Dec 2009
Q1
a) The anti fuse in FPGA, refers to programming methodology of the interconnect. There
are two types: Poly to diffusion and metal to metal. The anti fuse is the area between two
metals or poly and diffusion separated by thin oxide. During programming, high current
is passed though the electrodes melting the thin oxide thus permanently connecting the
electrodes. The metal / metal process, has lower resistance/capacitance in comparison to
Poly / diffusion process.
b) F1(A,B,C,D) = A+B+ACD
=A+B
=(A+A’)(A+B)
=A+A’B
Content
c)
of LUT
A B C D F1
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 1
F1
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
D C
B
A
A B
C D
LUT
OR
LUT
OR
LUT
OR
F1
2 bit implementation
AB 0
1
1
1
AB, CD
Q2
Sign = S
N
N=
-2
-1
0
0
1
2
0
1
1
1
CD 0
0
0
0
Using sign and magnitude representation
F
6
0
-2 – Extreme point
-2
-2 ≤ F ≤ 6
0
6 – Extreme point
S is 2 bit signed number S N1N0
F is 3 bit signed number SF2F1F0
S N1 N0 Fs F2 F1 F0
0
0
0 1 0 1 0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0
0
1
0 0 1 1 0
0
1
1 x x x x
1
0
0 1 0 1 0
1
0
1 0 0 0 0
1
1
0 0 1 1 0
1
1
1 x x x x
F0= 0
F1= B’
F2= A
F3= (A+B)’
S
N1
F0
F1
F2
N0
Fs
Costly alternative
2nd alternative: for N2the result is always positive then we can represent N by a 2 bit
where the sign bit is ignored (using sign and magnitude).
-2= couplet(010)+1=101+1=110
Now shift N2 by 2 bits to the left and Add -2
No 1+ Full adder can be replaced with inverter
*If you use sign number multiplication then use booth or bough woody etc.
*If 2’ Complement is used then Booth, Bough woody or XOR can be used
N2N1N0
N2N1N0
N2N0 0 N2N0
N1N1
LUT
N1 N0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
x
1
0
1
x
1
0
1
x
0
0
1
x
N0
N1
Q3
T= 1/(80MHz) = 10-6/80 = 10-9*1000/80 = 100/8 = 12.5 ns
Transfer a 4 state counter at the Clock of 80dMHz will produce the output
Using D Flip Flops
00
11
01
10
Present
State
Next State Z
Y1 Y0 Y1+ Y0+
0
0
0
1 0
0
1
1
0 0
1
0
1
1 0
1
1
0
0 1
Using D Flip-Flops
Y1+= Y1’Y0+Y1Y0’
Y0+= Y0’
Z= Y1Y0
= D1
=D0
Q4
a) The IEEE 745 scheme of rounding the nearest even is shown below
M0 R S
X 0 0 0  X0
X 0 0 1  X0
X 0 1 0  X0
X 0 1 1  X0
Error
0
-¼
-¼
+¼
M0 R S
X 1 0 0  X1
X 1 0 1  X1
X 1 1 0  X1 + 1
X 1 1 1  X1 + 1
i.e. when R(M0+S) is true
Error
0
-¼
-½
+¼
Assuming equal 0 and 1 distribution error=0
b) Packing operand A=-.5
S=1 e=127-1=126 Mantissa 0000
A 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 
0
Packing Operand B=17.25
S=0 e=127+4
M=00010100
B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
Exponent difference e2-e1 = 5 bits
Shift A by 5 positions

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

A shifted by e1-e2=5bits
Component A+1 then add to B
11.111110
+01.000010
01.000011
No rounding required since M0 R S are all 0
Pack the results
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
Result in decimal 1.0000*24 = 10000.11= 16.75
Q5
a) There are 7 paths
D1  AND – JK FF
Pah1 D2  XORD1 FF
Path2 D2  NOR – JK FF
Path3 D1  NOR  JK FF
Path4 D1  XOR  D1
Path5 JK  XOR  D1
Path6 D1  XOR  D1
Path1 & Path4 are the same
Path5 is shorter than 1
Path2 & 3 are shorter than Path1
Critical Path

So we choose to evaluate Path1 as the critical path.
Path1
TCQ=1.5ns, TCL=(2+2+1.5)*.1 +.4+2*.12=1.19ns
Tsu=1ns T = TCQ+TCL+Tsu= 1.5+1.19+1= 3.69ns
At typical conditions the maximum frequency is 271 MHz
b) For FF D1, at maximum speed of operation the slack time = 0
For hold time tn<tCQmin +TCLmin
TCLmin is the path JK FF  XOR  D1
TDL min=1.5ns +1ns+1.5*.1 + .4 + 2*.1 = .7
tn <1.5 +.79 = 2.29 fastest
Then hold time slack is 2.29 - .5 = 1.79ns
c) KT= (40+2*30+273)/(40+273) = (373/313)=1.3
The main frequency with new condition is 271/1.3=208MHz
Q6
The question has many solutions. This is one:
entity Full_Adder is
Port(a, b, c_in: in std_logic, s, c_out: out std_logic);
end entity;
architecture behav of Full_Adder is
begin
Process(a, b, c_in)
Begin
S<= a XOR b XOR c_in;
C_out <= (a and b) or (c_in and (a XOR b))
End Process;
end behav
x
y
b) Component:
a_in
a_out
Compare
b_out
b_in
x(7)
a_in(0)
b_in(0)
y(7)
Compare 7
x(6)
S1(7)
a_out(7)
b_out(7)
S2(7)
y(6)
Compare 6
x(0) y(0)
S1(6)
S2(6)
a_out(0)
b_out(0)