International Fuel Prices 2012/2013
8th Edition
Published by
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013
8th Edition
Disclaimer
Findings, interpretation and conclusions expressed in this
document are based on the information gained by the
author and from the contributors.
GIZ does not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of
information in this document and cannot be held responsible for any errors, omissions or losses which emerge
from its use. The linked sites are not under the control
of GIZ and GIZ is not responsible for the contents of any
linked site or any link contained in a linked site.
Copyright
This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part in
any form for educational or non-profit purposes without
special permission from the copyright holder, whenever
acknowledgement of the source is made. The GIZ would
appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses
this GIZ publication as a source. No use of this publication
may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever.
i
CONTENTS
1 Executive summary 1
2 GIZ – International Fuel Prices 3
About our work Our fact sheets “International Fuel Prices Observatory” Reading List Fuel Price Policies 2001–2014 GIZ fuel price newsgroup 3 Fuel prices by continent 3.1 Fuel prices in Africa 3.2 Fuel prices in America 3.3 Fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific 3.4 Fuel prices in Europe 3.5 Retail fuel prices of 174 countries 3
3
3
3
5
5
19
29
45
59
4 Annex 62
5 About us 63
ii
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
1 Executive summary
The 2012/2013 International Fuel Prices report pro„„
vides an overview of the retail prices of Gasoline and
Diesel in over 170 countries based on our survey in
November 2012.
As
„„ depicted in the Figure 1 at a global scale, crude oil
prices were relatively steady and less volatile in 2011
and 2012.
140
120
USD / Barrel
100
80
60
40
Nov 2012
Jul 2012
Jan 2012
Jul 2011
Nov 2010
0
Jan 2011
20
Figure 1: Europe Brent Spot Price FOB (dollars per barrel)
Price data reflects crude oil price (Brent) of USD 110 per
„„
barrel (69 US-cents per litre) as of mid-November 2012.
On the reference day of the survey the crude oil price
„„
had increased by 35% compared to 2010. Converted, a
price increase of USD 0.18 per litre was registered.
Between November 2010 and November 2012 the
„„
lowest price per barrel of Brent crude was USD 82.34
(22 November 2010). At its highest, the price briefly
touched USD 128.00 (13 March 2012).
There
was a slight increase (6 %) in the dollar-euro
„„
exchange rate between November 2010 (USD 1 =
EUR 0.73) and November 2012 (USD 1 = EUR 0.78).
Source: http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.
ashx?n=pet&s=rbrte&f=d, 8 August 2014
In the United States Gasoline prices were 97 US-cents
„„
per litre (Diesel: 105 US-cents) in mid-November 2012.
In November 2012, Gasoline and Diesel prices in
„„
Luxembourg were the lowest in EU-27.
1
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
Our survey at a glance
Survey conducted in mid-November 2012.
„„
Super Gasoline and Diesel prices in over 170 countries.
„„
Price data reflect crude oil price (Brent) of USD 110 per barrel.
„„
Fuel price data are mainly based on the global network of regional GIZ offices. Further data sources include
„„
German embassies/consulates worldwide and the German Automobile Association (ADAC) amongst others.
Crude oil prices and exchange rates:
„„
Brent crude oil price trend
Exchange rate
USD/barrel
US-cents/litre
USD 1 =
Mid-November 2004
42
27
EUR 0.77
15–17 November 2006
60
38
EUR 0.78
17–21 November 2008
48
30
EUR 0.79
16–18 November 2010
81
51
EUR 0.73
13–15 November 2012
110
69
EUR 0.78
On the reference day of the survey the crude oil price had increased by 35 % compared to November 2010. There
„„
was an increase in the dollar-euro exchange rate between November 2010 (USD 1 = EUR 0.73) and November
2012 (USD 1 = EUR 0.78).
4 country categories were introduced to benchmark transport and energy policies:
„„
High Subsidies
(below red
benchmark line)
The retail price of Gasoline and Diesel is below the price for crude oil on the world
market (Brent).
Fuel Subsidies
(below green
benchmark line)
The retail price of Gasoline and Diesel is at least as high as the price for crude oil on
the world market and below the price level of the United States.
Note: The fuel prices of the United States are average cost-covering retail prices
incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. 10 US-cents for the 2 road
funds (federal and state). This fuel price may be considered as the international
minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy; though not yet
covering external costs for health and environmental damages.
Fuel Taxation
(below grey
benchmark line)
The retail price of Gasoline and Diesel is at least as high as the price of the United
States and below the price level of Luxembourg.
Note: In November 2012, Gasoline prices and Diesel prices in Luxembourg were
the lowest in EU-27. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes
as well as other country specific duties and taxes. The EU sets minimum taxation
rates for fossil fuels.
High Taxation
(above grey
benchmark line)
The retail price of Gasoline and Diesel is at least as high as the price level of
Luxembourg.
Note: At these levels, countries are effectively using taxes to generate revenues
and to encourage energy efficiency in the transport sector.
More information and all previous surveys are available online: http://www.giz.de/fuelprices
2
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
2 GIZ – International Fuel Prices
About our work
Reading List Fuel Price Policies 2001–2014
Since 1998, GIZ has been providing comprehensive data
on fuel taxation in developing countries, thus making a
valuable contribution to the discussion of the issue. Decision-makers in partner countries benefit from access to
essential information on pricing, potential income from
fuel taxes and reform processes that have been carried out
in other countries.
Appropriate fuel price levels are major prerequisite for
effectiveness of sustainable transport policies. Getting fuel prices right,
involving stakeholders
adequately and using
revenues properly are
challenging tasks. In this
context, our new reading
list on fuel price policies
covers publications, articles etc from 2001 to 2014
on fuel price policies,
Fuel Price Policies
taxation and subsidies. It
provides a good starting
point to reflect on what
has already been done
in this field and how the debate has evolved. Please don’t
hesitate to alert us to additional sources and material for
subsequent inclusion in this list. Download: http://www.
sutp.org/images/articles/Fuel_Price_Policies_ReadingList_
GIZ_2014.pdf
The International Fuel Prices report provides an overview of the retail prices of Gasoline and Diesel in over 170
countries. It further explores recent trends and case studies on fuel prices and fuel pricing policies in developing
countries. More here: http://www.giz.de/fuelprices.
Reading List 2001 – 2014
Published by
Our fact sheets
“International Fuel Prices Observatory”
Our “International Fuel Prices Observatory” fact sheets
offer concise information on:
Price in USD and local currency (some since 1991);
„„
Price composition (production costs, taxes, fees, mar„„
gins, etc.);
Pricing policy;
„„
Transparency-index
„„
on price composition
and pricing policy;
Related Links.
„„
More than 120 fact sheets
on:
https://energypedia.info/index.php/
International_Fuel_Prices.
GIZ Fuel Price Newsgroup
Our GIZ Fuel Price Newsgroup aims to facilitate the
exchange and dissemination of information on recent
developments and
trends related to
that issue. GIZ fuel
price news keeps
you updated with
selected articles
related to fuel
prices and taxation, subsidies and
energy demand
from all over the world.
Subscription/Unsubscription/Contact:
[email protected]
3
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
4
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3 Fuel prices by continent
3.1 Fuel prices in Africa
Retail fuel prices in Africa
ÂÂ
Comparison of retail fuel prices in Africa
ÂÂ
Time series of retail fuel prices in Africa
ÂÂ
Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa
ÂÂ
5
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.1.1 Retail fuel prices in Africa – as of November 2012 (in US-cents/litre)
Tunisia
69 93
Morocco
96 142
Algeria
17 29
[Western
Sahara]
158 230
Cape Verde
Senegal
153 172
Mauritania
127 143
Mali
125 141
Libya
10 12
Niger
112 112
Egypt
18 45
Sudan
51 75
Eritrea
171 249
Chad
Burkina
Djibouti
116 95
Faso
126 124
118 175
Guinea-Bissau
128 143
Guinea
Benin Nigeria
134
134
Côte
Somaliland
Gambia
South Sudan
Ethiopia
109 62
Sierra Leone
d’Ivoire Togo
Central
197 197
94 105
105 105
120 151 Ghana
African Republic
Liberia
Cameroon 169 171
122 116
Somalia
122 117
101 110
95 92
Uganda
Sao Tomé & Principé
Congo
Kenya
135 —
Equat. Guinea
92 115
126 137
Rwanda
Gabon
173 173
91 104
Burundi
D.R.Congo
Reading Example: Retail Price
147 147
148 148
US-Cents per Litre
Tanzania
Seychelles
Diesel
Super Gasoline
82 96
127 131
High Fuel Subsidies
Fuel Subsidies
Fuel Taxation
High Fuel Taxation
(Shaded areas represent different price categories
for Gasoline and Diesel in individual countries.)
Comoros
Angola
42 63
Zambia
148 148
Malawi
190 193
Zimbabwe Mozambique
Namibia
140 152 123 158
131 124
Botswana
125 123
Swaziland
Madagascar
122 149
Mauritius
Fuel Taxation Category 1: High Subsidies
134 130
138 165
South
The retail price of Gasoline and Diesel is below the price for
Lesotho
Africa
crude oil on the world market.
131
124
142 138
Fuel Taxation Category 2: Fuel Subsidies
The retail price of Gasoline and Diesel is at least as high as the price
for crude oil on the world market and below the price level of the
United States.
Note: The fuel prices of the United States are average cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx.
10 US-cents for the 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price may be considered as the international minimum benchmark
for a non-subsidised road transport policy; though not yet covering external costs for health and environmental damages.
Fuel Taxation Category 3: Fuel Taxation
Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel is at least as high as the price of the United States and below the price level of Luxembourg.
Note: In November 2012, Gasoline prices and Diesel prices in Luxembourg were the lowest in EU-27. Prices in EU countries are
subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties and taxes. The EU sets minimum taxation rates for
fossil fuels.
Fuel Taxation Category 4: High Taxation
The retail price of Gasoline and Diesel is at least as high as the price level of Luxembourg.
Note: At these levels, countries are effectively using taxes to generate revenues and to encourage energy efficiency in the transport
sector.
6
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.1.2 Comparison of retail fuel prices in Africa – as of November 2012 (in US-cents/litre)
200
160
120
80
171
158
197
190
118
173
153
169
138
123
140
120
122
148
148
147
128
127
96
125
142
126
134
127
134
126
131
131
125
122
122
Diesel
92
112
101
94
105
91
116
95
109
164
105
40
0
40
80
120
160
200
Eritrea
Cape Verde
Sudan, South
197
Malawi
193
Djibouti
175
Rwanda
173
Senegal
172
Central African Republic
171
Mauritius
165
Mozambique
158
Zimbabwe
152
Ivory Coast
151
Madagascar
149
Congo, D.R. (Kinshasa)
148
Zambia
148
Burundi
147
Burkina Faso
143
Mauritania
143
Morocco
142
Mali
141
South Africa
138
Kenya
137
Guinea
134
Tanzania
131
Swaziland
130
Benin
124
Lesotho
124
Namibia
124
Botswana
123
Liberia
117
Togo
116
Congo, R. (Brazzaville)
115
Niger
112
Cameroon
110
Ethiopia
105
Sierra Leone
105
Gabon
104
Chad
95
Tunisia
93
69
Ghana
92
Sudan
75
51
Angola
63
42
Nigeria
62
45
18 Egypt
29
17 Algeria
Libya 10
12
240
249
230
Gasoline
US-¢
69
69
97
164
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
7
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.1.3 Time Series of retail fuel prices in Africa in US-cents/litre (last survey 13–15 November 2012)
Diesel [US-cents/litre]
Country
1991 1993 1995 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 1991 1993 1995 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Algeria
4
Angola
Benin 48
Botswana 61
Burkina Faso 84
Burundi 61
Cameroon 58
Cape Verde 40
Centr. African Rep. 99
Chad 97
Congo, D.R. (Kin.) 73
Congo, R. (Brazzav.) 71
Djibouti 38
Egypt
7
Eritrea
Ethiopia 14
Gabon 83
Ghana 43
Guinea 61
Ivory Coast 115
Kenya 37
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar 25
Malawi 56
Mali 74
Mauritania 53
Mauritius
Morocco 45
Mozambique 26
Namibia 41
Niger 81
Nigeria
4
Rwanda 79
Senegal 74
Sierra Leone 43
South Africa
Sudan
6
Sudan, South
Swaziland 41
Tanzania 25
Togo 66
Tunisia 33
Uganda 55
Zambia 24
Zimbabwe 37
8
Super Gasoline [US-cents/litre]
9
23
16
19
31
29
50
66
48
43
65
61
50
40
40
12
23
25
39
30
56
45
54
38
47
37
85
54
58
28
35
62
48
50
98
95
67
64
70
70
56
9
29
19
70
45
56
86
33
40
12
19
24
60
93
30
53
10
33
27
37
19
69
51
60
47
31
67
74
43
32
55
57
17
33
45
48
31
16
45
68
43
40
41
21
38
60
1
88
88
44
52
58
47
32
53
54
44
48
27
84
52
46
25
47
41
36
52
10
72
48
53
39
26
40
30
63
31
71
66
28
44
40
44
85
57
29
36
57
37
33
68
49
22
44
73
40
29
75
33
56
43
55
3
62
15
15
39
39
46
71
47
39
50
24
72
10 15 19
13 29 36
41 72 81
38 61 74
62
112
54 108 122
57 83 107
81
87 114 127
77 101 120
69 81 100
48 59 67
54 35 89
8 10 12
25 40 81
32 42 62
53 69 39
23 43 84
56 69 82
60 95 106
56 76 98
68 88
77 85
8
8 13
65 79 100
62 88 112
55 90 104
39 59 84
55
43
43
55
19
84
53
50
40
24
70
79
65
91
45
99
90
89
80
29
61
46
19
70
60
5
73
87
83
39
88
98
65
87
106
87
111
66
108
109
98
84
49
122
85
99
101
57
101
122
20
39
103
102
133
123
104
143
144
132
121
57
19
43
121
97
128
142
110
133
169
131
127
84
107
20 32
107 107
89 78
90
90 83
102 95
120 130
114 127
93 107
103 96
12 13
143 126
167 154
110 125
106 99
123
83 88
137 86
88 109
97 116
113 77
137 162
126 134
91 94
95 114
45 43
125 107
93 110
130 119
88 117
84 82
122 111
161 152
105 115
17
42
126
125
128
147
101
158
169
116
148
92
118
18
171
94
91
95
134
120
126
131
122
10
122
190
125
127
138
96
123
131
112
109
173
153
105
142
51
197
134
127
122
69
135
148
140
15
20
40
63 62
68 41
103 100
63 59
68 69
68
133 128
105 102
81 74
105
77 61
29 30
50
27 26
118 116
53 53
67 61
124 123
53 40
36
38
81
52
68
82
80
73
93
29
40
32
38
83
56
43 54
64 71
112 114
86 85
47
65
82
82 75
74 48
46 42
94 92
5
2
81 93
119 123
45 49
52
7 58
94
53
46
42
81
58
69
40
68
43
43
72
52
79
72
47
79
13
94
51
50
56
47
64
98
60
38
31 27 22 32 32 34 32 29
38 30 19 39 50 53 65 63
39 48 54 77 81 103 104 124
31 42 41 66 78 88 93 123
68 68 83 118 115 138 144 143
72 101 58 104 120 139 143 147
64 56 68 95 114 114 120 110
81 59
140
184 184 230
81
100 129 137 144 171 171
70 68 79 117 131 130 132 95
50 100 70 92 94 123 128 148
72 53 69 87 96 81 127 115
91 105 98 52 145
163 175
29 26 19 28 30 49 48 45
37 56 36 80 190 253 254 249
36 46 52 60 93 92 91 105
63 53 69 90 64 114
104
32 20 28 49 86 90 82 92
68 85 66 75 79 102 95 134
74 76 85 114 120 133 168 151
70 71 70 92 112 120 133 137
39 50
73 89 79 97 124
75 79 77 98 117
22 25 10
9 13 14 17 12
47 76 108 105 115 155 152 149
51 69 66 95 117 178 171 193
77 70 69 116 122 130 142 141
59 67 63 80 97 149 116 143
155 165
79 82 87 110 122 129 123 142
55 56 46 88 115 171 111 158
38 47 45 68 87 78 106 124
76 68 77 102 114 99 107 112
13 27 20 39 51 59 44 62
72 89 84 98 111 137 163 173
71 73 75 110 131 135 157 172
61
51 76 98 91 94 105
43 50 43 81 85 87 119 138
33 28 30 47 72 65 62 75
176 159 150 197
37 47
76 80 86 107 130
63 75 67 93 104 111 122 131
42 48 56 85 103 89 118 116
60 49 29 68 83 96 94 93
86 86 83 102 117 130 142 n.n.
53
72 110 131 170 166 148
26 85
5 61
130 129 152
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.1.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, 1991–2012 (from Algeria to Burkina Faso)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
150
150
100
100
50
0
4
9
1991
23
16
1995
15
10
2000
15
19
2004
20
19
2008
17
2012
50
0
250
250
200
200
150
150
100
19
1991
1995
15
13
2000
29
36
2004
39
43
2008
42
2012
0
250
200
200
150
48
50
0
72
47
1991
28
31
1995
39
81
103
121
126
100
41
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
200
200
150
102
61
50
37
1991
35
29
1995
39
38
2000
61
74
125
97
38
1991
63
1995
62
36
1991
22
32
2000
2004
30
39
2004
2008
2012
19
2000
32
39
1995
48
2000
77
32
2008
50
2004
54
34
53
2012
65
2008
81
2004
103
0
29
63
Angola
2012
104
2008
124
Benin
2012
123
68
41
50
1991
38
31
1995
42
66
78
88
Botswana
93
41
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
200
200
150
112
84
85
62
50
0
27
150
100
250
100
1995
50
250
0
1991
31
150
250
100
20
50
250
100
15
100
50
0
Algeria
40
1991
1995
50
46
2000
133
128
128
150
103
100
62
100
118
81
68
68
115
138
144
143
Burkina Faso
83
50
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
9
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.1.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, 1991–2012 (from Burundi to Chad)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
150
Burundi
100
108
61
54
48
66
71
122
123
142
147
100
54
50
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
200
200
83
58
58
50
48
50
0
1991
1995
47
107
104
110
101
57
2000
2004
2008
2012
143
158
133
81
100
43
40
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
169
99
114
98
64
127
169
144
65
1991
1995
2000
2004
95
68
69
1991
68
64
1995
56
2008
114
114
2012
120
110
68
2000
2004
2008
2012
230
184
184
140
81
68
0
1991
1995
59
2000
2004
2008
200
2012
171
133
129
128
82
100
137
171
144
100
81
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
200
200
150
97
95
70
61
60
77
101
120
132
131
116
150
105
100
50
0
58
200
150
87
250
100
147
50
50
Chad
143
250
100
0
0
100
39
200
150
72
150
250
Central African
Republic
52
139
250
150
0
59
120
50
200
50
63
150
100
250
Cape Verde
0
250
100
104
101
50
150
Cameroon
150
102
117
80
70
68
131
130
132
95
79
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
10
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.1.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, 1991–2012 (from DR Congo to Eritrea)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
150
100
73
67
70
93
50
69
81
100
121
127
148
150
100
50
0
200
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
250
200
200
150
150
71
40
50
0
1991
1995
30
48
59
67
84
92
57
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
200
200
150
107
89
100
38
56
1991
40
40
1995
53
54
2000
118
100
35
2004
2008
2012
0
200
200
150
150
100
100
7
9
1991
12
12
1995
10
8
2000
10
12
2004
20
32
2008
18
2012
250
Congo, D.R.
(Kinshasa)
94
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
171
150
107
72
53
69
87
96
100
29
50
1991
19
1995
23
2000
115
81
Congo, R.
(Brazzaville)
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
25
93
91
105
175
98
61
50
0
1991
Djibouti
52
1995
2000
2004
2008
29
30
1991
29
29
1995
26
19
2000
28
30
2004
49
48
2008
253
45
2012
254
249
190
200
50
50
2008
2012
Egypt
100
40
2004
163
145
77
2012
150
107
81
33
2012
127
105
250
200
0
92
50
250
0
50
150
250
50
70
148
50
250
0
73
100
250
50
100
74
128
50
250
100
81
123
2012
0
1991
40
1995
37
56
2000
Eritrea
80
36
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
11
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.1.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, 1991–2012 (from Ethiopia to Ivory Coast)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
150
Ethiopia
150
89
100
50
0
14
19
1991
24
25
1995
27
32
2000
42
62
78
94
50
2004
2008
2012
Gabon
250
200
200
100
150
83
70
39
50
0
1991
1995
37
53
2000
91
90
69
39
2004
2008
2012
200
200
100
43
45
1991
33
30
1995
19
23
2000
90
83
95
43
2004
2008
2012
61
56
56
69
56
69
82
102
95
2000
60
2004
2008
116
63
53
69
2012
114
90
104
64
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
86
53
53
0
1991
38
32
1995
20
28
2000
90
82
92
49
2004
2008
2012
134
150
67
68
61
85
66
75
79
102
95
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
200
200
115
95
86
100
56
50
0
100
100
250
Ivory Coast
52
200
134
50
150
46
105
250
150
0
118
36
1995
50
200
100
1991
32
91
150
84
250
Guinea
0
250
0
26
100
250
50
27
92
50
150
Ghana
0
250
150
93
100
1991
1995
45
51
106
120
130
120
150
168
124
114
83
100
60
123
74
76
120
133
151
85
50
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
12
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.1.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, 1991–2012 (from Kenya to Madagascar)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
150
100
50
0
37
33
1991
43
54
60
56
76
98
114
127
126
100
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
100
38
50
1991
1995
68
47
88
93
107
131
70
2000
92
2004
137
Kenya
2008
2012
124
100
39
50
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
250
200
200
150
77
100
85
103
122
96
1991
1995
73
50
2000
89
2004
79
75
97
2008
150
100
50
79
77
Lesotho
2012
98
117
Liberia
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
250
250
200
200
150
150
100
100
50
17
1991
1995
16
8
2000
8
13
2004
12
13
2008
10
2012
250
1991
1995
2004
2008
2012
Libya
50
0
2000
22
1991
1995
25
10
2000
9
13
2004
14
17
2008
12
2012
250
200
200
143
150
100
0
1995
71
133
150
250
50
1991
70
120
200
150
0
40
56
112
250
200
0
53
50
250
0
150
25
1991
31
32
1995
33
45
2000
65
79
100
126
122
108
100
50
2004
155
150
2008
2012
0
43
1991
54
105
152
149
115
Madagascar
76
47
1995
47
2000
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
13
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.1.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, 1991–2012 (from Malawi to Morocco)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
167
150
Malawi
100
56
67
55
50
0
1991
45
1995
68
88
150
112
100
2004
2008
2012
250
200
200
0
74
74
90
57
48
1991
1995
43
104
110
125
125
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
200
200
84
53
0
43
1991
31
1995
40
39
2000
106
127
99
2004
2008
69
66
1991
112
1995
2000
2004
116
114
82
77
70
2008
122
130
2012
142
141
69
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
149
86
85
59
67
63
80
143
116
97
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
200
123
150
138
100
50
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
250
250
200
200
150
150
100
45
1991
41
47
1995
47
53
55
70
87
83
88
96
155
165
150
100
0
51
50
200
50
65
193
117
150
100
59
250
0
71
95
171
50
250
50
Morocco
150
250
100
64
100
55
150
Mauritius
0
250
100
178
200
50
2000
50
Mauritania
154
62
150
Mali
190
100
1991
82
1995
75
94
2000
79
82
2004
87
110
2008
122
129
2012
123
142
50
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
14
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.1.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, 1991–2012 (from Mozambique to Rwanda)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
137
150
106
50
0
86
79
100
26
21
1991
32
41
1995
54
123
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
100
41
38
1991
36
1995
44
43
2000
65
87
88
109
131
50
2004
2008
2012
0
200
200
150
81
91
60
55
52
48
111
97
116
112
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
250
200
200
150
113
100
4
1
1991
3
10
1995
27
45
109
77
66
1995
2000
2004
46
42
1991
38
1995
47
45
2000
94
92
79
68
2008
102
76
68
87
2004
2012
106
114
124
Namibia
78
2008
77
99
2012
107
112
Niger
2004
2008
1995
2000
2004
2012
2008
2012
150
50
19
2000
1991
100
250
0
5
2
1991
13
13
1995
27
20
2000
39
51
2004
59
44
2008
62
Nigeria
2012
250
200
162
173
137
150
79
88
72
84
84
99
200
163
100
173
137
150
108
50
0
1991
Mozambique
46
50
250
100
56
150
100
55
50
0
55
100
250
50
53
150
250
0
48
200
150
100
111
88
74
158
250
200
0
115
50
250
50
150
100
43
171
81
93
72
89
84
98
111
Rwanda
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
15
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.1.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, 1991–2012 (from Senegal to South Sudan)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
150
Senegal
100
74
90
88
62
48
52
109
126
134
153
150
53
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
200
200
89
100
0
43
53
44
1991
98
91
94
105
50
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
80
52
50
1991
46
39
1995
50
84
95
114
172
75
1995
2000
2004
45
61
49
1991
76
1995
2008
98
91
2012
94
105
51
2000
2004
2008
40
2000
150
2012
2004
2008
2012
0
200
200
150
150
100
58
6
1991
25
1995
26
24
2000
24
119
81
52
51
50
250
29
49
2004
45
43
2008
51
1991
100
50
2012
0
1995
58
50
7
1991
43
1995
50
85
2004
2008
72
28
2000
87
43
2000
33
138
30
47
2004
65
2012
62
2008
75
2012
250
197
200
150
122
125
50
50
1995
2000
2004
2008
197
159
150
150
107
100
1991
176
200
100
0
1991
100
250
Sudan, South
0
250
0
157
200
142
100
50
73
135
250
150
Sudan
110
71
150
50
200
0
94
100
250
South Africa
0
250
50
123
131
50
150
Sierra Leone
119
100
50
0
200
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
16
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.1.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, 1991–2012 (from Swaziland to Uganda)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
150
73
100
50
0
41
40
1991
36
1995
85
93
110
134
50
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
100
25
30
1991
44
57
73
87
99
119
127
50
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
200
200
150
66
63
50
1991
83
40
37
1995
40
101
117
122
88
100
46
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
200
200
150
86
Swaziland
2004
2008
2012
43
1991
56
63
1995
75
93
81
2004
85
47
1991
42
1995
48
111
122
131
Tanzania
67
2000
72
104
2008
103
2012
118
116
89
56
2000
2004
2008
Togo
2012
150
84
100
33
31
1991
44
33
1995
29
19
2000
39
82
57
69
100
58
52
64
60
49
50
2004
2008
2012
250
0
1991
1995
68
83
96
94
93
Tunisia
29
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
200
200
150
55
71
85
68
75
70
88
101
122
111
135
150
100
50
0
42
50
250
100
2000
150
250
0
1995
100
61
250
50
1991
37
80
47
150
250
0
43
130
200
130
150
100
46
107
250
200
0
76
100
44
250
50
150
69
79
98
86
86
83
102
117
130
142
Uganda
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
17
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.1.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, 1991–2012 (from Zambia to Zimbabwe)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
161
150
Zambia
98
100
50
0
66
57
152
148
50
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
105
100
0
1991
60
1995
148
72
53
2000
2004
2008
2012
200
140
150
50
0
72
40
166
131
250
200
Zimbabwe
110
100
24
1991
170
150
122
60
49
200
72
37
1991
28
29
1995
22
115
100
65
68
50
5
2000
130
150
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
85
47
38
1995
26
129
152
61
5
2000
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
18
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.2 Fuel prices in America
Retail fuel prices in America
ÂÂ
Comparison of retail fuel prices in America
ÂÂ
Time series of retail fuel prices in America
ÂÂ
Detailed time series of fuel prices in America
ÂÂ
19
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.2.1 Retail fuel prices in Ameria – as of November 2012 (in US-cents/litre)
Canada
Reading Example: Retail Price
123 132
US-Cents per Litre
82
Diesel
96
Super Gasoline
High Fuel Subsidies
Fuel Subsidies
Fuel Taxation
United States of America
105 97
High Fuel Taxation
(Shaded areas represent different price categories
for Gasoline and Diesel in individual countries.)
Mexico
85 86
130 140
Cuba
Dominican Republic
103 125
135 158
Haïti
Belize
Puerto
Honduras Jamaica Rico
121 144
Guatemala
115 125
104 114
El Salvador
Nicaragua
117 126
Costa Rica
119 123
136 157
Panama
102 105
119 120
B.R.
Venezuela
Guadeloupe
Barbados
Grenada
Suriname 152 157
French Guiana
Guyana
105 108
29 58
Brazil
Peru
Fuel Taxation Category 1: High Subsidies
102 139
141 163
The retail price of Gasoline and Diesel is below the price
for crude oil on the world market.
Bolivia
Fuel Taxation Category 2: Fuel Subsidies
54 70
The retail price of Gasoline and Diesel is at least as high as the
price for crude oil on the world market and below the price level of
the United States.
Paraguay
Note: The fuel prices of the United States are average cost-covering retail
131 174
prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. 10 US-cents
for the 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised
Chile
road transport policy; though not yet covering external costs for
124 156
Uruguay
health and environmental damages.
Argentina
188 197
Fuel Taxation Category 3: Fuel Taxation
133 146
Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel is at least as high as the price of
the United States and below the price level of Luxembourg.
Note: In November 2012, Gasoline prices and Diesel prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in EU-27. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific
fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties and taxes. The EU sets
minimum taxation rates for fossil fuels.
Fuel Taxation Category 4: High Taxation
The retail price of Gasoline and Diesel is at least as high as the price
level of Luxembourg.
Note: At these levels, countries are effectively using taxes to generate revenues
and to encourage energy efficiency in the transport sector.
20
107 140
Trinidad & Tobago
1.1 2.3
Colombia
118 128
Ecuador
Antigua & Barbuda
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.2.2 Comparison of retail fuel prices in America – as of November 2012 (in US-cents/litre)
200
160
120
80
Diesel
188
131
141
135
136
152
124
133
121
130
107
102
123
118
117
103
115
119
119
104
105
102
105
85
164
105
40
0
40
Uruguay
Paraguay
Peru
Dominican Republic
Costa Rica
Suriname
Chile
Argentina
Belize
Cuba
Grenada
Brazil
Canada
Colombia
El Salvador
Haiti
Honduras
Nicaragua
Jamaica
Guatemala
Guyana
Panama
United States
Mexico
Bolivia
54
Ecuador
29
Venezuela 1.1 2.3
69
80
120
160
200
197
174
163
158
157
157
156
146
144
140
140
139
132
128
126
125
125
123
120
114
108
105
97
86
70
58
69
97
Gasoline
US-¢
164
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
21
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.2.3 Time Series of retail fuel prices in America in US-cents/litre (last survey 13–15 November 2012)
Diesel [US-cents/litre]
Super Gasoline [US-cents/litre]
1991 1993 1995 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 1991 1993 1995 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Country
Argentina
29
28
42
52
46
49
48
58 105 133
79
60
94 107
63
80
91
53
98 121
35
31
35
50
42
40
47
53
54
54
43
38
53
80
69
Brazil
38
39
34
34
31
Canada
39
36
39
47
43
49
84 103 114 102
53
63
80
92
55
84 126 126 158 139
68
78
90 108 123
47
45
41
58
51
68
84
76 121 132
Chile
31
33
29
47
39
Colombia
19
27
20
35
24
64
86
95 102 124
43
53
49
64
58
85 109
95 138 156
36
57
73
95 118
23
35
24
49
44
72
98 104 141 128
44
56
67 110
97 136
64
78
98 124 114 157
45
55
91 151 124 130
90
95 110 167 172 140
Belize
Bolivia
Costa Rica
Cuba
18
Dominican Rep.
28
22
39
27
61
75
94 103 135
28
24
18
27
27
39
27
28
El Salvador
30
40
33
58
80
81
89 117
Grenada
41
41
41
68
89 134 102 107
32
42
32
63
64
27
37
27
61
Ecuador
Guatemala
19
25
28
Guyana
Haiti
29
82
85 104
85
85 105
36
35
30
60
89
103
26
25
30
46
46
66
73
80
92 115
33
49
44
57
75
84
98 119
28
25
28
45
47
45
52
54
72
Nicaragua
30
31
35
54
41
64
58
Panama
30
28
41
36
48
60
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
63
62
120 127
50
31
32
54
54
78
96 146
70 113 144
68
70
70
40
40
71
49
85 103 104 123 158
33
38
31
55
54
54
67
46
54
54
54
39
47
51
53
65
82
78
92 126
73
89 128 102 140
78
41
53
48
68
30
37
31
74
58
86
95 114
84
93 108
116
125
59
64
54
88
41
35
50
62
63
81
89
80 104 125
37
62
52
63
82
74
98 120
85
39
32
36
61
62
59
74
74
81
82
99 119
69
62
47
62
54
69
67
87 109 123
68
77 102
43
41
53
51
54
70
67
62
97 117 128 174
86
85 105
Paraguay
27
28
24
34
34
51
77
96 101 131
43
44
47
72
56
Peru
32
43
33
54
48
76
86
99 110 141
56
68
55
80
74 112 122 142 141 163
41
41
41
50
94
56
56
56
50
94
91 114 157
28
33
27
48
39
57
69
32
34
32
47
40
54
63
56
Uruguay
38
42
53
20
71
94 117 144 188
89
90 119
Venezuela
1
8
6
5
2
Suriname
United States
22
2
112 152
78
84 105
1 1.1 1.1
3
14
12
76
97
46 113 123 118 149 197
5
4
3
2 2.3 2.3
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.2.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in America, 1991–2012 (from Argentina to Canada)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
133
150
105
100
29
50
0
1991
28
42
1995
52
46
2000
49
48
2008
2012
0
250
250
200
200
150
80
98
91
121
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
200
200
150
150
100
35
50
1991
31
35
1995
50
42
2000
40
47
2004
53
54
54
1991
1995
2000
62
2004
120
78
96
Argentina
2008
2012
144
127
113
Belize
70
2012
0
250
200
200
84
100
38
50
1991
39
34
1995
34
31
2000
103
114
102
2008
2012
0
250
200
200
150
39
50
1991
36
1995
39
2000
53
1995
69
2000
54
2008
54
2004
68
2012
70
2008
53
63
80
92
70
Bolivia
2012
158
126
150
250
47
1991
38
2004
126
139
Brazil
84
55
50
2004
100
2000
80
100
49
1995
43
50
2008
150
1991
100
250
0
63
50
250
0
63
150
250
0
94
60
100
53
50
0
79
100
58
107
50
2004
100
146
150
68
78
90
108
123
1991
2012
2004
2008
150
0
2012
121
47
50
2008
2000
100
43
2004
1995
1991
45
1995
41
58
2000
51
68
2004
84
132
Canada
76
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
23
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.2.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in America, 1991–2012 (from Chile to Dominican Republic)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
150
Chile
100
31
50
0
1991
33
29
1995
47
64
86
95
102
39
2000
2004
2008
2012
200
200
100
0
19
1991
27
20
1995
24
2000
36
57
73
95
118
2004
2008
2012
110
44
50
1991
1995
2000
56
97
2004
2008
2012
141
98
23
1991
35
49
24
1995
104
128
72
44
2000
2004
2008
2012
157
124
150
64
78
98
114
50
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
200
200
151
124
150
130
91
100
45
50
1995
2000
172
140
150
90
95
110
50
50
18
1991
167
100
55
2004
2008
2012
250
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
200
200
135
150
100
28
50
0
95
58
2000
100
67
250
Dominican
Republic
0
109
200
136
100
0
1995
85
156
250
150
Cuba
49
64
150
50
200
0
1991
53
100
250
Costa Rica
0
250
50
43
50
250
35
138
150
100
150
Colombia
124
1991
1995
22
39
2000
61
75
94
103
158
150
100
27
71
40
50
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
40
2000
85
103
104
123
49
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
24
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.2.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in America, 1991–2012 (from Ecuador to Guyana)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
150
150
100
100
50
0
19
1991
28
24
1995
18
27
2000
27
39
2004
27
28
2008
29
2012
0
250
250
200
200
150
117
100
30
50
0
1991
1995
40
58
80
81
89
2004
2008
2012
2000
47
2004
51
53
2008
Ecuador
2012
126
150
0
58
54
67
1991
1995
46
2000
65
82
2004
78
El Salvador
92
2008
2012
200
134
150
100
68
41
50
1991
1995
41
102
89
107
100
41
2000
2008
2012
0
250
200
200
150
25
50
1991
28
32
1995
42
63
64
82
85
104
2008
2012
0
250
250
200
200
150
27
50
1991
1995
37
2000
54
54
73
89
61
85
85
1995
105
32
1991
39
41
1995
2012
2008
Grenada
2012
53
48
2000
68
2004
78
86
95
2008
74
30
0
1991
1995
37
2000
84
114
Guatemala
2012
150
50
2008
2004
100
27
2004
2000
150
50
2004
100
1991
100
32
2000
54
102
50
2004
100
140
128
150
250
0
1995
31
54
250
200
0
38
50
250
0
1991
33
100
33
2000
31
50
55
93
108
Guyana
31
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
25
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.2.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in America, 1991–2012 (from Haiti to Nicaragua)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
150
Haiti
100
36
50
0
103
89
1991
1995
100
60
35
30
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
200
200
26
50
0
1991
25
30
1995
46
46
2000
66
73
80
92
115
2004
2008
2012
200
50
0
1991
1995
49
44
2000
57
84
98
119
2008
2012
0
250
200
200
100
28
1991
25
28
1995
45
47
2000
45
52
54
72
85
1991
35
50
1995
62
63
2000
62
37
1991
1995
81
89
2004
52
2000
100
2004
2008
2012
0
250
200
200
150
100
30
50
1991
31
1995
35
54
2000
41
64
39
50
250
0
2012
80
63
104
2008
82
2004
74
125
2012
98
2008
120
2012
150
50
Nicaragua
41
50
2004
2004
150
250
0
2008
54
2000
100
150
Mexico
0
200
75
1995
100
250
33
64
125
150
250
100
1991
50
150
Jamaica
0
250
100
59
116
88
50
150
Honduras
150
58
82
99
119
1991
61
32
2008
2000
59
74
2004
74
69
62
0
1991
1995
47
62
2000
54
69
2004
81
2008
150
100
2012
36
1995
50
2004
62
67
87
2008
86
2012
109
123
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
26
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.2.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in America, 1991–2012 (from Panama to USA)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
150
102
100
30
50
0
1991
28
1995
41
36
2000
48
60
68
77
100
2004
2008
2012
77
100
27
50
1991
28
24
1995
34
34
2000
96
101
1995
51
2000
54
2004
85
2008
105
Panama
2012
174
150
97
100
51
72
43
50
2004
2008
2012
250
0
1991
44
47
1995
56
2000
117
128
Paraguay
62
2004
2008
2012
250
200
200
141
150
100
32
50
1991
43
33
1995
54
76
86
99
110
150
112
100
48
56
68
80
55
122
142
141
163
Peru
74
50
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
200
152
150
41
50
1991
1995
41
41
2000
200
50
2004
2008
2012
0
200
200
150
28
1991
33
1995
27
48
2000
39
56
56
56
91
114
Suriname
50
50
250
50
94
100
250
100
157
150
112
94
100
0
1991
53
67
200
131
150
0
0
41
70
250
200
0
43
50
250
0
150
57
69
78
84
105
1991
2008
2000
2004
100
2012
2008
2012
150
32
50
2004
1995
0
1991
34
1995
32
47
2000
40
54
2004
63
56
2008
76
97
United States
of America
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
27
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.2.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in America, 1991–2012 (from Uruguay to Venezuela)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
188
200
144
150
Uruguay
100
38
50
0
Venezuela
1991
42
1995
71
53
94
2004
2008
2012
0
200
200
150
150
100
100
0
1991
1995
8
6
2000
5
89
2
2004
2
1
2008
1
1
2012
123
118
46
1991
50
0
113
90
50
250
1
119
100
250
50
149
150
117
20
2000
197
200
1995
3
1991
1995
2000
14
12
2000
2004
5
4
2004
2008
3
2
2008
2012
2.3
2.3
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
28
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.3 Fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific
Retail fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific
ÂÂ
Comparison of retail fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific
ÂÂ
Time series of retail fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific
ÂÂ
Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific
ÂÂ
29
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.3.1 Retail fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific – as of November 2012 (in US-cents/litre)
Russian Federation
100 99
115 125
137 134
Kazakhstan
57 76
Georgia
Azerbaijan
Armenia
Turkey
233 254 Syria
94 111 36 79
Lebanon
Palestine
Jordan
Israel
Kuwait
168 187
Tadjikistan
Bahrain
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
7
U.A.E.
16
Oman
Yemen
47 58
120 114
17 27
27 27
128 137
109 144
Nepal
Bhutan
119 119
Myanmar
— 104
64 47
PRC Hong Kong
Lao PDR
157 216
118 133
97 156
38 31
Taiwan
Macao
Bangladesh
76 115
161 200
163 180
86 119
India
86 125
Japan
South
Korea
People’s Republic of China
Afghanistan
Pakistan
20 23
North Korea
131 —
— 145
12 33 121 128
97 144
212 201
— 89
20 22
Iran
122 129
Kyrgyzstan
Uzbekistan
87 102
Turkmenistan
Iraq
Mongolia
67 101
Thailande
Philippines
Cambodia Vietnam
101 125
106 115
127 135
Brunei
Maldives
109 110
Sri Lanka
26 43
a y s i
M a l
a
Singapor
93 129
59 62
I
n
d
o
n
e
47 47
s
i
a
Papua
Fuel Taxation Category 1:
126 168
Timor Leste
New
Guinea
143 165
High Subsidies
The retail price of Gasoline and
Diesel is below the price for
Reading Example: Retail Price
Fiji
129 141
crude oil on the world market.
US-Cents per Litre
Fuel Taxation Category 2:
Diesel
Super Gasoline
82 96
Fuel Subsidies
Australia
The retail price of Gasoline and
High Fuel Subsidies
157
139
Diesel is at least as high as the
Fuel Subsidies
price for crude oil on the world
Fuel Taxation
market and below the price level
of the United States.
High Fuel Taxation
Note: The fuel prices of the United
(Shaded areas represent different price categories
States are average cost124 177 New Zealand
for Gasoline and Diesel in individual countries.)
covering retail prices incl.
industry margin, VAT/sales
tax and incl. approx. 10 US-cents for the 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price may be considered as the international
minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy; though not yet covering external costs for health and
environmental damages.
Fuel Taxation Category 3: Fuel Taxation
Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel is at least as high as the price of the United States and below the price level of
Luxembourg.
Note: In November 2012, Gasoline prices and Diesel prices in Luxembourg were the lowest in EU-27. Prices in EU countries are
subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties and taxes. The EU sets minimum taxation rates for
fossil fuels.
Fuel Taxation Category 4: High Taxation
The retail price of Gasoline and Diesel is at least as high as the price level of Luxembourg.
Note: At these levels, countries are effectively using taxes to generate revenues and to encourage energy efficiency in the transport
sector.
30
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.3.2 Comparison of retail fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific – as of November 2012 (in US-cents/litre)
US-¢
200
233
160
120
80
40
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
254
Turkey
216
China, Hong Kong
201
Israel
200
Japan
161
187
Palestine (West Bank and Gaza)
168
180
Korea, South (R.)
163
177
New Zealand
124
168
Singapore
126
165
Timor-Leste
143
156
Thailand
97
144
Jordan
97
144
Nepal
109
141
Fiji
129
139
Australia
157
137
China, P. R.
128
135
Cambodia
127
134
Georgia
137
133
Lao PDR
118
129
Mongolia
122
129
Sri Lanka
93
128
Afghanistan
121
125
Armenia
115
125
India
86
125
Philippines
101
119
Bhutan
86
119
Taiwan (PR China)
119
115
Bangladesh
76
115
Vietnam
106
114
Pakistan
120
111
Lebanon
94
110
Maldives
109
102
Uzbekistan
87
101
Kazakhstan
67
99
Russian Federation
100
79
Syria
36
76
Azerbaijan
57
62
Malaysia
59
58
Yemen
47
47
Indonesia
47
United Arab Emirates 47
64
43
Brunei
26
33
12.4 Iran
31
Oman
38
27
17 Bahrain
27
Qatar
27
23
20 Kuwait
22
Turkmenistan 20
16
Saudi Arabia 6.7
Diesel
212
Gasoline
157
164
105
69
69
97
164
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
31
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.3.3 Time Series of retail fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, in US-cents/litre (last survey 13 – 15 Nov. 2012)
Diesel [US-cents/litre]
Country
Afghanistan
Armenia
Australia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China, Hong Kong
China, P. R.
Fiji
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Korea, North (D.R.)
Korea, South (R.)
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lao PDR
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar (Burma)
Nepal
New Zealand
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine (WB + Gaza)
Philippines
Qatar
Russian Federation
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Taiwan (R. China)
Tajikistan
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Utd. Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
32
Super Gasoline [US-cents/litre]
1991 1993 1995 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 1991 1993 1995 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
31
57
74
24
23
13
19
20
31
75
15
25
33
22
26
31
22
32
20
25
27
28
27
28
9
33
23
48
38
26
30
37
31
25
27
29
48
16
19
29
25
45
22
18
26
26
18
28
85
25
37
25
21
7
1
31
69
15
24
41
41
13
27
24
22
17
31
57
20
21
29
38
18
44
80
45
39
6
2
64
76
15
29
35
66
18
33
32
31
16
41
41
19
2
62
66
17
29
41
64
18
25
30
25
19
22
12
24
39
26
19
31
22
15
18
10
36
30
14
41
13
27
38
12
37
34
29
27
61
28
37
28
34
33
26
35
52
27
29
10
38
27
13
50
55
35
25
10
38
31
18
41
24
32
47
5
15
9
26
7
66
2
26
9
27
6
78
1
30
26
27
10
18
44
77
37
58 65 96 100 121
56 77 111 99 115
83 94 94 123 157
18 41 56 56 57
19 13 13 13 17
34 45 70 63 76
59
82 86
19 21 21 24 26
61 78 89 98 127
100 106 116 132 157
43 61 101 104 128
73 94 104
129
67 89 116 113 137
62 75 70 82 86
18 44 42 51 47
2
3
3 1.6 12.4
80 127 170 187 212
95 90 130 137 161
19 45 61 73 97
38 45 72 51 67
61 79 95
131
95 133 140 135 163
24 21 20 21 20
43 54 88 79 n.n.
48 73 76 97 118
43 62 76 77 94
22 40 53 56 59
83 109
67 87 142 104 122
10 75 52 80 n.n.
49 73 82 91 109
41 70 85 97 124
26 39 38 38 38
41 64 77 92 120
70 98 125 154 168
34 67 81 84 101
16 19
19 27
45 66 86 72 100
10
7
9 6.7 6.7
55 63 90 104 126
41 55 75 66 93
13 13 53 45 36
55 71 69 100 119
59 74 100 91 n.n.
37 65 64 95 97
65 88 135 90 143
112 162 163 203 233
1
1 20 20 20
28 53 62 71 64
30 54 75 83 87
32 53 77 77 106
9 28 17 23 47
36
82
119
27
56
24
48
44
73
125
40
30
54
79
40
42
65
52
61
47
40
34
61
75
35
16
85
75
69
59
36
34
56
32
34
34
49 55 42
46 57 50
46 39 37
26 27 27
47 46 52
59 58
34 31 30
47 61 63
136 146 147
28 40 42
50
46
48
56 60 66
16 17 27
8
5
7
86 114 90
102 106 91
42 45 52
30 36 35
73 55 55
93 92 109
17 21 20
47 44 39
31 41 36
35 53 65
28 28 35
23 38
13 33
59 63
64 48
31 31
46 53
86 108
34 37
16
28 33
16 24
72 84
84 66
45 44
57 61
26 45
30 39
78
9
23
11
35
26
88
2
25
14
38
21
53
68
85
41
27
59
78
32
79
154
48
91
73
87
27
9
105
126
61
52
78
135
24
48
54
71
37
38 61
36 12
66 72
55 77
31 31
52 62
99 117
35 52
21
35 55
24 24
85 89
54 72
53 46
51 71
36 67
36 54
65
102 144
2
2
29 28
38 35
34 48
21 19
68 105 115 128
96 108 108 125
93 74 127 139
46 74 75 76
21 21 21 27
79 117 109 115
91 108 119
34 38 39 43
101 94 115 135
169 195 192 216
69 99 111 137
107 115
141
86 109 113 134
101 109 115 125
57 50 79 47
9 10 9.7 33
147 137 185 201
109 142 160 200
86 61 104 144
70 83 71 101
71 76
n.n.
165 151 152 180
22 24 23 23
64 80 85 89
86 92 126 133
74 76 113 111
53 53 59 62
84 110
88 138 111 129
66 43 80 104
94 113 118 144
98 109 147 177
31 31 31 31
101 84 86 114
129 134 171 187
76 91 105 125
19 22 19 27
77 89 84 99
16 16 16 16
92 107 142 168
88 143 119 129
60 85 96 79
83 64 100 119
80 103 102 145
70 87 141 156
98 122 140 165
188 187 252 254
2 22 22 22
37 45 47 47
85 135 92 102
67 80 88 115
30 30 35 58
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.3.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, 1991–2012 (from Afghanistan to Bahrain)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
150
96
100
58
121
1991
1995
2000
150
2008
2012
0
250
250
200
200
150
111
56
25
50
0
1991
1995
31
77
99
115
2004
2008
2012
157
123
150
83
100
45
50
2004
2008
96
49
55
0
1991
1995
128
Afghanistan
68
150
108
2012
108
125
Armenia
68
42
2000
2004
2008
2012
1991
1995
57
94
200
94
2004
2008
2012
0
200
200
150
150
100
1991
1995
20
16
2000
18
41
2004
56
56
57
2008
2012
0
200
200
150
150
100
100
1991
1995
21
2000
19
19
2004
13
1995
13
2008
13
17
2012
93
50
2000
2004
39
41
1991
1995
2000
Australia
2008
2012
75
76
Azerbaijan
46
2004
2008
2012
Bahrain
26
50
0
37
139
74
74
46
50
250
18
1991
57
100
250
50
46
50
2000
22
85
100
48
250
50
127
150
250
0
2000
53
115
250
200
0
1995
50
250
0
1991
100
29
2000
34
50
2004
100
105
100
65
27
50
0
100
1991
1995
27
2000
27
27
2004
21
21
2008
21
27
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
33
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.3.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, 1991–2012 (from Bangladesh to China HK)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
150
Bangladesh
150
100
70
31
50
0
1991
26
1995
29
29
2000
34
45
2004
63
76
2008
2012
250
200
200
26
1991
1995
82
59
38
86
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
200
200
150
150
100
18
1991
1995
18
18
2000
19
21
2004
21
24
2008
26
2012
250
2000
59
2004
2008
59
91
78
58
2012
108
119
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
34
50
0
1991
1995
31
30
2000
32
34
2004
38
39
2008
43
2012
200
127
150
100
28
50
1991
1995
44
44
2000
61
78
89
98
150
100
47
50
2004
2008
2012
250
0
1991
1995
61
63
2000
79
101
2004
94
115
2008
157
150
57
74
85
80
77
100
106
116
132
195
200
150
100
50
119
136
146
147
154
169
135
2012
250
200
0
52
250
200
100
1995
46
115
100
50
China,
Hong Kong
47
109
50
250
0
1991
100
250
0
36
150
100
0
Cambodia
0
250
50
Brunei
100
50
150
Bhutan
117
79
192
216
82
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
34
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.3.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, 1991–2012 (from PR China PR to Indonesia)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
150
101
100
24
50
0
1991
25
1995
45
37
2000
43
104
128
2008
2012
0
250
200
200
129
150
0
94
104
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
116
100
67
1991
1995
89
113
137
0
2008
2012
141
91
107
115
Fiji
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2000
150
73
2012
2004
2008
2012
0
250
200
200
150
1991
1995
2000
2004
150
100
23
19
1991
1995
21
39
41
2000
62
75
70
82
86
100
2004
2008
2012
0
250
200
200
150
150
100
20
1991
1995
44
7
6
2000
19
48
1991
1995
56
113
134
Georgia
60
66
87
2008
101
109
2012
115
125
India
50
250
13
56
86
109
48
46
50
250
0
China, P. R.
69
2004
150
100
41
25
50
50
2000
48
200
150
0
1995
42
250
200
50
28
40
111
50
250
0
1991
100
37
50
27
50
250
73
99
100
61
2004
100
137
150
18
2004
42
2008
51
2000
2004
100
47
2012
50
0
24
1991
57
44
16
1995
2008
17
2000
27
27
2004
2012
Indonesia
79
50
47
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
35
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.3.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, 1991–2012 (from Iran to Kazakhstan)
Iran
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
150
150
100
100
50
0
1
1991
1995
2
2
2000
2
3
2004
3
1.6
2008
2012
250
212
200
170
100
64
31
50
0
187
1991
62
80
2000
2004
2008
130
75
100
2012
69
76
95
66
137
161
0
2004
10
9.7
2008
147
114
73
86
90
33
2012
185
201
137
105
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
200
200
90
125
102
106
100
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
250
250
200
200
150
150
100
45
15
1991
15
1995
15
17
2000
61
73
97
126
91
142
160
109
2008
2012
0
250
200
200
150
150
100
72
24
50
1991
1995
29
2000
29
38
2004
45
51
67
2012
2000
2004
1991
42
1995
45
52
2000
100
0
2008
2012
104
86
40
30
50
2008
1995
144
50
19
2004
1991
100
250
0
9
50
50
Kazakhstan
2000
9
250
150
50
0
7
250
150
Jordan
1995
5
50
200
0
1991
100
250
Japan
0
8
150
31
1995
50
200
127
150
Israel
12
1991
1995
30
36
2000
35
61
61
2004
2008
52
2004
70
83
2008
2012
101
71
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
36
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.3.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, 1991–2012 (from D.R. North Korea to Lao PDR)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
131
150
100
41
50
0
1991
1995
35
41
2000
61
79
95
2004
2008
2012
133
140
163
135
0
78
1995
2000
71
2004
66
25
33
1991
1995
41
200
100
64
Korea, North
(D. R.)
76
2008
2012
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
250
200
200
150
150
100
100
50
13
1991
1995
165
135
79
93
92
180
151
152
Korea, South
(R.)
109
54
50
250
18
18
2000
24
21
2004
20
21
2008
20
2012
0
250
200
200
150
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
Kuwait
50
250
17
1991
1995
21
20
2000
24
22
2004
24
23
2008
23
2012
150
88
100
27
50
1991
1995
33
25
2000
43
79
100
54
2004
2008
2012
0
250
200
200
150
73
100
24
50
1991
1995
32
2000
30
47
50
250
0
1991
150
95
100
0
55
250
150
0
55
50
200
0
73
100
250
50
150
76
97
118
1991
1995
2000
2012
48
2004
80
0
85
2008
86
31
1991
1995
41
2000
36
89
133
Lao PDR
92
54
2004
2008
Kyrgyzstan
2012
126
150
50
2008
39
100
48
2004
44
64
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
37
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.3.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, 1991–2012 (from Lebanon to Myanmar)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
150
Lebanon
150
100
50
0
Malaysia
22
1991
1995
31
25
2000
43
62
76
77
2004
2008
2012
200
150
150
100
0
1991
1995
17
16
19
2000
22
40
2004
53
56
59
2008
2012
250
200
200
109
100
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
42
1991
1995
2004
28
28
35
2000
37
2008
53
2004
111
53
2012
59
2008
62
2012
150
110
84
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
200
200
142
150
100
67
50
22
1991
1995
38
104
87
122
2008
2012
0
250
200
200
150
150
75
100
50
12
1991
1995
12
2000
28
23
50
2004
80
2004
1991
1995
52
38
2000
2004
2012
0
2008
66
50
2008
38
13
1991
1995
33
2000
36
129
61
100
10
111
88
100
37
2000
138
150
250
0
40
2000
74
50
250
0
1995
71
76
100
50
Myanmar
(Burma)
0
250
83
1991
53
65
100
50
150
Mongolia
0
200
26
35
50
250
22
113
100
250
50
Maldives
94
2012
80
104
43
12
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
38
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.3.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, 1991–2012 (from Nepal to Palestine WB/G)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
150
100
50
0
31
22
1991
1995
24
37
34
2000
49
73
82
91
109
100
2004
2008
2012
0
250
200
200
124
150
100
70
50
0
1991
39
1995
34
33
2000
85
97
41
59
63
66
72
94
118
Nepal
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
177
147
61
64
48
55
77
98
109
New Zealand
50
2004
2008
2012
0
200
200
150
150
100
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
Oman
100
26
50
1991
1995
29
26
2000
26
39
2004
38
38
2008
38
2012
0
250
200
200
150
120
100
50
20
1991
19
1995
27
35
2000
41
64
77
92
31
50
250
1991
2008
2012
31
31
2000
31
0
31
2004
150
47
1991
46
1995
53
52
2000
31
31
2008
101
50
2004
1995
100
250
62
2004
31
2012
114
84
86
2008
Pakistan
2012
250
200
154
168
125
150
61
31
50
1991
1995
52
200
171
150
98
100
0
1991
100
250
0
52
150
250
0
65
113
50
250
32
144
150
86
100
70
108
99
117
129
187
134
Palestine
(WB + Gaza)
50
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
39
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.3.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, 1991–2012 (from Philippines to Singapore)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
150
Philippines
100
50
0
Qatar
67
25
27
1991
1995
27
2000
34
50
2004
2008
2012
0
200
200
150
150
100
100
16
15
1991
1995
2000
19
2004
19
2008
27
2012
0
250
200
200
150
100
28
0
1991
18
1995
29
25
2000
45
66
86
100
2004
2008
2012
0
200
150
150
100
100
0
1991
1995
10
10
2000
10
7
2004
9
6.7
2008
7
2012
0
250
200
200
150
90
50
0
28
33
1991
1995
36
38
2000
38
55
104
37
35
2000
1991
1995
126
21
2000
105
2008
19
2004
22
35
1991
1995
16
1991
28
33
35
2000
16
1995
24
55
77
2004
24
2000
24
89
19
2004
16
27
2012
84
2008
16
125
2012
2008
99
2012
16
2008
16
2012
168
142
150
100
63
76
2004
16
50
250
100
1995
50
200
10
1991
34
100
72
250
9
34
52
91
150
250
50
40
50
250
50
Singapore
100
250
0
Saudi Arabia
28
84
150
250
50
Russian
Federation
22
81
101
61
85
72
84
85
89
92
107
50
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
40
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.3.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, 1991–2012 (from Sri Lanka to Thailand)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
150
150
100
50
0
27
23
1991
1995
30
27
31
2000
41
55
75
93
66
100
2004
2008
2012
0
250
200
200
150
150
100
100
53
0
14
1991
1995
13
18
2000
13
45
13
2004
2008
36
2012
0
250
200
200
150
100
48
50
0
1991
38
41
1995
50
41
2000
55
71
119
100
69
2008
2012
0
250
200
200
150
150
100
50
0
59
1991
1995
74
91
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
250
200
200
150
150
95
100
50
0
65
26
30
1991
1995
27
2000
32
72
Sri Lanka
2000
2004
2008
85
45
1991
1995
69
59
1991
44
53
2000
57
1995
46
61
51
96
60
2004
71
2012
2008
83
79
Syria
2012
100
119
64
Taiwan
(R. China)
97
64
37
2004
2004
26
2012
1991
1995
45
67
0
2008
2012
80
103
102
2000
2004
2008
2012
141
36
34
1991
1995
30
39
2000
Tajikistan
36
100
50
2008
2000
145
50
250
35
54
100
24
13
1995
66
129
50
2004
55
1991
84
150
250
100
75
50
250
100
75
119
88
50
250
50
143
36
54
2004
70
156
Thailand
87
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
41
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.3.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, 1991–2012 (from Timor-Leste to Uzbekistan)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
150
Timor-Leste
143
135
100
65
90
88
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
162
150
100
37
1991
66
0
78
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
150
100
100
5
1995
2
1
2000
1
1
2004
20
20
2008
20
2012
0
250
200
200
150
150
100
15
1995
26
30
2000
53
62
71
64
28
2004
2008
2012
0
200
200
150
150
100
1991
1995
2012
254
187
144
56
9
9
2000
26
30
2004
1991
78
1995
88
102
54
75
83
87
1991
1995
2012
2
2004
2
2000
23
1991
2
2008
2
2004
22
2012
22
2008
22
2012
1995
25
29
2000
28
2004
45
47
2008
47
2012
92
85
100
0
37
135
32
50
2008
2000
9
50
250
31
2008
100
250
50
2004
252
50
250
1991
2000
50
150
50
1995
188
100
200
1991
1991
150
200
0
65
200
163
250
0
122
250
250
0
Uzbekistan
47
1995
50
United Arab
Emirates
233
112
50
Turkmenistan
2012
203
200
0
98
50
250
Turkey
150
100
50
0
165
140
1991
1995
11
14
2000
38
102
35
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
42
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.3.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, 1991–2012 (from Vietnam to Yemen)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
150
106
100
25
50
0
1991
26
1995
27
27
2000
32
53
77
77
150
100
34
50
2004
2008
2012
0
250
250
200
200
150
150
100
1991
35
1995
38
34
2000
48
67
2004
88
2008
7
1991
1995
6
2000
10
9
2004
28
17
2008
23
47
2012
26
50
0
1991
1995
21
2000
21
19
2004
30
30
2008
Vietnam
2012
100
50
0
115
80
35
58
Yemen
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
43
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
44
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.4 Fuel prices in Europe
Retail fuel prices in Europe
ÂÂ
Comparison of retail fuel prices in Europe
ÂÂ
Time series of retail fuel prices in Europe
ÂÂ
Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe
ÂÂ
45
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.4.1 Retail fuel prices in Europe – as of November 2012 (in US-cents/litre)
Iceland
206 199
Sweden
216 210
Finland
Reading Example: Retail Price
195 208
US-Cents per Litre
Diesel
82
96
Norway
Super Gasoline
235 253
High Fuel Subsidies
176 176
Fuel Subsidies
Russian
Federation
Estonia
Latvia
100 99
177 180
Fuel Taxation
Denmark
High Fuel Taxation
189 202
Lithuania
Kaliningrad
Oblast
(Shaded areas represent different price categories
for Gasoline and Diesel in individual countries.)
170 183
Belarus
Ireland
198 202
United
Kingdom
227 217
Netherlands
195 233
Belgium
Poland
Germany
173 174
188 196
198 209
Czech Rep.
Luxembourg
187 193
164 164
90 88
Slovakia
185 198
206 188 Austria
Liechtenst. 181 181 Hungary
Switzerland
191 184
Romania
France
Slovenia
206 188
Croatia
173
170
178 191
Italy 177 186
Serbia
Bosnia-H.
218 228
Monaco
Spain
Portugal
189 215
175 175
204 223
Andorra
148 167
Ukraine
125 135
170 177 162 159 180 178
Bulgaria
Monte175 182
168
169
negro
Kosovo
160 165
Albania
179 181
Moldova
140 142
Macedonia
155 175
Greece
208 206
Turkey
233 254
Malta
175 192
Cyprus
178 177
Fuel Taxation Category 1: High Subsidies
The retail price of Gasoline and Diesel is below the price for crude oil on the world market.
Fuel Taxation Category 2: Fuel Subsidies
The retail price of Gasoline and Diesel is at least as high as the price for crude oil on the world market and below the price
level of the United States.
Note: The fuel prices of the United States are average cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx.
10 US-cents for the 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price may be considered as the international minimum benchmark
for a non-subsidised road transport policy; though not yet covering external costs for health and environmental damages.
Fuel Taxation Category 3: Fuel Taxation
Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel is at least as high as the price of the United States and below the price level of Luxembourg.
Note: In November 2012, Gasoline prices and Diesel prices in Luxembourg were the lowest in EU-27. Prices in EU countries are
subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties and taxes. The EU sets minimum taxation rates for
fossil fuels.
Fuel Taxation Category 4: High Taxation
The retail price of Gasoline and Diesel is at least as high as the price level of Luxembourg.
Note: At these levels, countries are effectively using taxes to generate revenues and to encourage energy efficiency in the transport
sector.
46
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.4.2 Comparison of retail fuel prices in Europe – as of November 2012 (in US-cents/litre)
200
160
120
80
40
Diesel
100
90
105
40
80
Turkey
Norway
Netherlands
Italy
Monaco
United Kingdom
Portugal
Sweden
Belgium
Finland
Greece
Denmark
Ireland
Iceland
Slovakia
Germany
Czech Republic
Malta
France
Liechtenstein
Switzerland
Slovenia
Hungary
Lithuania
Montenegro
Albania
Austria
Latvia
Serbia
Croatia
Cyprus, South
Estonia
Macedonia
Spain
Poland
Romania
Bulgaria
Andorra
Kosovo
Luxembourg
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Moldova
Ukraine
Russian Federation
Belarus
233
235
195
218
204
227
189
216
198
195
208
189
198
206
185
188
187
175
178
206
206
177
191
170
175
179
181
177
180
170
178
176
155
175
173
173
168
148
160
164
162
140
125
164
0
69
120
160
200
240
254
253
233
228
223
217
215
210
209
208
206
202
202
199
198
196
193
192
191
188
188
186
184
183
182
181
181
180
178
177
177
176
175
175
174
170
169
167
165
164
159
142
135
99
88
69
97
Gasoline
US-¢
164
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
47
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.4.3 Time Series of retail fuel prices in Europe in US-cents/litre (last survey 13–15 November 2012)
Diesel [US-cents/litre]
Super Gasoline [US-cents/litre]
1991 1993 1995 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 1991 1993 1995 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Country
Albania
43
30
51 102 129 131 140 179
86
57
80 123 144 136 146 181
82
74
73 119 126 143 155 181
115 104
82
84 132 132 137 163 181
13
36
36
90
34
55
50
85
60
78
80 107 134 134 162 198
118 112
57
74
97 124 118 142 162
Andorra
Austria
106 132 148
87
Belarus
Belgium
82
Bosnia + Herzegov.
44
55 106
86
124 149 167
62
79 133 108
88
96 104 150 163 150 187 209
66
68
74
97 134 113 142 159
92 105 128 151 169
Bulgaria
26
52
58
59
89 108 137 158 168
46
66
70
68
Croatia
64
61
60
74 113 122 137 149 170
75
67
76
89 124 134 127 159 177
25
18
44
78
57
83 108 125 128 147 177
72
77
81 108 130 137 175 193
Cyprus, South
95 120 125 147 178
Czech Republic
60
60
68
71 107 129 145 169 187
Denmark
87
85
90
94 135 145 154 179 189
94 122 130 157 176
85
108 105 101 109 151 158 154 200 202
Estonia
33
36
55
56
Finland
85
79
84
80 121 126 139 160 195
120 117 106 112 154 155 157 194 208
33
45
60
58
94 123 118 154 176
France
78
77
82
80 125 133 145 172 178
117 111
99 105 142 148 152 198 191
Germany
77
69
78
82 129 138 156 168 188
112
96
91 103 146 155 156 190 196
Greece
59
40
71
68 123 119 141 178 208
88
65
72
78 114 116 123 205 206
Hungary
65
74
72
81
94 130 130 127 167 184
64
79
85 122 131 138 161 191
Iceland
40
45
62
Ireland
87 102
72
80 129 135 164 169 198
96 102
118 119
88 178 131 171 206
112 105 116 164 186 115 171 199
Italy
86
93
83
86 131 149 163 169 218
Kosovo
84
43
56
66 103 119 121 160 160
76
Latvia
34
41
Liechtenstein
35
58
65
89
84
93 137 136 152 177 206
90 115 123 149 177
34
55
59 102 109 122 142 170
35
72
90 129 134 156 178 202
97 105 153 156 157 187 228
61
56
74 116 122 110 163 165
55
67
70
85
81
89 129 127 130 166 188
94 120 112 148 180
51
66
69 103 108 113 159 183
Lithuania
30
Luxembourg
68
61
67
65
98 114 133 136 164
84
78
75
76 119 129 140 155 164
Macedonia
59
46
56
63
92 109 112 127 155
93
70
76
85 117 123 115 152 175
Malta
49
44
53
97 126 156 166 175
77
81
87 118 138 166 163 192
Moldova
31
40
31
31
45
45
45
86 104 108 140
Monaco
97 120 121 142
155 169 204
164 192 223
Montenegro
84
43
56
66 106 127 121 149 175
Netherlands
82
79
78
81 123 132 145 171 195
121 114 103 112 162 170 168 213 233
109 110 115 118 144 166 163 201 235
133 121 119 123 161 180 163 212 253
Norway
Poland
42
Portugal
44
65
68 109 130 140 150 173
71
54
71 108 110 147 158 189
76
55
61
56
74 120 151 127 162 182
54
76
83 120 130 143 157 174
102
77
97 138 156 161 185 215
Romania
19
40
35
57
91 124 122 146 173
29
53
46
64
96 126 111 146 170
Russian Federation
28
18
29
25
45
35
28
33
35
55
66
86
72 100
77
89
84
99
Serbia
84
43
56
66
85 135 114 148 180
76
61
56
74 100 145 129 150 178
Slovakia
40
54
68
70 119 143 168 153 185
66
61
69
74 117 135 157 170 198
Slovenia
50
64
66
67 111 121 126 162 177
59
66
63
76 112 123 118 167 186
89
84
73
83 121 115 123 156 175
Spain
70
70
65
72 110 110 128 147 175
Sweden
101
84
80
96 137 144 152 182 216
117 109
Switzerland
101
91
84
93 137 136 152 177 206
102
86
78
Turkey
37
47
66
78 112 162 163 203 233
56
78
88 102 144 188 187 252 254
25
30
34
49
37
Ukraine
United Kingdom
48
44
87
96
92 125
85 111 122 120 160 173 165 198 227
94 106 151 146 138 187 210
89 129 127 130 166 188
47
55
81
88 101 135
92 111 117 118 156 163 144 192 217
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.4.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe 1991–2012 (from Albania to Belgium)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
179
200
129
150
43
50
1991
1995
30
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
132
148
Albania
80
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
200
2012
100
50
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
149
2012
250
0
167
124
150
106
100
Andorra
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
132
137
2012
250
181
200
150
119
87
100
82
74
126
143
155
200
163
150
73
115
104
100
50
82
132
181
Austria
84
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
250
250
200
200
150
106
100
50
13
1991
1995
36
36
2000
44
86
90
55
2008
2012
198
200
82
85
134
2004
2008
108
100
0
80
34
1991
1995
55
50
2000
62
79
2004
2008
150
118
112
96
163
88
Belarus
2012
250
100
50
2012
133
150
107
78
2000
200
162
134
100
1995
50
2004
150
1991
150
250
0
57
136
146
250
150
0
86
144
50
200
0
123
100
51
250
0
181
200
150
102
100
0
131
140
187
209
150
104
Belgium
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
49
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.4.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe 1991–2012 (from Bosnia and Herzegovina to Czech Republic)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
124
150
100
60
57
74
97
118
142
162
100
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
137
150
89
100
52
2012
58
158
168
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
113
100
64
61
60
122
137
149
170
74
2000
2004
2008
200
46
0
1991
66
1995
70
68
2000
92
105
2004
128
2012
151
2008
200
169
2012
159
124
75
100
67
76
134
177
127
89
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
178
200
150
120
125
147
25
50
1991
1995
108
78
100
44
125
128
147
83
57
50
18
2000
177
200
150
95
100
2004
2008
2012
250
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
200
150
107
100
60
60
68
129
145
169
187
175
200
150
85
100
71
50
0
1995
150
50
Czech Republic
97
250
150
0
1991
50
200
Cyprus, South
0
100
59
250
0
74
150
108
26
50
Croatia
68
159
250
200
0
66
142
113
50
250
Bulgaria
134
150
50
0
200
108
72
77
130
193
137
81
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
50
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.4.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe 1991–2012 (from Denmark to Germany)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
179
200
135
150
87
100
85
90
145
189
154
94
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
157
122
176
130
109
Denmark
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
33
50
1991
36
1995
55
200
2012
154
123
150
94
100
94
100
56
33
50
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
0
1991
45
1995
60
150
121
85
100
79
84
126
139
160
Estonia
58
2000
2004
2008
2012
194
200
154
150
80
120
117
106
176
118
250
195
200
155
208
157
112
Finland
100
50
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
250
200
172
125
150
78
100
77
82
133
178
145
80
2012
198
200
142
150
117
111
99
148
191
152
105
France
100
50
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
200
129
150
77
100
69
78
138
156
168
188
190
200
146
150
82
112
100
50
0
101
250
150
0
105
154
50
200
0
108
158
202
100
250
0
151
150
50
0
200
200
96
91
155
196
156
103
Germany
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
51
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.4.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe 1991–2012 (from Greece to Italy)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
208
178
200
123
150
Greece
100
59
50
0
1991
71
119
141
150
2000
2004
2008
2012
122
100
65
64
79
131
138
161
85
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
206
178
1995
2000
2004
2008
200
2012
167
130
74
40
50
1991
1995
45
72
81
130
184
127
94
2000
2004
2008
200
164
129
87
102
72
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
164
112
105
199
186
116
171
115
50
2012
198
100
1991
100
62
250
150
0
150
88
100
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
135
129
150
80
2012
250
200
169
96
100
50
102
72
134
156
178
202
90
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
218
200
131
150
86
100
93
83
149
163
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2012
228
187
153
150
86
2008
250
200
169
118
100
50
0
1991
200
171
131
150
Italy
123
50
200
0
0
100
250
Ireland
72
150
50
0
65
116
78
250
191
150
Iceland
206
50
200
0
114
88
100
68
250
Hungary
205
200
40
1995
250
119
97
156
157
105
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
52
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.4.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe 1991–2012 (from Kosovo to Luxembourg)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
160
150
100
43
50
0
103
84
1991
1995
56
119
160
2000
56
110
Kosovo
74
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
177
149
115
123
34
50
1991
35
1995
58
120
41
50
2004
2008
2012
250
206
177
200
137
150
100
148
100
65
2000
89
180
200
150
90
100
84
136
0
1991
55
1995
67
70
2000
94
2004
112
2012
250
166
129
150
93
Latvia
2008
200
152
85
100
50
81
127
188
130
Liechtenstein
89
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
200
170
150
102
100
30
50
1991
34
1995
55
109
122
142
200
159
150
103
100
59
35
50
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
0
1991
51
1995
66
108
183
113
Lithuania
69
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
200
164
150
98
100
68
61
67
114
133
136
200
150
119
84
100
65
50
0
61
122
165
50
150
0
116
76
100
66
200
0
163
150
121
250
0
200
78
75
129
140
155
164
Luxembourg
76
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
53
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.4.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe 1991–2012 (from Macedonia to Montnegro)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
155
150
Macedonia
92
100
59
50
0
1991
46
1995
56
109
112
127
2000
2004
2008
156
2012
166
175
126
49
1991
1995
44
2000
2004
2008
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
192
200
166
118
77
81
163
138
87
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
200
140
150
86
100
31
50
1991
1995
40
31
2000
104
108
150
2004
2008
200
155
2012
0
100
100
50
50
2004
2008
1995
2012
250
121
0
142
45
2000
2004
2008
2012
223
192
200
169
150
2000
1991
45
120
250
150
1995
45
50
204
1991
97
100
31
250
164
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
175
200
150
106
84
100
43
50
0
115
50
200
0
1991
100
53
250
Montenegro
0
150
97
50
Monaco
70
123
85
250
100
0
117
76
175
50
150
Moldova
93
100
63
200
0
152
150
250
Malta
200
1991
1995
56
127
149
200
151
150
121
76
100
66
61
56
162
120
127
2004
2008
182
74
50
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
54
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.4.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe 1991–2012 (from Netherlands to Romania)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
171
123
150
82
100
79
78
132
195
145
200
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
201
144
150
109
110
115
166
235
0
112
Netherlands
50
1995
2000
2004
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
2008
0
2012
212
161
133
150
118
50
1991
1991
200
163
100
1991
121
1995
119
180
253
163
123
Norway
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
200
150
109
100
42
50
1991
44
1995
65
130
140
150
173
200
150
120
100
68
55
54
76
130
143
157
2000
2004
2008
2012
Poland
83
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
189
200
147
150
108
100
71
174
50
250
54
158
215
200
138
150
110
102
77
100
71
50
156
161
185
97
Portugal
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
173
200
124
150
122
146
50
19
1991
1995
40
35
2000
200
126
150
91
100
0
103
250
100
0
114
168
50
200
0
121
170
233
100
250
0
162
150
81
50
0
213
96
100
57
29
50
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
53
46
2000
146
170
111
Romania
64
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
55
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.4.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe 1991–2012 (from Russian Federation to Spain)
Russian
Federation
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
250
200
200
150
100
28
50
0
1991
18
1995
29
25
2000
45
66
86
100
100
72
2004
2008
2012
135
150
84
100
43
50
1991
1995
56
66
148
2000
2004
2008
168
119
40
50
2012
1991
54
68
143
185
153
99
2012
178
76
0
1991
129
150
100
61
56
74
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
198
200
117
100
70
66
61
69
135
157
170
74
50
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
200
162
150
111
100
50
64
66
121
177
126
200
167
150
112
100
67
50
59
66
63
123
186
118
76
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
250
175
200
150
110
100
70
70
65
110
128
147
200
156
150
121
89
100
72
50
0
2008
145
150
250
Spain
2004
84
250
100
0
2000
89
50
150
Slovenia
1995
35
77
200
100
200
0
1991
33
150
114
85
250
Slovakia
0
28
55
250
180
200
0
35
50
250
Serbia
150
84
73
115
175
123
83
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
56
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.4.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe 1991–2012 (from Sweden to United Kingdom)
Diesel
Super Gasoline
[US-cents per litre]
[US-cents per litre]
250
216
182
200
137
150
101
100
84
80
144
152
96
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
206
177
137
101
100
94
146
138
106
Sweden
91
84
136
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
166
129
150
93
2012
250
200
152
102
100
50
86
78
127
188
130
Switzerland
89
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
250
2012
203
200
162
150
233
37
50
1991
47
66
0
78
2008
2012
252
254
187
144
100
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
200
200
125
150
87
100
25
1995
30
34
2000
96
92
56
78
2008
2012
227
198
160
111
122
1995
88
102
2000
Turkey
173
2004
0
81
49
1991
1995
37
47
2000
85
Ukraine
55
2004
2008
2012
217
192
156
92
100
50
88
101
250
150
120
2012
135
200
165
2008
150
50
2004
200
1991
100
44
250
100
2004
188
150
250
150
2000
250
250
1991
1995
50
1995
50
1991
200
163
112
100
0
109
210
50
150
0
117
100
200
0
151
150
250
0
187
200
50
0
250
111
117
163
144
118
United
Kingdom
50
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
0
1991
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel of Luxembourg. In November 2012, Gasoline (Diesel) prices in Luxembourg
were the lowest in Europe. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes.
Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and Diesel in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin,
VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 10 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
taxes may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy.
Red Benchmark Line: Price of crude oil on world market.
57
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
58
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.5 Retail fuel prices of 174 countries
World ranking of Diesel prices
ÂÂ
World ranking of Gasoline prices
ÂÂ
59
69
105
164
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
US-¢
per litre
Cat. 2
Cat. 3
Cat. 4
giz.de/fuelprices
Diesel
Data as of mid-November 2012
Grey
Benchmark Line:
Retail Price of Diesel in
Luxembourg
= 164 US-Cents/Litre
Note: At these levels, countries are effectively using
taxes to generate revenues and to encourage
energy efficiency in the transport sector.
The retail price of Diesel is at least as high as the
price level of Luxembourg.
High Taxation
(164 and more US-Cents)
Country Category 4
**) Price in brackets refers to unsubsidised Diesel
(10 500 Rupiah). Subsidised Diesel is available at
a price of 4 500 Rupiah (47 US-Cents).
Green
Benchmark Line:
Retail Price of
Diesel in the
United States
= 105 US-Cents/Litre
Note: In November 2012, Diesel prices in
Luxembourg were the lowest in EU-27. Prices
in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel
taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes. The EU sets minimum taxation rates
for fossil fuels.
Country Category 3
Taxation (105–163 US-Cents)
Retail price of Diesel is at least as high as the
price of the United States and below the price
level of Luxembourg.
*) Price in brackets refers to unsubsidised Diesel
(3 500 IRR). Subsidised Diesel is available at a
price of 1 500 IRR (12.4 US-Cents/liter).
Red
Benchmark Line:
Price of Crude Oil
on World Market
= 69 US-Cents/Litre
(= US$ 110/Barrel)
Note: The fuel prices of the United States are
average cost-covering retail prices incl. industry
margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. appr. 10 US-Cents
for the 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel
price may be considered as the international
minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road
transport policy; though not yet covering external
costs for health and environmental damages.
Subsidies (69–104 US-Cents)
The retail price of Diesel is at least as high as the
price for crude oil on the world market and below
the price level of the United States.
Country Category 2
Country Category 1
Cat. 1
The retail price of Diesel is below the
price for crude oil on the world market.
High Subsidies (up to 68 US-Cents)
1.1 Venezuela
6.7 Saudi Arabia
10 Libya
12.4/(28.9*) Iran
17 Algeria
Bahrain 17
18 Egypt
Kuwait 20
20 Turkmenistan
Brunei 26
27 Qatar
Ecuador 29
36 Syria
Oman 38
42 Angola
Indonesia 47/(110**)
47 Yemen
Sudan 51
54 Bolivia
Azerbaijan 57
59 Malaysia
United Arab Emirates 64
67 Kazakhstan
Tunisia 69
76 Bangladesh
Mexico 85
86 Bhutan
India 86
87 Uzbekistan
Belarus 90
91 Gabon
Congo, R. (Brazzaville) 92
93 Sri Lanka
Ethiopia 94
94 Lebanon
Ghana 95
96 Morocco
Jordan 97
97 Thailand
Russian Federation 100
101 Cameroon
Philippines 101
102 Brazil
Panama 102
103 Haiti
Guatemala 104
105 United States
Guyana 105
105 Sierra Leone
Vietnam 106
107 Grenada
Nigeria 109
109 Maldives
Nepal 109
112 Niger
Honduras 115
115 Armenia
Chad 116
117 El Salvador
Djibouti 118
118 Colombia
Lao PDR 118
119 Jamaica
Nicaragua 119
119 Taiwan (PR China)
Ivory Coast 120
120 Pakistan
Belize 121
121 Afghanistan
Liberia 122
122 Madagascar
Togo 122
122 Mongolia
Mozambique 123
123 Canada
Chile 124
124 New Zealand
Botswana 125
125 Mali
Ukraine 125
126 Benin
Kenya 126
126 Singapore
Mauritania 127
127 Tanzania
Cambodia 127
128 Burkina Faso
China, P. R. 128
129 Fiji
Cuba 130
131 Lesotho
Namibia 131
131 Paraguay
Korea, North (D.R.) 131
133 Argentina
Guinea 134
134 Swaziland
Uganda 135
135 Dominican Republic
Costa Rica 136
137 Georgia
Mauritius 138
140 Zimbabwe
Moldova 140
141 Peru
South Africa 142
143 Timor-Leste
Burundi 147
148 Congo, D.R. (Kinshasa)
Zambia 148
148 Andorra
Suriname 152
153 Senegal
Macedonia 155
157 Australia
China, Hong Kong 157
158 Cape Verde
Kosovo 160
161 Japan
Bosnia and Herzegovina 162
163 Korea, South (R.)
Luxembourg 164
168 Palestine (W. Bank + Gaza)
Bulgaria 168
169 Central African Rep.
Croatia 170
170 Lithuania
Eritrea 171
173 Rwanda
Poland 173
173 Romania
Montenegro 175
175 Malta
Spain 175
176 Estonia
Slovenia 177
177 Latvia
Cyprus, South 178
178 France
Albania 179
180 Serbia
Austria 181
185 Slovakia
Czech Republic 187
188 Uruguay
Germany 188
189 Denmark
Portugal 189
190 Malawi
Hungary 191
195 Finland
Netherlands 195
197 Sudan, South
Belgium 198
198 Ireland
Monaco 204
206 Iceland
Liechtenstein 206
206 Switzerland
Greece 208
212 Israel
Sweden 216
218 Italy
United Kingdom 227
Norway 235
60
233 Turkey
3.5.1 Retail prices of Diesel in 171 countries as of November 2012 (in US-cents/litre)
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
69
97
164
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
Cat. 1
Cat. 2
Country Category 3
Red
Benchmark Line:
Price of Crude Oil
on World Market
= 69 US-Cents/Litre
(= US$ 110/Barrel)
Cat. 3
**) Price in brackets refers to unsubsidised ‘Pertamax’
(10 000 Rupiah). Subsidised Gasoline is available at a
price of 4 500 Rupiah (47 US-Cents/liter).
Green
Benchmark Line:
Retail Price of
Gasoline in the
United States
= 97 US-Cents/Litre
Note: In November 2012, Gasoline prices in
Luxembourg were the lowest in EU-27. Prices
in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel
taxes as well as other country specific duties
and taxes. The EU sets minimum taxation rates
for fossil fuels.
Retail price of Gasoline is at least as high as the
price of the United States and below the price
level of Luxembourg.
Taxation (97–163 US-Cents)
*) Price in brackets refers to unsubsidised, free-market regular
Gasoline (7 000 IRR). Subsidised Gasoline is available at a
price of 4 000 IRR for 60 liters/month (33 US-Cents/liter).
The retail price of Gasoline is below the
price for crude oil on the world market.
High Subsidies (up to 68 US-Cents)
Country Category 1
Note: The fuel prices of the United States are
average cost-covering retail prices incl. industry
margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. appr. 10 US-Cents
for the 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel
price may be considered as the international
minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road
transport policy; though not yet covering external
costs for health and environmental damages.
The retail price of Gasoline is at least as high as the
price for crude oil on the world market and below
the price level of the United States.
Subsidies (69–96 US-Cents)
Country Category 2
Cat. 4
giz.de/fuelprices
Data as of mid-November 2012
Gasoline
Grey
Benchmark Line:
Retail Price of Gasoline
in Luxembourg
= 164 US-Cents/Litre
Note: At these levels, countries are
effectively using taxes to generate
revenues and to encourage energy
efficiency in the transport sector.
The retail price of Gasoline is at least as
high as the price level of Luxembourg.
High Taxation
(164 and more US-Cents)
Country Category 4
2.3 Venezuela
Libya 12
16 Saudi Arabia
Turkmenistan 22 23 Kuwait
Bahrain 27 27 Qatar
Algeria 29
31 Oman
Iran 33/(57.8*)
43 Brunei
Egypt 45
47/(105**) Indonesia
United Arab Emirates 47
58 Ecuador
Yemen 58
62 Malaysia
Nigeria 62
63 Angola
Bolivia 70
75 Sudan
Azerbaijan 76
79 Syria
Mexico 86
88 Belarus
Kyrgyzstan 89
92 Ghana
Tunisia 93
95 Chad
United States 97
99 Russian Federation
Kazakhstan 101
102 Uzbekistan
Gabon 104
104 Myanmar (Burma)
Ethiopia 105
105 Panama
Sierra Leone 105
108 Guyana
Cameroon 110
110 Maldives
Lebanon 111
112 Niger
Guatemala 114
114 Pakistan
Bangladesh 115
115 Congo, R. (Brazzaville)
Vietnam 115
116 Togo
Liberia 117
119 Bhutan
Taiwan (PR China) 119
120 Jamaica
Botswana 123
123 Nicaragua
Benin 124
124 Lesotho
Namibia 124
125 Armenia
Haiti 125
125 Honduras
India 125
125 Philippines
El Salvador 126
128 Afghanistan
Colombia 128
129 Mongolia
Sri Lanka 129
130 Swaziland
Tanzania 131
132 Canada
Lao PDR 133
134 Georgia
Guinea 134
135 Cambodia
Ukraine 135
137 China, P. R.
Kenya 137
138 South Africa
Australia139
139 Brazil
Cuba 140
140 Grenada
Fiji 141
141 Mali
Moldova 142
142 Morocco
Burkina Faso 143
143 Mauritania
Belize 144
144 Jordan
Nepal 144
145 Tajikistan
Argentina 146
147 Burundi
Congo, D.R. (Kinshasa) 148
148 Zambia
Madagascar 149
151 Ivory Coast
Zimbabwe 152
156 Chile
Thailand 156
157 Costa Rica
Suriname 157
158 Dominican Republic
Mozambique 158
159 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Peru 163
164 Luxembourg
Kosovo 165
165 Mauritius
Timor-Leste 165
167 Andorra
Singapore 168
169 Bulgaria
Romania 170
171 Central African Rep.
Senegal 172
173 Rwanda
Paraguay 174
174 Poland
Djibouti 175
175 Macedonia
Spain 175
176 Estonia
Croatia 177
177 Cyprus, South
New Zealand 177
178 Serbia
Korea, South (R.) 180
180 Latvia
Albania 181
181 Austria
Montenegro 182
183 Lithuania
Hungary 184
186 Slovenia
Palestine (West Bank and Gaza) 187
188 Liechtenstein
Switzerland 188
191 France
Malta 192
193 Czech Republic
Malawi 193
196 Germany
Sudan, South 197
197 Uruguay
Slovakia 198
199 Iceland
Japan 200
201 Israel
Denmark 202
202 Ireland
Greece 206
208 Finland
Belgium 209
210 Sweden
Portugal 215
216 China, Hong Kong
United Kingdom 217
223 Monaco
Italy 228
230 Cape Verde
Netherlands 233 Eritrea 249
US-¢
per litre
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
3.5.1 Retail prices of Gasoline in 171 countries as of November 2012 (in US-cents/litre)
61
Norway 253
Turkey 254
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
4 Annex
Data sources
Unit conversion for non-litre countries
The data for industrialised countries come from various
sources, primarily from the German automobile club ‘Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobile Club’ (ADAC) in Munich,
and European Union.
All fuel prices have been converted into metric litres as
the unit of measurement.
Most of the data for developing countries, especially those
in Africa and Asia, are based on local price surveys conducted by GIZ‘s local offices. In some cases, (e.g. Cuba, Eritrea, Myanmar, Sudan, North Korea and several Arabian
Gulf countries) the local German embassies/consulates
kindly helped with the collection of the relevant data.
Method of collection
Global fuel prices vary as a function of global oil prices
or as a consequence of individual legal frameworks, not
only among countries but also within individual countries. For European countries, nationwide average filling
station fuel price statistics (pump prices) were utilised in
this survey, whereas for all other countries fuel prices as
posted at filling stations in the respective capital cities
were collected. The latter method collected data&information using a questionnaire circulated to GIZ local
offices worldwide. Where several fuel prices for major
cities were available, the unweighted average has been
used.
The German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation
and Development commissioned this project.
Region
Country
Fuel unit
Africa
Liberia
Sierra Leone
US Gallon
US Gallon
America Antigua and Barbuda
Belize
Colombia
The Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
Peru
Puerto Rico
The United States
Imperial Gallon
US Gallon
US Gallon
US Gallon
US Gallon
US Gallon
US Gallon
US Gallon
Imperial Gallon
US Gallon
US Gallon
US Gallon
US Gallon
US Gallon
US Gallon
US Gallon
Asia
US Gallon
Imperial Gallon
Myanmar (Burma)
United Arab Emirates
Unit conversions
1 US Gallon = 3 785 Litres
1 Imperial Gallon = 4 546 Litres
1 Barrel
= 159 000 Litres
Fuel qualities
Throughout this study Gasoline prices refer to Super Gasoline and mean ‘unleaded Octan 95’.
62
Currency conversion
The objective was to compare the fuel price situation in
various countries worldwide. The USD was used as the
reference currency, since all crude oil prices and most
countries’ import statistics are quoted in USD. The USD
conversion rates are those applicable as per November
2012. In countries with different or double exchange rates,
the ‘market rate/parallel rate/black market rate’ was given
preference over the official exchange rate. This was not
only because it is the rate consumers mostly rely on, but
also because experience shows that the official exchange
rate eventually tends to be replaced by the parallel
exchange rate.
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
5 About us
About GIZ
GIZ’s purpose is to promote international cooperation for
sustainable development and education work.
As a 100 % federally owned, public-benefit enterprise, we
support the German Government in achieving its objectives in the field of international cooperation for sustainable development.
GIZ operates throughout Germany and in more than 130
countries worldwide. Our registered offices are in Bonn
and Eschborn. We have more than 16 000 staff across the
globe, some 70 % of whom are employed locally as national
personnel. There are also 890 development workers working for GIZ. More here: http://www.giz.de/en
More information
Sustainable Urban Transport (SUTP):
„„
http://www.sutp.org
GIZ Transport and Mobility:
„„
http://www.giz.de/transport
Extensive SUTP Photo Database:
„„
http://www.flickr.com/photos/sustainabletransport
Capacity Building on Sustainable Urban Transport
„„
(CAPSUT): http://www.capsut.org
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/
„„
sustainableurbantransportproject
Follow us on twitter: https://twitter.com/_SUTP
„„
Quick access to GIZ Transport and Mobility
„„
Resources http://www.sutp.org/images/compass/
compass_links03.pdf
63
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
64
International Fuel Prices 2012/2013 provided by GIZ
Published by
Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
Sector Project “Transport Policy Advisory Services”
Division 44 – Water, Energy, Transport
Registered offices
Bonn and Eschborn, Germany
Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 40
53113 Bonn, Germany
T +49 228 44 60-0
F +49 228 44 60-17 66
E [email protected]
I www.giz.de
Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-5
65760 Eschborn, Germany
T +49 6196 79-0
F +49 6196 79-1115
Author
Armin Wagner
Manager
Manfred Breithaupt
Editing
Armin Wagner
Team leader “Transport Policy Advisory Services”
E [email protected]
I www.giz.de/transport
I www.giz.de/fuelprices
Copyright: ©GIZ – ‘International Fuel Prices 2012/2013’
Design and Layout
Klaus Neumann, SDS
Photo credits
© Klaus Neumann
As at: August 2014
GIZ is responsible for the content of this publication.
On behalf of
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation
and Development (BMZ)
Division 313 – Water, Energy, Urban Development
Postal address of BMZ offices
Bonn office
Dahlmannstraße 4
53113 Bonn, Germany
BMZ Berlin | im Europahaus
Stresemannstraße 94
10963 Berlin, Germany
T +49 228 99 535 – 0
F +49 228 99 535 – 3500
T +49 30 18 535 – 0
F +49 30 18 535 – 2501
E [email protected]
I www.bmz.de
65