Health informatics
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Electronic patient chart from a health information system
Health informatics (also called health information systems, health care
informatics, healthcare informatics, medical informatics, nursing informatics, clinical
informatics, or biomedical informatics) is a discipline at the intersection of information
science, computer science, and health care. It deals with the resources, devices, and methods
required to optimize the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of information in health and
biomedicine. Health informatics toolsinclude computers, clinical guidelines, formal medical
terminologies, and information and communication systems. It is applied to the areas
of nursing, clinical care,dentistry, pharmacy, public health, occupational therapy, physical
therapy and (bio)medical research, and alternative medicine too.[1]

The international standards on the subject are covered by ICS 35.240.80[2] in which ISO
27799:2008 is one of the core components.[3]

Molecular bioinformatics and clinical informatics have converged into the field
of translational bioinformatics.
Contents
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1 Sub Specialities
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2 Healthcare Informatics
o
2.1 Clinical Informatics
o
2.2 Integrated data repository
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3 Human Bio-informatics
o
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3.1 Translational bioinformatics
4 Community Health Informatics
o
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4.1 Computational Health Informatics
5 Informatics for Education & Research in Health & Medicine
o
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5.1 Clinical Research Informatics
6 Medical informatics in the United States
o
6.1 Informatics Certifications
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7 Medical informatics in the UK
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8 Current state of health informatics and policy initiatives
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8.1 Americas
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8.1.1 Argentina
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8.1.2 Brazil
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8.1.3 Canada
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8.1.4 United States
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8.2 Europe
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8.2.1 UK
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8.2.1.1 England
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8.2.1.2 Wales
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8.2.2 Emerging Directions (European R&D)
o
8.3 Asia and Oceania
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8.3.1 Australia
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8.3.2 China
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8.3.2.1 Health Informatics in China
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8.3.2.2 Health Informatics Standards in China
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8.3.2.3 Comparison between China's EHR Standard and Segments of the ASTM E 1384
Standard
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8.3.3 Hong Kong
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8.3.4 India
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8.3.5 New Zealand
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8.3.6 Saudi Arabia
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9 Health Informatics Law
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10 History
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11 Leading health informatics and medical informatics journals
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12 See also
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12.1 Related concepts
o
12.2 Standards/frameworks and governance
o
12.3 Algorithms
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13 References
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14 External links
Sub Specialities[edit]

Healthcare Informatics

Clinical Informatics
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Public Health Informatics
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Community Health Informatics
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Home Health Informatics
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Nursing Informatics
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Medical Informatics
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Clinical Bio-informatics
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Informatics for Education & Research in Health & Medicine
Healthcare Informatics[edit]
Clinical Informatics[edit]
Clinical Informatics is concerned with the use of information in health care by clinicians.[4][5]
Clinical informaticians transform health care by analyzing, designing, implementing, and
evaluating information andcommunication systems that enhance individual and population health
outcomes, improve [patient] care, and strengthen the clinician-patient relationship. Clinical
informaticians use their knowledge of patient care combined with their understanding of
informatics concepts, methods, and health informatics tools to:

assess information and knowledge needs of health care professionals and patients,
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characterize, evaluate, and refine clinical processes,
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develop, implement, and refine clinical decision support systems, and
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lead or participate in the procurement, customization, development, implementation,
management, evaluation, and continuous improvement of clinical information systems.
Clinicians collaborate with other health care and information technology professionals to
develop health informatics toolswhich promote patient care that is safe, efficient, effective, timely,
patient-centered, and equitable.
In October 2011 American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS), the organization overseeing the
certification of physician specialists in the United States, announced the creation of physician
certification in Clinical Informatics. The first examination for board certification in
the subspecialty of Clinical Informatics was offered in October 2013 by American Board of
Preventive Medicine with 432 passing to become the 2014 inaugural class of Diplomates (ABPM)
in Clinical Informatics.[6]
Fellowship programs exist for physicians who wish to become board-certified in Clinical
Informatics. Physicians must have graduated from a medical school in the United States or
Canada, or a school located elsewhere that is approved by theABPM. In addition, the must
complete a primary residency program such as Internal Medicine (or any of the 24 subspecialties
recognized by the ABMS) and be eligible to become licensed to practice medicine in the state
where their fellowship program is located.[7] The fellowship program is 24 months in length, with
fellows dividing their time between Informatics rotations, didactics, research, and clinical work in
their primary specialty.
Integrated data repository[edit]
Development of the field of clinical informatics lead to creation of large data sets with electronic
health record data integrated with other data (such as genomic data). Large data warehouses
are often described as clinical data warehouses (also known as clinical data repositories). In
research, deidentified CDWs can be used by researchers with less complex ethical oversight.
CDWs with data of deceased patients were also suggested as a research resource that does not
require IRBapproval.[8][9]
Human Bio-informatics[edit]
Translational bioinformatics[edit]
With the completion of the human genome and the recent advent of high throughput sequencing
and genome-wide association studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms, the fields of molecular
bioinformatics, biostatistics, statistical genetics and clinical informatics are converging into the
emerging field of translational bioinformatics.[10][11][12]
The relationship between bioinformatics and health informatics, while conceptually related under
the umbrella of biomedical informatics,[13] has not always been very clear. The TBI community is
specifically motivated with the development of approaches to identify linkages between
fundamental biological and clinical information.
Along with complementary areas of emphasis, such as those focused on developing systems
and approaches within clinical research contexts,[14] insights from TBI may enable a new
paradigm for the study and treatment of disease.
Community Health Informatics[edit]
Computational Health Informatics[edit]
Computational health informatics is a branch of Computer Science that deals specifically with
computational techniques that are relevant in healthcare. Computational health informatics is
also a branch of Health Informatics, but is orthogonal to much of the work going on in health
informatics because computer scientist's interest is mainly in understanding fundamental
properties of computation. Health informatics, on the other hand, is primarily concerned with
understanding fundamental properties of medicine that allow for the intervention of computers.
The health domain provides an extremely wide variety of problems that can be tackled using
computational techniques, and computer scientists are attempting to make a difference in
medicine by studying the underlying principles of computer science that will allow for meaningful
(to medicine) algorithms and systems to be developed. Thus, computer scientists working in
computational health informatics and health scientists working in medical health informatics
combine to develop the next generation of healthcare technologies.
Using computers to analyze health data has been around since the 1950s, but it wasn't until the
1990s that the first sturdy models appeared. The development of the internet has helped develop
computational health informatics over the past decade. Computer models are used to examine
various topics such as how exercise affects obesity, healthcare costs, and many more.[15]
Examples of projects in computational health informatics include the COACH project.[16][17]
Informatics for Education & Research in Health & Medicine[edit]
Clinical Research Informatics[edit]
Clinical Research Informatics (or, CRI) takes the core foundations, principles, and technologies
related to Health Informatics, and applies these to clinical research contexts. As such, CRI is a
sub-discipline of sorts of Health Informatics, and interest and activities in CRI have increased
greatly in recent years given the overwhelming problems associated with the explosive growth of
clinical research data and information.[18] There are a number of activities within clinical research
that CRI supports, including:
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more efficient and effective data collection and acquisition
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optimal protocol design and efficient management
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patient recruitment and management
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adverse event reporting
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regulatory compliance
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data storage, transfer, processing and analysis
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Health Informatics Law[edit]
For more details on this topic, see Health law.
Health informatics law deals with evolving and sometimes complex legal principles as they apply to information
technology in health-related fields. It addresses the privacy, ethical and operational issues that invariably arise when
electronic tools, information and media are used in health care delivery. Health Informatics Law also applies to all
matters that involve information technology, health care and the interaction of information. It deals with the
circumstances under which data and records are shared with other fields or areas that support and enhance patient
care.
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As many healthcare systems are making an effort to have patient records more readily available to them via the
internet, it is important that providers be sure that there are a few security standards in place in order to make sure
that the patients information is safe. They have to be able to assure confidentiality and the security of the people,
process, and technology. Since there is also the possibility of payments being made through this system, it is vital
that this aspect of their private information will also be protected through cryptography.
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History[edit]
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World wide use of computer technology in medicine began in the early 1950s with the rise of the computers.[19] In
1949,Gustav Wagner established the first professional organization for informatics in Germany.[58] The prehistory,
history, and future of medical information and health information technology are discussed in
reference.[59] Specialized university departments and Informatics training programs began during the 1960s in
France, Germany, Belgium and The Netherlands. Medical informatics research units began to appear during the
1970s in Poland and in the U.S.[58] Since then the development of high-quality health informatics research, education
and infrastructure has been a goal of the U.S. and the European Union.[58]

Early names for health informatics included medical computing, biomedical computing, medical computer science,
computer medicine, medical electronic data processing, medical automatic data processing, medical information
processing, medical information science, medical software engineering, and medical computer technology.[citation needed]

The health informatics community is still growing, it is by no means a mature profession, but work in the UK by the
voluntary registration body, the UK Council of Health Informatics Professions has suggested eight key constituencies
within the domain - information management, knowledge management, portfolio/programme/project management,
ICT, education and research, clinical informatics, health records(service and business-related), health informatics
service management. These constituencies accommodate professionals in and for the NHS, in academia and
commercial service and solution providers.
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Since the 1970s the most prominent international coordinating body has been the International Medical Informatics
Association (IMIA).[60]
Indian Association for Medical Informatics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
IAMI logo
The Indian Association for Medical Informatics (IAMI) is a professional societythat plays a
role in promoting and furthering the application of informatics in the fields
of healthcare, bioscience and medicine in India. It was established in 1993.
Contents
[hide]

1 Goals and objectives
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2 Affiliation
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3 History
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4 Membership
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5 Journal
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6 Discussion group
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7 External links
Goals and objectives[edit]
The objectives [1] of the IAMI are to sensitize the Indian medical community to the benefits
of Information Technology (IT), bring about awareness and ensure greater utilization of IT in
healthcare facilities across the length and breadth of India. The IAMI also aims to provide
necessary assistance and guidance to other organizations to implement and reap the benefits of
IT for health care. It supports introduction of computer literacy along with medical education,
development of computerized as well as medical digital libraries, access to information and
creation of databases. IAMI emphasizes on research and development of medical informatics as
an independent discipline. It provides various communication and interaction channels among its
members by means of e-groups and through publication of a scholarly journal mentioned below.
Affiliation[edit]
It is the Indian National Member at IMIA [2]
History[edit]
IAMI was registered in September 1993 with its Registered Office being the Department of
Clinical Pharmacology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences [3], in Hyderabad, India.
It has been organising a conference every two years on roles and applications of informatics in
medicine, health and allied fields in various states of India.
The first biennial conference was held in 1995 at Hyderabad.
Second conference was held in 1997 at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
A major workshop was held in 2001 at NIMS, Hyderabad in lieu of third conference. Third
conference of 1999 was postponed due to natural calamities.
The fourth conference was held in 2003 at PGIMER[4], Chandigarh.
A mid-conference was held in 2004 at the South-Eastern Railways Hospital, Kolkata.
Fifth conference was held in 2005 at Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences in Amritsar.
IAMI has conducted many beginners’ courses
for doctors, nurses, paramedical personnel and computer professional class. This enabled the
association in enrolling many hospitals, institutes and organizations as Institutional Life
Members. It is aiming at making Medical Informatics as one of the elective subjects in the UG
curriculum for all medical colleges in India and to get academic credits from the Medical Council
of India and other autonomous bodies under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
(India)[5], Government of India for all the delegates participating in
the conferences, seminars andworkshops organized by the association.
In 2001, it started a discussion group for Medical Informatics. Which has now grown as the de
facto information source for medical informatics related activities in India both for its members as
well as non-members. Its active members include almost the entire Who’s Who of medical
informatics scene of India. IAMI got its own web site in 2002. Its Journal "Indian Journal of
Medical Informatics" (IJMI, ISSN 0973-0397) was started in May 2004 [6].
Membership[edit]
IAMI membership consists of Personal, Institutional and Honorary Members [7].
Many of its key office bearers are part of several Government of India (GOI) initiatives in the
areas of telemedicine, especially in the area of development of standards and guidelines for the
practice of telemedicine, online medical educationand electronic medical records or electronic
health records.
Journal[edit]
It brings out the scientific journal called Indian Journal of Medical Informatics [8].
Discussion group[edit]
Members of the association have an active discussion group where healthcare IT enthusiasts
discuss topics of their interest.Several discussion threads run in parallel. There is also a "Topic of
the month" which is the main focus of the discussion.