REPUBULIKA Y’U RWANDA
National Commission for the Fight against Genocide
Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le Génocide
Komisiyo y’Igihugu yo Kurwanya Jenoside
-CNLG-
Tel 0252 580482 /3/4/5/6 – Fax 0252 580027 – P.O Box: 7035 Kigali – Hotline: 3560
E-mail: [email protected] – Web site: www.cnlg.gov.rw
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KURWANYA JENOSIDE N’INGENGABITEKEREZO YAYO
1. DUSOBANUKIRWE NA JENOSIDE ICYO ARI CYO N’UKO ITEGURWA
1.1.Jenoside ni iki?
Dukurikije igitabo cya Samuel Totten and Paul R. Bartrop (ed), The Genocide Studies
Reader1, Ijambo « Jenoside » ryahanzwe n’umunyamategeko w’umuyahudi wabaga muri
Pologne, Raphaël LEMKIN ashingiye ku ijambo ry’ikigereki genos rivuga ubwoko
cyangwa inkomoko, hamwe n’iry’ikilatini cãedere risobanura kwica. Raphael Lemkin
ashinga iri jambo yashakaga kwerekana itandukaniro riri hagati ya Jenoside n’ibindi
byaha ndengakamere
1
Samuel Totten and Paul R. Bartrop (ed), The Genocide Studies Reader, 2009 Routledge
UK, p 5)
byibasira inyoko muntu (Crime contre l’humanité cyangwa Crime against humanity).
Icyi cyaha gishingiye ku mugambi wo kurimbura burundu abantu bo mu bwoko, bo mu
idini cyangwa batuye ahantu runaka. Ntabwo abantu barimburwa baba bazize y’uko bari
ku rugamba cyangwa ngo bahorwe ibindi byaha. Ahubwo bahorwa gusa icyo baricyo.
Mu by’ukuri, abakora Jenoside nibo bashyiraho ibiranga abo bashaka kurimbura.
Amasezerano mpuzamahanga [(UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide (UNCG)] yemejwe na ONU tariki ya 9/12/1948, ashyirwa mu
bikorwa tariki ya 12/1/1951, amaze kwemezwa n’ibihugu byose bigize uwo muryango,
yavuze mu magambo yumvikanyweho (compromise) icyo Jenoside aricyo. Yagize ati
« Muri aya masezerano, Jenoside bivuga kimwe muri ibi bikorwa bikurikira bikoranywe
umugambi wo kurimbura bose cyangwa igice cy’abantu bahuriye ku bwenegihugu
(national), ubwoko (ethnical), ibara ry’uruhu (racial), idini :
Ibyo bikorwa ni ibi :
1. Kwica abantu b’itsinda rimwe (group)
2. Gukomeretsa bikabije imibiri cyangwa ibitekerezo by’abantu b’itsinda rimwe (group)
3. Gushyira abantu b’itsinda rimwe mu buzima bubi (conditions) ubigendereye
bwatuma ugamije ko barimbuka bose cyangwa igice.
4. Gushyiraho uburyo bubuza iryo tsinda kubyara
5. Kwambura iri tsinda abana babo bagahabwa irindi ridafite aho bahuriye
Icyitonderwa:
Kugira ngo Jenoside ishoboke igomba kuba ishyigikiwe na Leta. Leta igira umugambi
n’ubushake bisesuye (intention) byo gutsemba icyo gice cy’abaturage bayo kandi koko
ikabishyira mu bikorwa. Leta itegura Jenoside ibikorera gahunda kandi ikayigeraho.
Uwicwa ntazira icyo yakoze, azira gusa ko ari umwe mu bagize igice cy’abo baturage
bagomba gutsembatsembwa.
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Jenoside igira umurongo mugari igenderaho. Niwo uhuza abasangiye icyerekezo kimwe
cyo gukora Jenoside. Uwo murongo mugari niwo bita ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside.
Ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside ikorerwa propaganda, igasakara mu bantu benshi, ikagira
ingufu maze abantu bakayigenderaho bakemera gukora Jenoside.
Jenoside yose iba ifite organisation: ntagipfa kwikora. Ibyo bita ko bisa n’uburakari
bw’abaturage biba bifite ibyabibanjirije, byigishijwe, kandi byateguwe neza. Kandi nibyo
bifashisha mu gukora Jenoside.
1.2. Itegurwa n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya Jenoside
Jenoside ni ubwicanyi ndengakamere butegurwa kandi bugashyirwa mu bikorwa
bishyigikiwe na Leta. Leta igira umugambi n’ubushake bisesuye (intention) byo
gutsemba igice cy’abaturage bayo kandi ikabishyira mu bikorwa. Leta itegura Jenoside
ibikorera gahunda kandi ikayigeraho. Uwicwa ntazira icyo yakoze, azira gusa ko ari
umwe mu bagize itsinda runaka bagomba gutsembatsembwa.
Kugirango Jenoside ishyirwe mu bikorwa, umushakashatsi kuri Jenoside Gregory Stanton
yagaragaje ko itegurwa ryayo rigaragarira mu byiciro1 umunani bikurikirana (8 stages)2.
1. Mbere ya byose, abategura Jenoside batandukanya abaturage, bakabacamo íbice
bibiri («Us» and «Them ») bagendeye ku bwenegihugu, ubwoko, inkomoko
cyangwa imyemerere. Muri iki gikorwa, abategura Jenoside bagerageze kumvisha
abaturage ko kubacamo íbice ntacyo bitwaye kandi ko nta ngaruka bifite. Ariko
mu byukuri bo baba bazi impamvu yabyo n’icyo bashaka kuzageraho.
2. Nyuma yo gucamo abaturage íbice, buri tsinda rihabwa izina ryihariye,
rikagenderwaho babatandukanya n’abandi badahuje itsinda. Aha niho mu
Rwanda Abanyarwanda bagabanijwemo Abahutu n’Abatutsi, Aba Nazi
n’Abayahudi mu Budage n’ahandi. Ibi bigashimangirwa n’inyigisho z’urwango
zirushaho gutandukanya amatsinda yombi, kugeza ubwo itsinda ryibasiwe rifatwa
nk’umwanzi mu muryango ribarizwamo.
3. Nyuma yo gutandukanya amatsinda no kuyaha amazina y’ihariye kuri buri tsinda,
itsinda ryibasiwe ritangira kwamburwa ubumuntu, abarigize bakagereranywa
n’ibikoko. Aha niho mu Rwanda Abatutsi batangiye kwitwa inyenzi, inzoka, …
4. Ku rwego rwa kane, abategura Jenoside barangwa n’ibikorwa bitandukanye
bitegura ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryayo. Hategurwa hakanigishwa abazayikora,
hagashakwa ibikoresho bizifashishwa, n’ibindi. Ni muri uru rwego mu Rwanda
hashyizweho imitwe y’interahamwe, impuzamugambi,... bakigishwa kwikiza
umwanzi; bakagura ibikoresho bitandukanye bizifashishwa (imipanga,
amahiri....), etc.»
Ibyiciro= Urwego, Etapes mu rurimi rw’igifaransa cyangwa Stages mu rurimi
rw’icyongereza
2 Gregory H. Stanton, “The Eight Stages of Genocide” from the book The
Genocide Studies Reader, 127-129P.
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5. Ku rwego rwa gatanu, abategura Jenoside batangira kwibasira abatagira aho
babogamije, batabyumva kimwe nabo; kugirango bitazababuza gushyira mu
bikorwa umugambi wabo wa Jenoside.
6. Ku Rwego rwa gatandatu, abagomba kwicwa bashyirwa ahagaragara, hagakorwa
urutonde (listes).
7. Nyuma yo gukora urutonde rw’abagomba kwicwa, hakurikiraho kubica
hagamijwe kumaraho abagize itsinda runaka.
8. Nyuma yo gushyira mu bikorwa Jenoside, iteka abayikoze ntibaba bemera ibyaha
bakoze. Nibwo usanga barangwa no guhakana ibyabaye, bagahisha ukuri,
bakibasira abatangabuhamya n’ibindi byose bagamije kuburizamo ibimenyetso
bituma umugambi wabo umenyekana n’uburyo wateguwe.
Mu byukuri, tugendeye kuri Jenoside zabaye hirya no hino ku isi, Jenoside yose
irategurwa, ntipfa kubaho. Jenoside igira umurongo mugari igenderaho. Niwo uhuza
abasangiye icyerekezo kimwe cyo gukora Jenoside. Uwo murongo mugari niwo bita
ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside.
Ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside isakazwa mu bantu benshi, ikagira ingufu maze abantu
bakayigenderaho bakemera gukora Jenoside.
1.3. Jenoside itandukanye n’intambara
Intego yabyo si imwe: Intambara iba igamije gutsinda maze abatsinzwe bakayoboka
abatsinze. Jenoside ntiba igamije gutsinda ngo abatsinzwe bayoboke ababatsinze, ahubwo
iba igamije kurimbura abo yibasiye ntihasigare n’umwe.
Intambara igira amategeko ayigenga, utayubahirije akaba yabihanirwa. Ushyize intwaro
hasi agasaba imbabazi arazihabwa, ntiyicwa. Nta mategeko agenga Jenoside, abayikora
ntakibakoma imbere. Nta n’ubwo batanga imbabazi.
Intambara igira imfungwa z’intambara, Jenoside iba igamije kumaraho itsinda runaka,
ntigira imfungwa. Intambara ikorwa n’ingabo z’abasirikare, ntihajyamo abaturage
basanzwe. Jenoside yo siko biri kuko ngo mu Rwanda yakozwe n’abasirikare ndetse
n’abaturage basanzwe batagira ingano.
Mu ntambara birabujijwe kwibasira abaturage muri rusange, by’umwihariko abana,
abagore, abasaza, abarwayi, abamugaye n’umwe mu barwana umanitse amaboko n’ubwo
hari abagwa mu ntambara bwose. Jenoside yibasira abagize itsinda runaka igamije
kubamaraho bose, ntawe isize inyuma.
Intambara igira ingaruka mbi n’inziza ariko Jenoside ingaruka zayo zose ni mbi gusa.
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1.4. Jenoside itandukanye n’ibindi byaha by’ubwicanyi
Habaho ubwicanyi butandukanye: hari ububa bugamije kwihorera, ubugamije guhana,
hari ubuterwa n’uburakari busanzwe, urugomo n’ibindi. Ubwicanyi nk’ubwo
ntibukorerwa gahunda na Leta ngo butegurwe
ngo ishishikarize igice kimwe
cy’abaturage bayo kuzakorera ubwo bwicanyi ikindi gice cy’abatuge bayo. Ubwicanyi
busanzwe ntibuba bugamije gutsemba igice cy’abaturage bo mu bundi bwoko. Jenoside
yo nicyo iba igamije: gutsembatsemba abari mu bundi bwoko bwibasiwe na Leta.
Jenoside itandukanye n’ibindi byaha by’ubugome nk’ibyaha byo mu ntambara n’ibindi
byaha byibasira inyokomuntu, kuko byo biba bikomoka kuri iyo ntambara, mu gihe
abicwa muri Jenoside bo baba bazira uko baremwe gusa.
Jenoside iteka ishingira ku ivangura ritegurwa rikanashyirwa mu nzego, rigahabwa
intebe, rikagirwa umurongo ngenderwaho w’Igihugu.
2. JENOSIDE YAKOREWE ABATUTSI MU RWANDA MU 1994
2.1. Uko yateguwe ikanashyirwa mu bikorwa
1. Gucamo Abanyarwanda mo ibice (Classification): Abahutu n’Abatutsi – (kwandika
Hutu/Tutsi mu Ndangamuntu, kwigisha ko badakomoka hamwe, kubasumbanya etc.);
2. Kubaha ibibaranga (Symbolisation) – Abahutu n’Abatutsi. Abatutsi ni ba mazuru, ba
runyunyusi barangwa n’ubugome, ubuhake, uburyarya, etc.
3. Kubambura ubumuntu (Deshumanisation) – (Kwita Abatutsi inzoka, Inyenzi, kuvuga
ko bafite imirizo, Amatwi atendera, gutanga uburenganzira bwo kwica, guhemba
abishe etc).
4. Kwishyira hamwe kw’abicanyi (Organization) – Hutu power, Interahamwe,
gushyiraho inzego z’abicanyi, gukwiza ibikoresho, ubukangurambaga bw’abicanyi,
gukora lisiti zabicwa no kuzitangaza etc.
5. Gutanya abagomba kwicwa n’abazabica (Polarisation) – umwanzi wacu ni umwe!
(Umututsi). Ref. “Amategeko 10 y’Abahutu ya Kangura N0 6, Ukwakira 1990”3 )
6. Kwitegura (Preparation) – Amaradiyo RTLM, Lisiti z’ibyitso, n’izabagomba
kwicwa, gutegura ingabo, gutoza imitwe y’abicanyi no kuyimara ubwoba, kugerageza
ubwicanyi, kuvuga ko hagiye kuba akantu: mwitegure!, etc.
7. Gutsemba (Extermination) – Abazavuka bazabaze uko Umututsi yasaga!
8. Guhakana Jenoside. (Denial /Négationisme/ Révisionisme)-Double Jenoside, Urupfu
rw’umubyeyi Habyarimana, kwitabara etc.
2.2. Ibindi byerekana ko Jenoside yateguwe
Hashyizweho imitwe y’abicanyi:
 Réseau zero : Agatsiko k’abicanyi bo hejuru muri politiki kakoreraga mu
ibanga.
 Amasasu : Abasirikare bakuru barwanyaga amasezerano ya Arusha
 Interahamwe (MRND)
 Impuzamugambi (CDR)
-
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Aya Gitera yo muri 1959 ndetse n’aya Kangura yo muri 1990 (Kangura no 6)
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-
 Abakombozi (PSD Power) n’abandi….
Hatanzwe intwaro, zikwirakwizwa n’abayobozi mu baturage hagamijwe gutsemba
Abatutsi,
Hashyizweho bariyeri nyinshi hagamijwe kubuza Abatutsi guhunga,
Hakoreshejwe amayeri yo guhuriza (gukusanyiriza) Abatutsi hamwe mu bigo no mu
masengero kugira ngo biborohere kubica,
Habaye ubwicanyi bunyuranye imbere ya 1994, buyobowe n’abayobozi ba gisiviri
n’abagisirikare: I Kibirira mu 1990, I Murambi mu 1990, Mu mutara mu 1990, Mu
Bigogwe mu 1991, I Nasho mu 1990-1991, Mu Bugesera mu 1992, Ku Kibuye mu
1992, Ku Gisenyi mu 1993
2.3. Umwihariko wa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda
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

Abantu benshi cyane bishwe mu gihe gito cyane (Abarenze 1.000.000 mu minsi
100 gusa).
Abaturage basanzwe kandi benshi cyane bishe bagenzi babo baturanye ku
misozi, basangiraga, basenganaga, bashyingiranaga etc.
Abicwaga n’abicaga bari bahuje umuco n’ururimi.
Abaturage bishe bari bafitanye isano rya hafi.
Hakoreshejwe intwaro za gakondo zitica vuba nk’ubuhiri, ubufuni
etc..hagamijwe gushinyagurira abicwaga.
Hakoreshejwe ubugome bukabije (Kwicukurira no kwihamba, gukubita abana
ku nkuta, kwanduza SIDA, kurya abantu no kunywa amaraso, etc).
Inzego zose za Leta, amadini n’imiryango inyuranye zagize uruhare mu
bwicanyi.
LONI, amahanga n’imiryango mpuzamahanga iharanira uburenganzira bwa
muntu batereranye u Rwanda kandi bahari.
3. DUSOBANUKIRWE
IGARAGARIRA
INGENGABITEKEREZO
YA
JENOSIDE
N’AHO
3.1. Ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside ni iki?
Nk’uko itegeko n0 18/2008 ryo ku wa 23/07/2008 rihana icyaha cy’ingengabitekerezo ya
Jenoside ribivuga mu ngingo yaryo ya 2, ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside ni urusobe
rw’ibitekerezo bigaragarira mu myifatire, imvugo, inyandiko n’ibindi bikorwa bigamije
cyangwa bihamagarira abantu kurimbura abandi hashingiwe ku bwoko, inkomoko,
ubwenegihugu, akarere, ibara ry’umubiri, isura, igitsina, ururimi, idini cyangwa
ibitekerezo bya politiki, bikozwe mu gihe gisanzwe cyangwa mu gihe cy’intambara.
3.2.
Ibiranga icyaha cy’ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside
Ingingo ya 3 y’itegeko n0 18/2008 ryo ku wa 23/07/2008 rihana icyaha
cy’ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside ivuga ko icyaha cy’ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside
kigaragarira mu myifatire irangwa n’ibimenyetso bigamije kwambura ubumuntu umuntu
umwe cyangwa itsinda ry’abantu bafite icyo bahuriyeho nko mu buryo bukurikira:
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1. Gutoteza, gutera ubwoba, gutesha agaciro mu mvugo, mu nyandiko cyangwa mu
bikorwa bisebanya, birangwamo ubugome cyangwa byenyegeza urwango
2. Gushyira mu kato, gushinyagurira, kwigamba, kwandagaza, guharabika, gutesha
isura, kuyobya uburari hagamijwe gupfobya Jenoside yabaye, guteranya abantu,
kwihimura, kwangiza ubuhamya cyangwa ibimenyetso bya Jenoside yabaye.
3. Kwica, gutegura umugambi wo kwica cyangwa kugerageza kwica undi bishingiye
ku ngengabitekerezo
Ibindi bisobanuro
 Abahuriye ku ngengabitekerezo ya Jenoside bemera ko ibintu byamera neza ari
uko barimbuye burundu abo bita abanzi babo, ari nabo babonamo kuba ba
nyirabayazana b’ibibazo baba bafite;
 Ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside ibaho mbere ya Jenoside, muri Jenoside na
nyuma yayo;
 Hari aho yaba ntihabe Jenoside ariko nta haba Jenoside hatari kandi hatabanje
ingengabitekerezo yayo.
 Twavuga ko ijambo ‘Ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside’ ryinjiye mu mvugo
y’Abanyarwanda nyuma ya 1994. Rikoreshwa hagamijwe gusobanura ukuntu
Jenoside yashoboye kuba mu gihugu runaka. Mu Rwanda, ijambo
“ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside” rikubiyemo umugambi wo kumva uko abantu
batabarika bishwe bazira ubwoko bwabo no gusobanukirwa ukuntu abandi bantu
benshi bemeye umugambi w’ubwicanyi kandi bakemera kuwushyira mu bikorwa.
Iryo jambo rikoreshwa hagamijwe guhamagarira abantu ngo bikingire kandi
bitandukanye n’ibitekerezo, n’imyifatire cyangwa ibikorwa bishobora guhembera
Jenoside.
3.3. Uko ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside yagaragaye mu Rwanda
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


Politiki y’ivangura, amacakubiri n’akarengane;
Guhimbira abantu ibibaranga (Définition des stéréotypes) ;
Amategeko icumi y’abahutu (Gitera na Kangura);
Ibinyamakuru, Radiyo (Kangura, RTLM,......)
Imvugo y’abanyapolitiki n’abandi bayobozi (Léon MUGESERA, KAYIBANDA,
HABYARIMANA, BAGOSORA,...).
3.4. Amategeko n’amabwiriza bihana ibyaha byerekeye Jenoside mu Rwanda
 Itegeko No 47/2001 ryo ku wa 18/12/2001 rihana icyaha cy’ivangura
n’amacakubiri
 Itegeko N0 n° 33 bis/2003 of 06/09/2003 rihana icyaha cya Jenoside, ibyaha
byibasiye inyokomuntu n’ibyaha by’intambara
 Itegeko N018/2008 ryo ku wa 23/07/2008 rihana icyaha cy’ingengabitekerezo ya
Jenoside;
 Itegeko Nº 56/2008 ryo kuwa 10/09/2008 rigenga inzibutso n’amarimbi
by’abazize Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda;
 Amabwiriza areba imyitwarire y’imitwe ya politike yemewe mu Rwanda
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 N’andi mategeko
3.5. Uburyo bwo guhakana no gupfobya Jenoside
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




Kuvuga ko Jenoside itabayeho
Kuyita andi mazina (amahano, ibyabaye, etc)
Kuvuga ko byari intambara, ubwicanyi
Kuvuga ko byari uburakari bw’abahutu kubera urupfu rwa Habyarimana
Kuvuga ko habaye double génocide
Kurwanya kwibuka
Gufata nabi inzibutso
Gutoteza no kwica abacitse ku icumu
Gushyigikira ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside.
Guhishira no guhisha ukuri mu butabera
Kwigisha amacakubiri n’inzangano mu mashuri, mu madini, mu mashyaka ya
politiki muri za associations n’ahandi.
 Gufatanya no gutera inkunga abafite umugambi wo gukora Jenoside
3.6. Amagambo akoreshwa mu byerekeye Jenoside n’impamvu
No
Ntibavuga
1
Intambara yo muri Jenoside
yakorewe
1994
Abatutsi
ItsembAbatutsi
Jenoside
Itsembatsemba
yakorewe
Irimburabwoko
Abatutsi
Itsembabwoko
n’itsembatsemba
2
Bavuga
3
Ubwicanyi,
Abanyarwanda
basubiranyemo
Jenoside
yakorewe
Abatutsi
4
Jenoside y’Abatutsi
Jenoside
yakorewe
Abatutsi
Impamvu
Jenoside itandukanye n’intambara
-Dukurikije icyo Jenoside aricyo (définition),
habaye umugambi n’igikorwa cyo gutsemba
Abatutsi ariko nta tsembatsemba cyangwa
itsembabwoko byabaye kuko hari abasigaye.
-Jenoside ryabaye ijambo ry’ikinyarwanda ni
naryo ryanditswe mu Itegeko Nshinga
-Habuze ijambo ry’ikinyarwanda risobanura
nyabyo inyito « Genocide » ibi kandi byerekana
ko mu muco wa kinyarwanda, mu mitekerereze
no mu rurimi nta kintu nk’icyo kigeze kibaho.
Jenoside ntabwo ari intambara cyangwa
ubwicanyi (civil war, guerre civile)
- Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda
ryo kuwa 04 Kamena 2003 nk’uko ryavuguruwe
kugeza ubu, mu ngingo yaryo ya 9, rivuga ko
ibyabaye mu Rwanda muri 1994 ari Jenoside
yakorewe Abatutsi.
-Jenoside y’Abatutsi ntisobanura neza ko ari
Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi bityo abayipfobya
cyangwa abayihakana bakaba babyifashisha
8
5
Jenoside
yatewe Ihanurwa
n’ihanurwa ry’indege ry’indege ntaho
rihuriye
na
ya Habyarimana
Jenoside.
6
Habaye
ebyiri
genocide)
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8
Jenoside Habaye Jenoside
(double imwe
gusa
yakorewe
Abatutsi.
Kwibuka
ni Kwibuka
imbogamizi ikomeye bikwiye
ku
bumwe kumvikana
nk’inkingi
n’ubwiyunge.
ikomeye
y’ubumwe
n’ubwiyunge.
Hapfuye
abantu Hapfuye
bagera ku bihumbi abarenga
800
miliyoni
bakavuga ko ari Jenoside yakozwe n’Abatutsi.
-Ni bande bakoze Jenoside? Mu bakoze Jenoside
harimo abahutu ari nabo benshi hakabamo
n’Abatutsi bake ndetse n’abanyamahanga. Icyo
bari bahuriyeho bose ni ugutsemba Abatutsi.
-Abahutu baguye muri iyi Jenoside ntabwo
wavuga ko ari Jenoside yakorewe Abahutu.
Bazize ko banze gushyigikira umugambi wo
gutsemba Abatutsi.
-Jenoside yateguwe kuva muri 1959.
-Jenoside yatangiye mu 1990.
-Ihanurwa ry’indege ryabaye urwitwazo rwo
kurangiza umugambi wari usanzwe uriho.
-Gutoranya no gutoza abicanyi (Interahamwe)
mu gihugu cyose, kubaha intwaro, gukora liste
y’abazicwa,
gushyiraho
za
bariyeri,
etc…ntibishoboka ko byakorwa mu gihe gito
kuva aho indege irasiwe n’igihe Jenoside
yatangiriye.
-Jenoside ifite uko isobanurwa, uko itegurwa
n’uko ishyirwa mu bikorwa.
-Reba “Akamaro ko kwibuka”
-Ubushakashatsi
bwakozwe
bukemezwa
n’Inama y’Abaminisitiri bwemeza ko hapfuye
abarenga miliyoni.
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Amagufa, ibisigazwa
Imibiri y’abazize Guha icyubahiro
Jenoside
Jenoside
yakorewe
Abatutsi
10
Gutaburura
Gukura imibiri Barajugunywe ntabwo bashyinguwe
y’abazize
Jenoside
yakorewe
Abatutsi
aho
yajugunywe
11
Amarimbi
Inzibutso
inzirakarengane
zazize
za Urwibutso ni ahantu hose hafite amateka ya
9
Jenoside
Jenoside
3.7. Imvugo n’amagambo bigaragaza amacakubiri hagati y’abahutu n’Abatutsi mu
Rwanda4
Tutsi
Hutu
Hamite
Umunyamahanga
ukomoka Bantu
Kavukire
b’umugabane
kuri Ham w’Umuyahudi
wa Afurika aribo bavuga
ko ari abenegihugu
Noble
Umuntu waremewe gutegeka Roturier
Umuntu
waremewe
(low class)
gutegekwa
Envahisseur
Umunyamahanga
ufata Indigène
Umwenegihugu kavukire
(imvador)
igihugu ku ngufu
(indigenous)
Féodal
Umutware
Serf
Umugaragu
Éleveur (pastoralist) Umworozi
Cultivateur
Umuhinzi
(cultivator)
Aristocrate
Umutegetsi wo hejuru
Paysan (peasant) Umuturage
wo
hasi
(aristocrat)
w’injiji
Seigneur (Lord)
Umutegetsi
Esclave (slave)
Ingaruzwamuheto
Oppresseur
Ukandamiza
Opprimé
Ukandamizwa
(oppressor)
(oppressed)
Grand, Beau (tall, Muremure, mwiza
Petit
nègre, Umwirabura
mugufi
handsome)
simpliste
(short usuzuguritse
negro, naive)
Intelligent,
rusé Umunyabwenge, inyaryenge Singe à peine Icyenda gusa n’inguge
(intelligent, clever)
dégrossi (similar to
a monkey)
Paresseux (lazy)
Umunebwe
Travailleur docile, Umukozi
wumvira,
corvéable à merci ukoreshwa uburetwa
(docile, exploitable
worker)
Menteur né (born Yavutse ari umubeshyi
Authentique
Uvugisha ukuri
liar)
(authentic)
Faux noir (a fake Asa n’umwirabura ariko atari Autochtone
Umwenegihugu,
blackman)
we
(original)
umusangwabutaka
Rival du blanc, anti- Ntiyemera umuzungu, Yanga Ami du blanc
Inshuti y’umuzungu
blanc (rival to a umuzungu
(a friend to a
whiteman, against a
whiteman)
whiteman)
Communiste
Ntiyemera Imana
Bon chrétien (good Umukirisitu wumvira
(communist)
christian)
4
Stereotypes selon magazine golias no 48-49
10
4. INGARUKA ZA JENOSIDE N’INGAMBA ZO KUYIRWANYA
4.1. Ingaruka za Jenoside mu Rwanda
 Gupfusha abantu barenze miliyoni kandi b’ingeri zose.
 Ubuhunzi bw’abarenze ½ cy’abari mu gihugu biganjemo abahunga kubazwa ibyo
bakoze.
 Umutekano wahungabanyijwe n’abacengezi biganjemo abakoze Jenoside.
 Isura y’Igihugu n’abagituye yaragayitse mu rwego mpuzamahanga.
 Imibanire y’Abanyarwanda yasubiye inyuma.
 Ihungabana n’ihahamuka ry’abarokotse Jenoside.
 Ibikomere bikomeye ku mibiri no ku mitima by’abarokotse Jenoside.
 Umubare munini w’abatishoboye (Inshike, imfubyi zibana, abapfakazi etc).
 Ubwandu bwa SIDA bwariyongereye.
 Abana bavutse ku babyeyi batabashaka kuko batewe inda n’abicanyi.
 Abasenyewe amazu n’indi mitungo.
 Ubukungu bw’Igihugu bwarahungabanye
 Imfungwa nyinshi zirenze cyane ubushobozi bw’amagereza asanzwe kandi no
kuzitunga bivuna Leta, izindi zikaba zifungiwe mu mahanga n’ibindi
4.2. Ingamba zo kurwanya Jenoside n’ingengabitekerezo, ihakana n’ipfobya byayo














Kuyirinda (Prévention) binyuze mu bukangurambaga,
Guca umuco wo kudahana no gucira imanza abakoze Jenoside,
Gushyiraho ibigo bikora ubushakashatsi kuri Jenoside,
Gushyiraho amategeko ahana icyaha cya Jenoside n’ingengabitekerezo yayo,
Gushishikariza ibindi bihugu kwibuka no gushyiraho amategeko ahana Jenoside
yakorewe Abatutsi n’amategeko ahana ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside, ihakana
n’ipfobya byayo.
Kwita ku muryango kugira ngo ube ingoro y’amahoro n’urubuga rwo kurandura
ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside
Kugira urwego rw’uburezi, umuyoboro nyamukuru w’ingamba zihashya
ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside n’amacakubiri
Gukomeza gushimangira umutekano w’Igihugu
Kurushaho guhangana n’ingaruka za Jenoside hashyirwaho ikigega cy’indishyi
Gushyiraho isangano ryo kurwanya ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside
Kwita ku bubanyi n’amahanga nk’umuyoboro wo kurwanya ingengabitekerezo no
kubaka amahoro arambye mu Rwanda
Kurwanya ubukene, guhanga imirimo no kongera ubukungu bw’Abanyarwanda
Kwigisha no gushimangira ingamba zo kurandura ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside
Kwibuka no gushyiraho inzibutso,
4.3. Akamaro ko kwibuka
Kuba mu Rwanda harabaye Jenoside, biri mu mateka yacu y’ubu n’azaza. Kwibuka
Jenoside twese nk’Abanyarwanda bizadufasha kubaka u Rwanda rwitandukanya burundu
na Jenocide n’ibijyanye nayo byose.
11
Abanyarwanda baramutse bibagiwe Jenoside bakwibagirwa n’ibyayiteye byose.
Ntacyabuza ko ishobora kongera kubaho kuko ibyayiteye bishobora kongera kubura
umutwe, bigahabwa intebe maze bigakora ishyano. Akaba ari muri urwo rwego:
 Kwibuka ari ngombwa kuko bidufasha guhora turi maso.
 Tugomba guhora twibuka Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi kugira ngo itazongera
kubaho ku bantu abo aribo bose.
 Kwibuka bidufasha guhora twibombaritse, maze tukamaganira kure ibintu byose
byakurura inzangano mu banyarwanda
 Kwibuka ni ngombwa kuko bidufasha kurwanya politiki yose ibiba amacakubiri,
inzangano, irondakoko n’umwiryane mu banyarwanda, kuko ari bene izo nyigisho
zabyaye Jenoside
 Kwibuka bidufasha kwirinda kongera kugwa mu mutego mubi twagushijwemo
n’ubuyobozi bubi
 Kwibuka bidufasha kuzabaho neza mu bihe bizaza, no kubaka sosiyete yacu
duhereye ku mateka yacu.
 Kwibuka bidufasha kwamaganira kure ibifitanye isano na Jenoside byose cyane
cyane amacakubiri kuko tutayamaganye yazongera kutumaraho abantu.
 Kwibuka bidufasha kwamagana amashyaka ya politiki ashingiye ku moko kuko
tutayamaganye yakongera kubiba umwiryane mu banyarwanda.
 Kwibuka bidufasha kwamaganira kure ikitwa ihezwa (exclusion) iryo ariryo ryose
ribuza umunyarwanda kubona ibyo afiteho uburenganzira byose.
 Kwibuka bidufasha kwamagana no kurwanya inzangano hagati y’abana b’u
Rwanda kuko kutazamagana ari ugutiza umurindi abashaka ko Abanyarwanda
bamarana.
 Kwibuka bidufasha kwamagana imiryango, ibigo (institutions), abagize
imiryango mpuzamahanga bitwaza ko badufasha ariko bakigisha, cyangwa
bagashyigikira amacakubiri mu banyarwanda: imfashanyo yabo ntiruta ubuzima
bw’Abanyarwanda.
 Kwibuka bidufasha kwamaganira kure abayobya n’abigisha nabi amateka y’u
Rwanda n’imibanire y’Abanyarwanda.
 Kwibuka bizadufasha kwamagana umuco mubi wo kudahana (impunité), ahubwo
kwibuka bidufasha kwimakaza umuco w’ubutabera.
 Kwibuka bizadufasha kubaka Igihugu gitandukanye n’icyo twarazwe n’abagizi ba
nabi
Igikorwa cyo kwibuka ni icya twese: abakuru n’abato, abiciwe ababo n’ababishe, abari
mu Rwanda n’abari hanze yarwo mu gihe cya Jenoside, abariho, abari batarabaho
n’abazaza, abaturarwanda n’amahanga muri rusange.Uwiciwe afite inshingano zo
kwibuka abe bazize Jenoside, afite kandi nawe inshingano yo kubaka u Rwanda aharanira
kubaho aho guheranwa n’agahinda.Uwishe akwiye guhora yibuka amahano yakoze,
akicuza agasaba imbabazi kandi agahora ari maso kugira ngo atazongera kugwa mu
mutego yagushijwemo n’ubuyobozi bubi. Akwiye kandi guhinduka akitandukanya
n’ubugizi bwa nabi ubwo aribwo bwose cyane cyane ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside.
Akwiye gufatanya n’abandi kwamaganira kure abakwirakwiza inzangano n’amacakubiri
mu banyarwanda.
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5. UMWANZURO
5.1. Uruhare rwa buri muturarwanda
Hakwiye kugaragara uruhare rwa buri wese mu kurwanya Jenoside, ingengabitekerezo
yayo, ihakana n’ipfobya byayo haba muri: Leta, abikorera, amadini, amashuri, abato,
abakuru, itangazamakuru n’abandi.
Urwo ruhare ruzagaragarira aha hakurikira:
1. Kwemera ko mu Rwanda habaye Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi no guharanira ko
itazongera kubaho ukundi;
2. Kwirinda guhakana cyangwa gupfobya Jenoside;
3. Kwemera guhangana n’ingaruka za Jenoside dufatanya n’inzego zose by’umwihariko
zibishinzwe;
4. Gufasha abagifite ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside guhinduka no guhana
abayitsimbarayeho;
5. Kurangwa n’imitekerereze, imyumvire, imikorere n’imyitwarire izira ivangura iryo
ariryo ryose mu bikorwa bya buri munsi;
6. Kubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu no gutoza umuntu wese kubahiriza
uburenganzira bw’abandi no kwirinda ivangura n’amacakubiri; n’ibindi.
Abaturarwanda bose dufatanyije ndetse n’amahanga, tugomba kurwanya no kurandura
ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside ihakana n’ipfobya byayo kuko Jenoside isenya Igihugu
kandi ikaba nta muntu n’umwe itagiraho ingaruka
5.2. Uruhare rw’amahanga
Nk’uko bivugwa mu gitabo cyitwa « Ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside mu Rwanda
n’ingamba zo kuyirandura », mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe na SENA mu 1986 ku
myumvire y’Abanyarwanda, abanyamahahanga bafite uruhare mu gukwirakwiza
ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside, bakabinyuza ahanini mu itangazamakuru no mubo bita
impuguke ku Rwanda no ku Karere k’Ibiyaga Bigari. Ibyo kandi bikagira ingaruka mbi
cyane ku gihugu, ku mutekano wacyo no ku bubanyi n’ubutwererane hagati y’u Rwanda
n’andi mahanga. Ni muri urwo rwego amahanga akwiye kugira uruhare muri ibi
bikurikira:
-
Kwamagana abapfobya n’abahakana Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi
Gutanga ibiganiro bigamije gukumira, kurwanya Jenoside, ingengabitekerezo
yayo, ihakana n’ipfobya byayo
Kudahishira abicanyi, kubashyikiriza ubutabera no kubacira imanza
Gushyiraho amategeko ahana ibyaha bijyanye na Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi,
ingengabitekerezo yayo, ihakana n’ipfobya byayo
Gushyiraho no kwita ku nzibutso za Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu mahanga
(aho ziri)
Kwibuka Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi
Gufasha abacitse ku icumu
13
Amasomo akubiye muri iyi mfashanyigisho yerekana uko Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi
yasenye Umuryango nyarwanda n’uko ari ngombwa gukangurira Abaturarwanda kugira
imyumvire n’imitekerereze yuzuzanya hagamijwe kugira ubufatanye mu kubaka Igihugu
cyacu cyasenywe n’inyigisho z’amacakubiri abaturarwanda bacengejwemo kuva kera
aribyo byagejeje Igihugu cyacu mu icuraburindi rya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu
Rwanda 1994.
Turizera ko iyi mfashanyigisho izarushaho kumurikira no gufasha Abaturarwanda ndetse
n’Abanyamahanga gusobanukirwa n’inshingano za Komisiyo y’Igihugu yo Kurwanya
Jenoside n’uruhare rwa buri wese mu gukumira Jenoside n’ingangabitekerezo yayo.
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