‚E­
‚.© k/¢hrJzkºqxwEqvk/jPqI{\„ y²r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*· 2k/zq{\„"rJ©¡Ÿ¡vxŸ k6qs» ·Ž{ˆqvI{J¯:vxg0kÁvxŸ¡jPkˆ”Ÿ¡vIŸ qzk6ŠtŸ¡zk6‚„0{
ƒ;g"rJ„–Œk9Ÿ¡„ºvxg0k/Ÿ¡zÈq;{\tzƒ6kƒ6{E‚k„0{\zȟ¡„¸vxg0k/Ÿ¡zÈjIrJ¤Œk'É0© k6qs”Ãvxg"rJ„¤EqSv{c¢*z;rJ+k/zqÈt0q;k6‚ºrJvÈ©¡Ÿ¡„¤
qv;rJ–Œkˆ»fhgŸ qYŸ q±¨Œk/zxw¬Ÿ¡„Švk/zk6qvxŸ¡„–¬¢*g0k/„cƒ6{\„0qxŸ ‚k/zxŸ¡„–9vxg0kSƒ6{\j¬© k'uEŸ¡v°w{J¯3‚k/¨Œk/© {\Ÿ¡„–Prj¬Ÿ ‚E­
‚.© k/¢hrJzk§qxw.qxvk/j ©¡Ÿ¡¤Œk - @/.*{\z S+U VYX ZY»½ÊkÇg"rs¨Œkǁ+{\zxvk6‚ rJ„ - @/.*Ÿ¡j¬© k/jPk/„Šv;rJvxŸ {\„ {\„
y²r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*·Ì‚k/zxŸ¡¨Œk6‚¯Vz{\j - @/.9\ ^J·¸r\‚k/© k/Ÿ¡„0_k E 2‡ F+¢*Ÿ¡vxg¨Œk/zxwP¯Vk/¢ ƒg"rJ„–Œk6qs»YrJzxŸ {\t0q S+U V
XZ Ÿ¡j¬© k/jPk/„Šv;rJvxŸ {\„0q¬g"rs¨ŒkI‘2k6k/„½qksrJj¬© k6q;qx©¡w¥t0qk6‚¦{\„½v{\½{J¯y²r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*· ¢*Ÿ¡vxg½„0{Žƒ6{E‚k
ƒ;g"rJ„–Œkvxg"rJ„¤EqÈv{vxg0kt0q;k{J¯Y¢*z;rJ2k/z'q {\j¬„Ÿ@Sn¶ 6“ Eù’ F͔2{\j¬„Ÿ@Sn¶ ‡0”ÏSn¶*r\ƒ/t0qS‡0»ù•.”
rJ„0‚¸·ŽŸ ƒ6{’.»ù“.»Sfhg04k >UZW@ŽŸ¡j¬© k/jPk/„v;rJvxŸ {\„¥–*}Sy g"r\qSrJ© q;{I‘2k6k/„¸q;ksrJj¬© k6qqx©¡w«t0qk6‚Ž{\„
v{\¼{J¯y
r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*·¼»3ÊkIg"r6¨Œk+{\zxvk6‚
:r¾2kÁlˆ»ù•¦Ä KŠrs¨\rÁ¨Ÿ¡zxvxt"rJ©£jIr\ƒgŸ¡„0kBÆ{\„½y²r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*·
¯³{\zSŸ¡„Švk/–ˆz;rJvxŸ {\„{J'¯ KŠrs¨\rcƒ6{E‚k6qs»·¸{\zk6{s¨Œk/zs”2¢±kg"r6¨Œk+{\zxvk6‚µ±k/zxvxŸ“.»ù•ºÄ Z½Ÿ¡j¬© k/jPk/„.­
v;rJvxŸ {\„4Æ:{\„¦y²r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*·½»ýfhg0kPj¬Ÿ ‚‚.© k/¢±rJzkcqxw.qxvk/jPqs”^©¡Ÿ¡¤ŒkcrJ„Šw¥{\vxg0k/zy²r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*· jP{E‚.t© kˆ”
rJzk%‚.wE„"rJj¬Ÿ ƒsrJ©¡©¡wÇ© {Œr\‚0rJ‘© kˆ»Yfhgt0qs”"rJ„Šwǃ6{\j‘Ÿ¡„"rJvxŸ {\„¸{J¯
vxg0k/j jIr6wc‘+kÈt0qk6‚§rJv*vxg0kq;rJjPk
vxŸ¡jPkrJ„0‚«ƒsrJ„§‘+k%‚.wE„"rJj¬Ÿ ƒsrJ©¡©¡w«ƒg"rJ„–Œk6‚^»
9 ! @+ @6/18 # !
1/ / % ;8 + / # / 8
22
fhgŸ qqk6ƒ/vxŸ {\„«zk6qk/„Švqq{\jPkS‘"r\qxŸ ƒÈ2k/z€¯V{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6k%zk6qt©¡vqqxg0{s¢*Ÿ¡„–Ivxg"rJvy
r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{IŸ qrJ‘© k%v{
r\ƒ;gŸ k/¨ŒkhgŸ¡–ˆg¬+k/z€¯³{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6kˆ»²fhg0k±+k/z€¯³{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6k*{J¯ - @/."rJ„0#‚ S+UWVYXZ§{\„9v{\¬{J¯+y²r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*·
rJzkȟ¡„vxz{‚.t0ƒ6k6‚Á‘+k'¯³{\zk%vxg0kȁ2k/z€¯V{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6k{J¯´¹ÈzxŸ ‚"µ*µ±·½»
fhg0kvk6qxv^©ÀrJv€¯³{\zxj ƒ6{\„0qxŸ qxvqÃ{J¯‚.t"rJ©¿­Íy
k/„ŠvxŸ¡tj ~~~Ãl3J¹ <Å¢*Ÿ¡vxg N.ls’²·¸¶ºn}S·½”6q¢*Ÿ¡vƒg0k6‚
G´vxg0k/zx„0k/v€­;ls•ˆ•.”4·ŽwzxŸ¡„0k/v€­°’ˆ•ˆ•ˆ•IrJ„0‚ ^Ÿ¡„Št.uÁ’.»ù’.»
/œ 53Õ YÐ › ÍÔ › /œ 5ý Ð 465 œÕ 4M Ô & fhg0kÁz;rs¢ ‘"rJ„0‚.¢*Ÿ ‚.vxg {J¯ - @/.
rJ„0‚½¨ˆrJzxŸ {\t0q SJUWVYXZ Ÿ¡j¬© k/jPk/„Šv;rJvxŸ {\„0qIŸ¡„¼y²r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*· {B¨Œk/z¬·ÁwEzxŸ¡„0k/v€­°’ˆ•ˆ•ˆ•ŽŸ qqg0{s¢*„ªŸ¡„
a
Ÿ¡–ˆtzk¦‹E» a0{\z - @/.rJ„0‚ {\j¬„Ÿ@Sn¶È”hvxg0kº+ksrJ¤ ‘"rJ„0‚.¢*Ÿ ‚.vxg Ÿ q«k'uƒ6k/©¡© k/„Š'v ’J‡Š•²·¸¶ ^JqB”
¢*gŸ ƒ;g¦Ÿ q‰ {J¯±vxg0k¬jIru.Ÿ¡jtj ·ÁwEzxŸ¡„0k/v€­°’ˆ•ˆ•ˆ•Çg"rJz‚.¢hrJzkI‘"rJ„0‚.¢*Ÿ ‚.vxgûfhg0k¬©ÀrJvk/„0ƒ/wºŸ q
lˆlÃq*¯V{\z - @/.ýrJ„0‚Á’ˆ• Ãqh¯³{\z{\j¬„Ÿ@Sn¶È»
vxg0k/Lz S+U VYX Z¼Ÿ¡j¬© k/jPk/„v;rJvxŸ {\„0qȖŒk/v2{{\zzk6qt©¡vqs»h·ÁŸ ƒ6{I+ksrJ¤.qrJv N2N²·¸¶ ^Jq¢*Ÿ¡vxgºr
©ÀrJvk/„0ƒ/wP{J¯ ˆ’ Ãqs”.rJ„0‚cSn¶*r\ƒ/t0q´–Œk/vq ˆ“²·Ž¶ ^Jq£¢*Ÿ¡vxgcr%©ÀrJvk/„0ƒ/wP{J¯ NJ‡Ãqs»²fhg0k6qk„Štj‘+k/zq
rJzk¬ƒ6{\„0qŸ qxvk/„Šv%¢*Ÿ¡vxg¥vxg0k6{\zxw E¡lˆl F St„©¡Ÿ¡¤Œk¬{\j¬„Ÿ@Sn¶È”^·ŽŸ ƒ6{§rJ„0‚¦Sn¶*r\ƒ/t0qrJ©¡¢±rswEqƒ6{\Šw
‚0rJv;r9¯V{\z*jIrJzqxg"rJ©¡©¡Ÿ¡„–crJ„0‚«t„jIrJzqxg"rJ©¡©¡Ÿ¡„–0»
j¬„Ÿ@Sn¶-Ÿ qIr\q9¯®r\qxvPr\q - @/.zk/–ŠrJz‚.Ÿ¡„–¦vxg0k«‘"rJ„0‚.¢*Ÿ ‚.vxgÔ*rJ„0‚ q©¡Ÿ¡–ˆgŠvx©¡wqx© {s¢±k/zP¯³{\z
©ÀrJvk/„0ƒ/wŒ»hfhgŸ q©ÀrJvk/„0ƒ/w§ƒ6{\t© ‚§‘2k%© {s¢±k/zk6‚¸Ÿ¿¯²¢±k:t0qk6‚ŽrPqx2k6ƒ/Ÿ¿É"ƒ%z{\v{Eƒ6{\©±ÄVƒsrJ©¡© k6‚! ".9U @0Æ
Ÿ¡„0qvksr\‚§{J¯
vxg0kȖŒk/„0k/z;rJ© .9UW@«z{\v{ƒ6{\©ÃŸ¡„«vxg0Ik S+UWVYXZŸ¡j¬© k/jPk/„v;rJvxŸ {\„û
üýü ó1d.efg
e
l/‡
B(
. 0(, . .() .(,( Q(. B(
7
,
250
Bandwidth (MB/s)
200
omniORB-3.0.2/Myrinet-2000
omniORB-4.0.0/Myrinet-2000
Mico-2.3.7/Myrinet-2000
ORBacus-4.0.5/Myrinet-2000
MPICH-1.1.2/Myrinet-2000
TCP/Ethernet-100 (reference)
150
100
50
0
32
1KB
32KB
Message size (bytes)
1MB
a
Ÿ¡–ˆtzk‹ QS+U VYX ZªrJ„0‚ - @/.^‘"rJ„0‚.¢*Ÿ ‚.vxg¸{\„§v{\Á{J¯y
r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*·¼»
fhg0k - @/."+k/z€¯³{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6kŸ¡„cy
r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*· Ÿ q´¨Œk/zxwPqxŸ¡j¬Ÿ¡©ÀrJz£v{ - @/.9\ ^J·¸r\‚k/© k/Ÿ¡„0k E ‡F"¯Vz{\j
¢*gŸ ƒ;gy²r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*· q - @1.hŸ¡j¬© k/jPk/„Šv;rJvxŸ {\„ Ÿ q¬‚k/zxŸ¡¨Œk6‚YDy²r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*· r\‚‚q¬„0{¥qxŸ¡–ˆ„Ÿ¿É"ƒsrJ„Šv
{B¨Œk/zxg0ksr\‚ª„0k/Ÿ¡vxg0k/z¯V{\z‘"rJ„0‚.¢*Ÿ ‚.vxg„0{\z¯V{\z©ÀrJvk/„0ƒ/wŒ»¦µ±{\„0ƒ/tzxzk/„ŠvP‘2k/„0ƒgjIrJzx¤.q§Ä[S+U VYX Z
rJ„0‚ - @/.%rJvÇvxg0k¥q;rJjPk¸vxŸ¡jPkBÆqxg0{B¢ vxg0kŽ‘"rJ„0‚.¢*Ÿ ‚.vxg Ÿ q«k'ÎIƒ/Ÿ k/„vx©¡w qg"rJzk6‚ ½ksr\ƒ;g –Œk/vq
ls’ˆ•²·¸¶ ^Jqs»
› Ð 84 485ýœ› Ñ › 4M9Õ YÐ › ÍÔ › /œ 5ý Ð & fhg0k£+k/z€¯³{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6k±{J¯+r*zk/©¡Ÿ¡j¬Ÿ¡„"rJzxwŸ¡j¬© k'­
jPk/„v;rJvxŸ {\„½{J¯¹SzxŸ ‚"µ*µ±·$‘"r\qk6‚¥{\„·ŽŸ ƒ6{е*µ±· ’.»ù“.»å‹Çg"r\q%‘+k6k/„¥jPksr\qtzk6‚¥‘+k/v°¢£k6k/„½vÍ¢£{
"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©±ƒ6{\j¬+{\„0k/„vqs»«}…É0zqxv:"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©hƒ6{\j¬+{\„0k/„vŸ¡„¨Œ{\¤Œk6qrJ„¼{\+k/z;rJvxŸ {\„¼{\„¼r«q;k6ƒ6{\„0‚
"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©hƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Šv9¢*Ÿ¡vxg¼r§¨Œk6ƒ/v{\z{J¯Ÿ¡„vk/–Œk/zq9r\q9rJ„¼rJzx–ˆtjPk/„vs»Žfhg0kŸ¡„ЍŒ{\¤Œk6‚¼{\2k/z;r­
vxŸ {\„c{\„©¡wPƒ6{\„Šv;rJŸ¡„0q*r +»²¶±{\vxgc"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©2ƒ6{\j¬+{\„0k/„vqhrJzkŸ¡„0qxv;rJ„ŠvxŸÀrJvk6‚Ç{\„vxg0k
qTrJjPk9„Štj‘2k/z{J¯h„0{E‚k6qs»¬fhg0k9©ÀrJvk/„0ƒ/wrJ„0‚¥vxg0kPrJ–ˆ–ˆzk/–ŠrJvkP‘"rJ„0‚.¢*Ÿ ‚.vxg¼{s¨Œk/zy²r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*·
^J·ŽwEzxŸ¡„0k/v€­°’ˆ•ˆ•ˆ•«Ÿ qqg0{s¢*„¼Ÿ¡„ a
Ÿ¡–ˆtz#
k R vxg0kP‘"rJ„0‚.¢*Ÿ ‚.vxg¼Ÿ qk'ÎIƒ/Ÿ k/„Švx©¡w¼rJ–ˆ–ˆzk/–ŠrJvk6‚^»«fhg0k
©ÀrJvk/„0ƒ/wǟ q*vxg0kqxtj {J¯
vxg0k·ÁŸ ƒ6{9©ÀrJvk/„0ƒ/w§rJ„0‚«vxg0k D.vxg0k:k'u.+k/zxŸ¡jPk/„vqqxg0{B¢
vxg0k%k'u.2k6ƒ/vk6‚«‘+k/g"rs¨Ÿ {\zs»
fhg0k:‘2k/g"r6¨EŸ {\zS{J¯±¹SzxŸ ‚"µ*µ±· {\„¸v{\¸r a"r\qxv€­ Gvxg0k/zx„0k/vȄ0k/v°¢£{\zx¤Á‘"r\q;k6‚Á{\„Ž·ŽŸ ƒ6{е*µ±·
ÄMzk6qÃ»{\„¥2k/„4µ*µ±·8Ä KŠrs¨\rŒÆxƟ qSqxŸ¡j¬Ÿ¡©ÀrJ'z hvxg0k‘"rJ„0‚.¢*Ÿ ‚.vxg¥qƒsrJ© k6q¯Vz{\j‰.]» R·Ž¶ ^JqÄMzk6qÃ»
R.»ù“9·¸
¶ ^JqTÆ£v{‹ R.» ‡I·¸¶ ^JqÄMzk6qxÃ» .» ‡I·¸¶ ^JqTÆ'»
¹SzxŸ ‚"µ*µ±· rJ„0‚¥y
r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*· rJ©¡© {B¢Ë‘Ÿ¡„"rJzxw¥ƒ6{\j¬+{\„0k/„vq:v{Ǒ2k¬‚k/© {swŒk6‚¦{\„‚.Ÿ¿¾^k/zk/„Šv
q;{\zxvq{J¯
„0k/v°¢£{\zx¤.qrJ„0‚«v{Pvxz;rJ„0qx"rJzk/„Švx©¡wÁrJ„0‚«k'ÎIƒ/Ÿ k/„vx©¡w«t0qkÈvxg0kr6¨ˆrJŸ¡©ÀrJ‘© k:„0k/v°¢£{\zx¤2»
ò &
ü3òVø
!
#"%$&'()+*,-$.() .(./-/0(
1$2(435(,627/890:
6 6
8 8
: :
@ @
!"$#
798
=<;
6?85;
6:<@
l-N
( (
%')+&*,-& ./& 1032+45(#
:<;
>7
6::
8@A
a
Ÿ¡–ˆtzk=R y
k/z€¯V{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6k ‘2k/vÍ¢±k6k/„v°¢£{…"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©
ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvqS{s¨Œk/z·ŽwzxŸ¡„0k/v€­°’ˆ•ˆ•ˆ•.»
;h4ED )F%!
fhg0k/zkk'uEŸ qvh¯Vk/¢ zk6q;ksrJzƒg¸r\ƒ/vxŸ¡¨EŸ¡vxŸ k6qS‚ksrJ©¡Ÿ¡„–I¢*Ÿ¡vxg§vxg0k:‚k6qŸ¡–ˆ„Ž{J¯ƒ6{\j¬+{\„0k/„vjP{E‚k/© q*¯³{\z
gŸ¡–ˆg.­®2k/z€¯³{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6kSƒ6{\j¬tvxŸ¡„–0»fhg0kjP{ˆqxv£¢£k/©¡©+¤„0{B¢*„z{J|xk6ƒ/vYŸ¡„vxg"rJvhrJzksr:Ÿ qYvxg0kȵ±{\j9­
jP{\„ µ±{\j¬+{\„0k/„vc}zƒgŸ¡vk6ƒ/vxtzk¼Ä®µ*µ±}ÈÆ Eå‹ Fvxg"rJvcrJŸ¡jPqrJvP‚k'É0„Ÿ¡„–ªr¥qx2k6ƒ/Ÿ¿É"ƒsrJvxŸ {\„ ¯³{\z
rǃ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvjP{‚k/©²¯³{\z:‚.Ÿ qxvxzxŸ¡‘tvk6‚¼rJ„0‚¥"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©Yqƒ/Ÿ k/„vxŸ¿É"ƒPƒ6{\j¬tvxŸ¡„–0»I~°v%Ÿ qrÇqk/v:{J¯
q+k6ƒ/Ÿ¿É"ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0qIvxg"rJvI‚k6qƒ/zxŸ¡‘2k«¨\rJzxŸ {\t0qr\qx+k6ƒ/vqI{J¯Svxg0k«jP{E‚k/©©¡Ÿ¡¤ŒkÁrºq;ƒ/Ÿ k/„ŠvxŸ¿É"ƒ§Ÿ¡„vk/z€¯³r\ƒ6k
‚k'É0„Ÿ¡vxŸ {\„Ž©ÀrJ„–ˆt"rJ–ŒkcÄ®E~ P ýÆ*rJ„0‚«vxg0kƒ6{\„0ƒ6k/v{J¯²+{\zxvqvxg"rJv‚k'É0„0k%vxg0kƒ6{\j¬jt„Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„
jP{E‚k/©®»´µ*µ±} ‚{k6qY„0{\vYŸ¡j¬2{ˆqkrÈzxt„vxŸ¡jPkk/„¨Ÿ¡z{\„jPk/„v±¯V{\z´vxg0kk'u.k6ƒ/tvxŸ {\„Ç{J¯ýµ*µ±} ƒ6{\j9­
2{\„0k/„ŠvqýjIrJ¤EŸ¡„–vxg0k±µ*µ±}¼jP{E‚k/©Š2{\zxv;rJ‘© k£r\ƒ/z{ˆqq
rh¢*Ÿ ‚kYqx2k6ƒ/vxzxtj {J¯gŸ¡–ˆg.­®2k/z€¯V{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6k
ƒ6{\j¬tvxŸ¡„–ŽŸ¡„.¯Mz;r\qvxzxt0ƒ/vxtzkIŸ¡„0ƒ/©¡t0‚.Ÿ¡„–¸ƒ6{\j¬tv;rJvxŸ {\„"rJ©£–ˆzxŸ ‚qs» <S{s¢£k/¨Œk/zs”
Ÿ¡„vk/z{\+k/z;rJ‘Ÿ¡©¡Ÿ¡v°w
Ÿ q*{\„©¡wÇrJvq{\tzƒ6kS© k/¨Œk/©3rJ„0‚Çvxg0k/zkȟ qh„0{9qxt+{\zxv*Ÿ¡„Çvxg0kÈjP{E‚k/©2¯V{\zh"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©Ãƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Švqs»
Êk/‘ Ek/zx¨EŸ ƒ6k6?q E]R FŸ qcr¥ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvcjP{‚k/©¢*gŸ ƒgŸ qI–ŠrJŸ¡„Ÿ¡„–½©ÀrJzx–Œk¸r\ƒ6ƒ6k/v;rJ„0ƒ6kˆ» ~®¯
vxg0k/wªrJ+ksrJz¬Ÿ¡„vk/zk6qxvxŸ¡„–v{¸‘tŸ¡© ‚¹SzxŸ ‚Ek/zx¨EŸ ƒ6k6qs”vxg0k/wª‚{¸„0{\vIrJ+ksrJz¬¢±k/©¡©qxtŸ¡vk6‚ªv{
‘tŸ¡© ‚¦–ˆzxŸ ‚E­°r6¢hrJzk : .(9$2(,4B,9rJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0qs»Çfhg0k/zkPŸ q:„0{Áqxt+{\zxv:¯V{\z‚k/© {BwŸ¡„–
rJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0qÈrJ„0‚Çvxg0k/Ÿ¡z2k/z€¯V{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6kŸ qh+{E{\zs»
Ek/¨Œk/z;rJ©Šj¬Ÿ ‚‚.© k/¢±rJzk±k/„ЍEŸ¡z{\„jPk/„Švqý¯³{\zÃjIrJ„"rJ–ˆŸ¡„–Svxg0k„0k/vÍ¢±{\zx¤ƒ6{\j¬jt„Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0q²g"rs¨Œk
k/jPk/zx–Œk6‚^»fhg0k _ CZ @ ) . 2HGºµ±{\j¬jt„Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„ G„ЍEŸ¡z{\„jPk/„ŠvIÄ L \IG0LÆ Eù’J2‡ FýŸ qvxg0kƒ/© {ˆqk6qxvv{
y²r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*·¼»ý~°vrJŸ¡jPqrJvz{s¨EŸ ‚.Ÿ¡„–¥rŽ,µ ++-gŸ¡–ˆg½© k/¨Œk/©hrJ‘0qvxz;r\ƒ/vrJ„0‚2{\zxv;rJ‘© kPŸ¡„vk/z€¯³r\ƒ6k
¯³{\zqwEqxvk/j̯VksrJvxtzk6q9qxt0ƒ;gªr\q„0k/v°¢£{\zx¤¼rJ„0‚½jt©¡vxŸ¡vxgzksr\‚.Ÿ¡„–0»¥~°vv;rJzx–Œk/vqzksrJ©¡vxŸ¡jPk ºŸ®» kˆ»
zk6‚.Ÿ ƒ/v;rJ‘Ÿ¡©¡Ÿ¡v°w z;rJvxg0k/z´vxg"rJ„PgŸ¡–ˆgI+k/z€¯³{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6kˆ»~Ív´‚{Ek6q„0{\v´qxt2{\zxv´gŸ¡–ˆg.­®2k/z€¯V{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6k
„0k/v°¢£{\zx¤.q´rJ„0‚{J¾^k/zq²rqx2k6ƒ/Ÿ¿É"ƒ_ @/.¯³{\z3vxŸ¡–ˆgv²Ÿ¡„Švk/–ˆz;rJvxŸ {\„¬¢*Ÿ¡vxg¬r*j¬Ÿ ‚‚.© k/¢±rJzkh‘tŸ¡©¡v²{\„v{\
{J¯Ÿ¡vs»nk6ƒ6k/„ŠvS¢£{\zx¤.qÄ 0WZY\IG0Ær\‚‚¸rPy
{ˆqxŸ¿u^»¡l _ @/.ýv{ L \IG§¯³{\zqksrJj¬© k6qqŸ¡„Švk/–ˆz;rJvxŸ {\„¥Ÿ¡„v{
k'u.Ÿ qxvxŸ¡„–ƒ6{‚k6qs`» <S{s¢±k/¨Œk/zs”Ÿ¡v±{\„©¡wP‚ksrJ© qY¢*Ÿ¡vxg+{\zxv;rJ‘Ÿ¡©¡Ÿ¡v°wI{\„I¨ˆrJzxŸ {\t0q±{\+k/z;rJvxŸ¡„–qxwEqvk/jPqs”
„0{\vÇ¢*Ÿ¡vxg rJzx‘Ÿ¡vxz;rJvxŸ {\„ „0k/Ÿ¡vxg0k/zÇ¢*Ÿ¡vxg rJtv{\jIrJvxŸ ƒ¥qk/© k6ƒ/vxŸ {\„ {J¯vxg0k¸z{\v{ƒ6{\©®» Ÿ¡j¬Ÿ¡©ÀrJzx©¡wŒ”
y²rJ„0‚0c
r Eù’ˆO“ FŸ qÁr½¯Mz;rJjPk/¢±{\zx¤ ¢*gŸ ƒg ‚ksrJ© qÁ¢*Ÿ¡vxg „0k/vÍ¢±{\zx¤Ÿ¡„– rJ„0‚ jt©¡vxŸ¡vxgzksr\‚.Ÿ¡„–0» ~°v
B
C
üýü ó1d.efg
e
l'
B(
. 0(, . .() .(,( Q(. B(
7
,
Ÿ qIjIrJŸ¡„©¡w r¥2{\zxv;rJ‘Ÿ¡©¡Ÿ¡vÍw©Àr6wŒk/zÇv{‘tŸ¡© ‚ zxt„ŠvxŸ¡jPkºk/„ЍEŸ¡z{\„jPk/„Švq«‚k6‚.Ÿ ƒsrJvk6‚ v{½"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©
©ÀrJ„–ˆt"rJ–Œk6qB»
<SrJzx„0k6qqIE¡l'F²Ÿ qr¯Mz;rJjPk/¢±{\zx¤Žvxg"rJv:v;rJzx–Œk/vq:gŸ¡–ˆg.­®+k/z€¯³{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6kP‚.Ÿ qxvxzxŸ¡‘tvk6‚ƒ6{\j¬tv€­
Ÿ¡„–0»~°vYŸ q±‘tŸ¡©¡vh{\„ KŠr6¨ˆr.» ^Ÿ¡¤ŒkÈy
r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*·¼”.Ÿ¡vhƒ6{\„0qxŸ ‚k/zq±j¬Ÿ ‚‚.© k/¢±rJzk%qxw.qxvk/jPqhr\q£©¡t–ˆŸ¡„0qB»
µ£tzxzk/„vx©¡wŒ”vxg0k/zkÁŸ q{\„©¡wr 0,2`A ©¡t–ˆŸ¡„ rJ„0‚ t‘©¡Ÿ qxg0k6‚ 2k/z€¯V{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6kŽjPk/„ŠvxŸ {\„0q«{\„©¡w
©ÀrJŸ¡„ \ @2»yz{\vk/t04q EùO‰ FŸ q:rcqxw.qxvk/j¯V{\zSŸ¡„Švk/–ˆz;rJvxŸ¡„–Žjt©¡vxŸ¡© k9jPk6qq;rJ–Œk9z{\v{Eƒ6{\© q%qxt0ƒ;g
r\qȏ*}Sy rJ„0?‚ KŒ·¥Ç¢*Ÿ¡vxgŸ¡„º{\„0kqxw.qxvk/j§»h~°vrJŸ¡jPqSrJvS‚k6ƒ6{\t©¡Ÿ¡„–ÇrJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„¥ƒ6{E‚k%¯Vz{\j
z{\v{Eƒ6{\©®”±¢*gŸ ƒg Ÿ qIrJ„ rJz{Œr\ƒg ŠtŸ¡vkÁqxŸ¡j¬Ÿ¡©ÀrJzPv{{\tzIq;k/"rJz;rJvxŸ {\„ {J¯:rJzx‘Ÿ¡vxz;rJvxŸ {\„ © k/¨­
k/© ^\rJ‘0qvxz;r\ƒ/vxŸ {\„© k/¨Œk/©®”‘tvPrJv¬rÁjt0ƒ;ggŸ¡–ˆg0k/z¬© k/¨Œk/©hŸ¡„½vxg0kcz{\v{Eƒ6{\©hqv;r\ƒ¤2» k'u.t0q E¡l/2‡ F
t0q;k6‚¥v{§‘2k¬vxg0kIƒ6{\j¬jt„Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„ qxt‘0qxw.qxvk/jÌ{J¯¹S© {\‘t0qs»«~°v:¢hr\q‘"r\qk6‚½{\„¦vxg0kƒ6{\„0ƒ6k/v
{J¯È–ˆ© {\‘"rJ©2{\Ÿ¡„Švk/zqB» S{s¢±r\‚0rswEqB”hŸ¡vP‘+k6ƒ6{\jPk6qcr\ƒ6ƒ6k/vk6‚ vxg"rJv - @/.9\ E¡lsO“ F‘tŸ¡©¡v{\„
¹È© {\‘t0q€­Í~€ Ÿ q:r2{\t©ÀrJz:ƒ6{\j¬jt„Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„jPk6ƒ;g"rJ„Ÿ qxj ¯³{\zS–ˆzxŸ ‚qB» <S{s¢£k/¨Œk/zs”3Ÿ¡vȟ q:rJz{J­
zxŸÀrJvk{\„©¡w«v{I‚k/© {Bw§"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©²rJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0qÈ{\„Ž–ˆzxŸ ‚qs”"¢*gŸ ƒ;gŽŸ qSr¬v{E{P©¡Ÿ¡j¬Ÿ¡vxŸ¡„–«r9jP{E‚k/©
¯³{\zƒ6k/zxv;rJŸ¡„§–ˆzxŸ ‚ÁrJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0qB»
1!";
µ±{\j¬tv;rJvxŸ {\„"rJ©ý–ˆzxŸ ‚qrJ©¡© {B¢ „0k/¢ ¤EŸ¡„0‚q{J¯rJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0qv{9‘2k%‚k/¨Œk/© {\+k6‚^»1a0{\zk'u0rJj¬© kˆ”
ƒ6{E‚kYƒ6{\t©¡Ÿ¡„–ÈrJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0qƒsrJ„‘2k/„0k'É0vïVz{\j vxg0kY¨Œk/zxwSgt–Œk£ƒ6{\j¬tvxŸ¡„–0”\„0k/v°¢£{\zx¤EŸ¡„–:rJ„0‚
qv{\z;rJ–Œkzk6q{\tzƒ6k6q£z{s¨EŸ ‚k6‚c‘ŠwPƒ6{\j¬tv;rJvxŸ {\„"rJ©ý¹SzxŸ ‚qB»E{J¯VvÍ¢hrJzkȃ6{\j¬+{\„0k/„v±vk6ƒ;g„0{\© {\–ˆw
rJ2ksrJzqv{Á‘2krÁ¨Œk/zxw¥z{\j¬Ÿ qxŸ¡„–ºvk6ƒg„0{\© {\–ˆw½v{Ág"rJ„0‚.© kcqxt0ƒgrJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0qs» <S{s¢£k/¨Œk/zs”
q;{J¯Mv°¢±rJzk*ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvjP{E‚k/© q‚{„0{\v{J¾^k/z²rJ„Pr\‚k6Ât"rJvk*qxt2{\zxv
v{Èk/j‘+k6‚"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©0ƒ6{E‚k6q
Ÿ¡„v{Pƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„Švqs»
fhgŸ q²"rJ+k/z
Ÿ¡„Švxz{E‚.t0ƒ6k6q´y²r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{”rƒ6{\j¬+{\„0k/„v€­®‘"r\qk6‚Pq{J¯VvÍ¢hrJzkhŸ¡„.¯Mz;r\qxvxzxt0ƒ/vxtzk±¯³{\z
–ˆzxŸ ‚
ƒ6{\j¬tvxŸ¡„– D.Ÿ¡v£ƒ6{\j¬zxŸ qk6q¹SzxŸ ‚"µ*µ±· rJ„0‚Iy²r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*·½»0¹SzxŸ ‚"µ*µ±· Ÿ¡„Švxz{E‚.t0ƒ6k6qY"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©¡Ÿ qxj
Ÿ¡„0qŸ ‚4k S+U VYXZƒ6{\j¬+{\„0k/„vqs”2vxgŠt0q:rJ©¡© {B¢*Ÿ¡„–c"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©²„tjPk/zxŸ ƒsrJ©´qxŸ¡jt©ÀrJvxŸ {\„ƒ6{E‚k6qSv{I‘2k
k/j‘+k6‚‚k6‚ Ÿ¡„ S+U VYXZ ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvqB» y
r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*· k/„"rJ‘© k6qIvxg0kŽ‚k/© {swEjPk/„ŠvÇ{J¯:"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©
SJUWVYXZǑ"r\qk6‚9rJ©¡Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0q´{\„9–ˆzxŸ ‚-q D\Ÿ¡v´rJ©¡© {s¢q²vxg0k/j v{t0q;k£qk/¨Œk/z;rJ©.j¬Ÿ ‚‚.© k/¢hrJzkqxw.qxvk/jPq
ÄVqt0ƒg¬r\Mq S+U VYXZ§rJ„0‚ - @/..rJv
vxg0k£qTrJjPkYvxŸ¡jPkBÆýrJ„0‚k/„"rJ‘© k6q
vxg0k/j v{vxz;rJ„0q"rJzk/„Švx©¡wtvxŸ¡©¡Ÿ¡Åsk
rJ©¡©3rs¨\rJŸ¡©ÀrJ‘© k„0k/vÍ¢±{\zx¤Eq¢*Ÿ¡vxg§vxg0k:rJz{\zxŸÀrJvk:jPk/vxg0{E‚^»
E{\jPk§Ÿ qqxt0k6qPg"r6¨Œk§„0{\v‘+k6k/„ q{\©¡¨Œk6‚wŒk/vs» a0{\zIŸ¡„0qxv;rJ„0ƒ6kˆ”hƒ/tzxzk/„vx©¡w vxg0k§qk6ƒ/tzxŸ¡v°wŸ q
jIrJ„"rJ–Œk6‚¸vxgz{\t–ˆg¸vxg0kt0q;k{J¯´vxg0k S+U VYX Zªqk6ƒ/tzxŸ¡v°w§Ÿ¡„.¯Mz;r\qvxzxt0ƒ/vxtzk¢*gŸ ƒ;gºŸ qq{\jPk/vxŸ¡jPk6q
v{E{ªƒ6{ŒrJzqk'­®–ˆz;rJŸ¡„0k6‚^» a0{\z§k'u0rJj¬© kˆ”SŸ¿¯vÍ¢±{ ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvqŽrJzk¸©Àr\ƒ6k6‚ Ÿ¡„0qŸ ‚kºvxg0k¥q;rJjPk
"rJz;rJ©¡© k/©±jIr\ƒgŸ¡„0kˆ”²¢±kIƒsrJ„ªr\qqxtjPkPvxg"rJvƒ6{\j¬jt„Ÿ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„0qPrJzkqk6ƒ/tzkcrJ„0‚¦vxgŠt0qƒsrJ„¦‘2k
{\vxŸ¡j¬Ÿ¡Åsk6‚‘Šw%‚.Ÿ q;rJ‘©¡Ÿ¡„–vxg0k´k/„0ƒ/zxwvxŸ {\„û <S{s¢£k/¨Œk/zs”\vxgŸ qß qqxt0kg"r\qÃqvxŸ¡©¡©Œv{*‘2kŸ¡„ЍŒk6qxvxŸ¡–ŠrJvk6‚^»
PÈk/© {BwjPk/„vSjPk6ƒ;g"rJ„Ÿ qxjPq%qxg0{\t© ‚ŽqxvxŸ¡©¡©ý‘2k:Ÿ¡j¬z{B¨Œk6‚^»~°„Á"rJzxvxŸ ƒ/t©ÀrJzs”+¢±kŸ¡„¨Œk6qxvxŸ¡–ŠrJvkvxg0k
ò &
ü3òVø
!
#"%$&'()+*,-$.() .(./-/0(
1$2(435(,627/890:
lB‹
zk/©ÀrJvxŸ {\„0qgŸ¡¼‘2k/vÍ¢±k6k/„ S+\ A rJ„0‚ ¹S© {\‘t0q E¡l-N F ¬ƒ6{\j¬2{\„0k/„ŠvPqk/zx¨Œk/zq9ƒ6{\t© ‚¼‘+kc‚k/© {swŒk6‚
¢*Ÿ¡vxgŸ¡„¸r–ˆzxŸ ‚E­®¢*Ÿ ‚krJtvxg0k/„ŠvxŸ ƒsrJvxŸ {\„¸jPk6ƒg"rJ„Ÿ qj§»
¹SzxŸ ‚"µ*µ±·$Ÿ q:qxvxŸ¡©¡©´¢±{\zx¤¸Ÿ¡„¦z{\–ˆzk6qq-Dý‘"r\qxŸ ƒPk'u0rJj¬© k6q:¢*Ÿ¡vxg¼¹SzxŸ ‚"µ*µ±· rJzkP¢£{\zx¤EŸ¡„–
vxg0{\t–ˆgûY~Ívqh2k/z€¯V{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6k:Ÿ qhŸ¡„Švk/zk6qxvxŸ¡„–P‘tv¢£k%k'u.+k6ƒ/vr S+\ A Ÿ¡j¬© k/jPk/„Šv;rJvxŸ {\„¸{\„«v{\
{J¯{\j¬„Ÿ@Sn¶ v{Pr\ƒ;gŸ k/¨Œk:vxzxt©¡wcgŸ¡–ˆg§2k/z€¯V{\zxjIrJ„0ƒ6kˆ»
y
r\‚.Ÿ ƒ6{ˆf*· Ÿ qŸ¡j¬© k/jPk/„vk6‚rJ„0‚§¢£{\zx¤.qS¢*Ÿ¡vxg - @/.9\²”4¨\rJzxŸ {\t0q S+U VYX Z ’rJ„0‚ S+U V
XZ«“Ÿ¡j¬© k/jPk/„Šv;rJvxŸ {\„0qs”Š–*}SyrJ„0‚vxg0k*µ±k/zxvxŸ Zǟ¡j¬© k/jPk/„Šv;rJvxŸ {\„û´~°v
Ÿ q²2k/„IE{\tzƒ6k
q;{J¯Mv°¢±rJzkrJ„0‚«Ÿ qr6¨ˆrJŸ¡©ÀrJ‘© krJv 0»
F%´( < 4!
fhgŸ q:¢£{\zx¤¸¢±r\qqt+{\zxvk6‚º‘wŽvxg0k¬~°„0ƒ6k/„ŠvxŸ¡¨Œkǵ±{\„0ƒ6k/zxvk6‚}*ƒ/vxŸ {\„ €< ¹Èn~[P ÇD ÄV}µ±~%¹Èn~[P:Æ
{J¯²vxg0Jk azk/„0ƒ;gŽ·ŽŸ¡„Ÿ qxvxzxw«{J¯²nk6qksrJzƒgû
C
&6²)2
!
6 % ! 2 & "# $ 9 %& ')(* &' & % 5!
( % 0 +-,-.# !/ 0,.
1 2 * 543 !2 . # . < (+%5 %76 < 8 * & 8 * < 9 ! . & (* 9 ;:<>=@?A 8.B;DC87A 85A<AA
8D@E * E/ 2F6 & & HG & % #I# 5$((* ( (* & .KJLLKMONPPRQQKQTS)UDVW$XRU.YKZ[S)U.YK\ ;]@E^ % & . 2 &%_ `3 'baO 0 _ .5" /c ' 0 * 99d5 %e6 (5 5 f * 9 < *,
5* * $5( ! .* & . ' 6 !( 5
(
6 (* & <gRhg]ijikiA?ml]no
p!qrtsjuKv 85@ : #5 7<A9>-C 7<87 %w6 85AA98
:R@E^ % & % 0 $* "I 5 / ' 0;Gm9 ( & 450 * .5 ( * ' 6 (5( 0;Gm9 !'.* & . ' 6 !< 5 )H<, 9 x<Ohl"y"z|{.} rj~4ur i€z`<gRhg]iji€kimg u$‚ = s„ƒdr h s†…qr k ‚ <OhlRo
yk ƒ‡ƒdsjuKvˆ‰ n p l ƒ‡sjq n‹Š  <>=H< ˆŒŽ.Ž {‡] B6 2 5 a (*,
8AA6% 91m1m1 BD 2 5((-03 '& € ‘G '& € ˆ 6 l)’ r”& “ gRhk–•*hy ~sjr ky rtq hk ƒ— • %‚R6 ˜ g u y‡k ƒ g u!‚ • p.p i s y‡g rts l u o
ƒ $. ™9 <( * /™& *, (( 5 2 5 ) 5( % $$.* ((- ( 6 9(- 5 / 6 m2 6 %* & š & 6=<==
7] 2 &%_ 3 'aO 0 _ . 5" 5 / 5 - 1>f * <
* (* < * * .
9(* H (
9 <Thl-y"z!›Rh ‚;œ l]h ƒ~ l p l uŸž*qurts n–k ˆ‰Dƒdr kn ƒ ’l]h|<gRhg]iji€kiK<Ohl v hg]nn sjuKv
Š žc ˆ <m<¢¡ £.£d] 6"5B @<7 5¤¥–? ˆ :97@]9C :<@98 2 53 ]G ( / * %6 - 6=<==
9 ]¦ )+* .§98GmG 2 4 2 G[¨wG 6==<= 2 6 (* 6 & &
' š & >"–/ 2 ( .ª© «( .* ` 2$ '¨ * ) «¨ « 5< 0 ª 8 * 5$]¦ 0 9, .*”I 2 # ¬, 5 0 [­ $.-(* % 6 <
9 8 * ($.* ( !< * * & * (* *,
(* < 9 ;:*<m=?« B6dC0B5= 8AAA
@] 1 60!60( $5 * œ k …ˆ kh ˜"s y‡k ƒ*6 ®[& ƒ‡ƒ k ur”s gRi ƒ [E^¯ / * € °I % ( *,(- 6 * * a 85AA98
=] © O( .* 0 O 8 * (R¦ H ±¨ T 5 # . 6 (5(
* 6 * $5( 9 <Ohl"yk‡k ‚]sjuv]ƒ l²’ r³~ k ŒŽ.Ž]Œ ?ml u ’khk u ykl u@ˆ!q"p khy‡l]n p!qrtsjuKv Š ˆ ?¡ Ž]Œ ]- 2 (* (.%´ 2 % 9 ' 8 85AA98
üýü ó1d.efg
e
l-R
B(
. 0(, . .() .(,( Q(. B(
7
,
6A] š ¨ 5]¦ 5 / '5 " /c[/ ( 9 9 & $(* & , * 8 * * (* '
.(< (9* (
/"* - 9 <Ohl"y"z r³~7œ l]h ƒ)~ l p l u™ž*qurts n¬k ˆ!‰Dƒdr kn ƒ ’lRh
<g]hgRiji€ki<Ohl v hgRn^n sjuKv Š žc ˆ <m< ¡ Ž%Ž ] 6@A<A 5A¤`¥–? ˆ 6 & 6<67<ADC6<67-> ( 5
0 *,03? 85A<AA0 9 <]¦ )+* .  <>=H8 < ˆ
ŒŽ.Ž%Ž 2 (* ' š 6<6 % '¨ *, (* G _ (+. # G (* # ) 5$+.* & . 6 6 !& ( & (E/ 2 % 5 30;Gm9' *, '
) H! & *, 6 (* & 9 (* % ". * "!<Ohl-y"zml²’ rj~ k Œ%u!‚dur i€z œ l]h ƒ)~ l p l u
h s†‚ ?ml]n p!qrtsjuKv -
8<8:-8 * (T2 6
:RC8.B ¨' " ( $´ 2 ' %
8
85AA6.02 6 (* & ' š & 9 ]¦ )+* . ˆ!q"p kh]6 ?ml]& n p!qrtsjuKv@ŒKŽ.Ž { 8
6?8D % ¨ *, (* G _ -+. 54# G (* G *,K+# 0 5 % 6 * 9( & $(* < !$5 ) , !<< '
*,
5* * ) + 9(* 9 ®m®m® dur i€z ˆ!‰ n p l ƒdsjq n l u ?«i qƒdr kh?ml]n p!qrtsjuKv
g u!‚rj~ k h s†‚ Ї?O? ž = ŒŽ.Ž]Œ ] 85A<A<80
6;] 9 0a < -03 *, - ( 606 © 5(* -1 ",$ # .* 8 5.-0, 5 2$ # ‡, '
*, ' 5( * 60 9(5* /+. ( & 6 (* & * 9 1< <g]hgRiji€kiH?ml]n p!qrtsjuKv 8: 68 #d5 6?>;KB"C 6?>?:9= 6==@
6:R 9 0a < -03 * - (* © 5 2$ # ‡, 0 5 & * & * 60 *,
(* <
. * .* & . ' 6 !( 5
)H<<, 6 (* & - l q h u g]iml²’c<gRhg]ijiki[g u!‚
= s„ƒdr h s†…qr k ‚ ?ml]n p!qrtsjuKv :<A 6 #d5 ;%B"-C :<@ 6=<=9>
6DBD 9 a < H5 (* © ( ` <-5 % $< 6 * & * !(< ((+(9 -, * !~ k du o
r kh u g r”s l u g]i l q h u g]il)’ ˆ!q"p khy‡l]n p!qr kh• p.p i s yg r”s l u0ƒ g u$‚ : s vD~ <kh³’l]hdn–g u y‡k?ml]n p!qrtsjuKv 66 8 #5 6<6"B"C 68@ 2 6=<=9>
67] ¨ © + -* Rš 2 (§ 5 0 0 * &% *,5$* E (. 8 *,5* * 5 < 6 <
9!$5 '
)H<, ! .* & . 6 !< 5 +*, (* ( < 6 * & 5 % ( 9 ®m®|® ur z ˆ‰ n p lRo
ƒ‡sjq n l u : s vD~ <kh³’l]hdn–g u yk¬= s„ƒdr h s†…qr k ‚ ?mlRn p$qr”sjuv г:*<m=?«o){.{d]ª1 * & 2 5 3 8AA<80
6>" 0 ¨ 0 9 ( 03(ŸG (
2 ) ( 6 <
9$ 9 G ' 2 «/ 5 * <(- ˆ l²’ rt“ g]hk ®OuKv.sju k‡kh sjuKv 6 & 6;@DC 6"B%B 2 ( - 6=7=2 * 9(* %
5* (ª'
¨ * 8 * * #% E^
6@] 0 * 9 ¨ * (* 6 <+<¦ .9 6 5 44?)+)+) * 9 < 45< 4 6=]@E 0 (E/ 2 % ( < 6 <
9 0 š ;0 A0E 0 ¨ <I!< 4 A98D' A7R' 7KB <3 85A<A<80
8A]@E 0 # . ( < < E 0¦ / 9 2H(.<, "5 % ($.* ( 5 2 6 *
(* < š ;0 A0
E 0 ¨ 9+!< 4 A98D' A7R' ;<; .<3 85A<A<80
86@(* G _ (+%# G (* 5 % / * % 6 5$ (E/ 2 % < 6 <
9 !- (*,
H
* 9 (* % * <-%<Ohl-y"z$l²’ r³~ k›.h ‚dur iz œ l]h ƒ)~ l p l u h s†‚ ?ml]n p!qrtsjuKv 9
8.6B ;7 & * (T% 2 6 & @<@D-C =<= - 2 * <% 0 5( ´ 2 % 8 85A<A<802 6 * & '
š 8<8D–a[ G * & .!
# . 0;9 (E (E/ 2 % 6 <
9 6 (R¦ .9 6 5 44?)+)+) 6 40 *, (( 0 8;] # `/ . «& 2 / 2 .-D¦ & A© & -
` 5 2H 1 6 (* )+* (. 6 < i€$zw5?m* l * ’ kh ?k y‡Ik4!l * < gR60h g]
ij ik
i[9g * &c= 6 5$ h 06 k ( <O& $h5l" yk * & k‡ y
9 k °<Tg hl-y‡k‡• k ‚]sjui v]y‡ƒ g l)’ l r³~ k dur
u u
u
u!‚ s„ƒdr s†…qr ‚
ƒ‡ƒdsjuKv ~us q ƒ u$‚ p%p s r”s u0ƒ
6 & 6
:>>-C 6
:9@@ 2 - 8 . ( % ´ 2 % % & " 6==7
85:R ¨ [(*m2 $. *,- % 5$$.* ($ 8 8 * ) 5(. % ( 1 !$5 )H<,$5 % < ' ! 9 ' 60 5 !< ) (
ˆ0® ¥  il v.sju n¬g v g sju k l"l]i ƒ[ƒtp ky s g]i
s„ƒƒdq k 8 6==@
ò &
ü3òVø
!
#"%$&'()+*,-$.() .(./-/0(
1$2(435(,627/890:
ls‰
8%BD2 1 9(
6 *,[¦ 8 5 .9 6 5 4<4¦ 8 4 6 ( 4?)¦ 4 87]@(*2 +
6 $),-* ?ml]n p l u k ur[ˆ l)’ r”“ gRhk^owk ‰ l u$‚… k‡y r o h s k ur k ‚ <Ohl v hg]nn sjuKv % * '
4 ( 0‹G (( 6==<@0
89>" 0 š -% ±G 0 % /c 0 5 8 * % 3 ' 0 x * # . E 6 (( 0 60 !< .< 6 5 44)+)+) <¦ )H & 4? 6 4?* .9 üýü ó1d.efg
e
Unité de recherche INRIA Lorraine, Technopôle de Nancy-Brabois, Campus scientifique,
615 rue du Jardin Botanique, BP 101, 54600 VILLERS LÈS NANCY
Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex
Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST MARTIN
Unité de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex
Unité de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 SOPHIA-ANTIPOLIS Cedex
Éditeur
INRIA, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt,
BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex (France)
ISSN 0249-6399