Aggregation Services
& Library Consortia
N V Sathyanarayana
Informatics (India) Limited, Bangalore, India.
[email protected]
Which is the Oldest
Aggregation Service?
L I B R A R Y
Aggregation
• Book is an aggregation of author’s idea
• Journal is an edited aggregation of
articles representing ideas from several
authors in a discipline or a special topic.
• Database is a compiled aggregation of
multiple sources of information, presented
in a common format & a common interface
• Library is a full-text aggregator of content
they buy and catalog
• Internet is the largest public aggregator of
freely available content
Pre-Internet Access Model
SEARCH
Metadata Aggregation
USER
FETCH ARTICLES
Full-Text Aggregation
Online
Offline
Library
Document
Delivery
Agency
Post-Internet – Seamless Access
SEARCH
Metadata Aggregation
USER
FETCH ARTICLES
Full-Text Aggregation
Publisher
Aggregator
Online
Offline
Library
Document
Delivery
Agency
Value of Aggregation
•
•
•
•
Single Point Access.
Searchability
Common display format
Content aggregation process is like
developing a road map to content.
– A map is as good as its index
• Bibliographic aggregation is a
compilation value that provides
searchability
• Full-text aggregation de-brands the
content and makes it publisher-neutral at
the point of searching
Aggregation Levels
• Content
• Metadata
• Tools & Technology
Indian Consortia need to move forward
beyond content level
Tools & Technology
• Federated Search Engines
– Webfeat, Muse Global
• Link Resolvers
– SFX, 1-Kate, LinkSolver
• Common usage tracking model
– Athens
• Post Search Aggregation
– Reference Manager, EndNote,
• OAI-PMH for metadata harvesting
Aggregators … of different breed
Full-Text Content Aggregators
Ovid
ProQuest Factiva Ebsco
IEL MedKnow
Metadata Aggregators
A&I Services (INSPEC, CA, etc.)
Gate)
Portals (like J-
Hosting Services
Dialog
STN
Web of Knowledge
Internet Search Engines
AOL Google Yahoo
J -Stor
Microsoft
Content Aggregation Market
AOL
Google
The Rest
AOL
Google
Factiva
LexisNexis
MSN
ProQuest
Dialog
Yahoo
Yahoo!
MSN
Dialog & Gale
Ask Jeeves
ProQuest
LexisNexis
InfoSpace
Factiva
The Rest
Content Aggregators
& Library Consortia
• Flexible Access & Business Model
–
–
–
–
Subject Bundles
Pick & Choose
Access Only Model
Third-party Archiving
• Access to smaller publishers’ content
• Better software tools for search &
navigation
• Cost Advantage
Consortia Pricing Model
Publisher
Cost per
Titles Title per
site (Rs)
Consortium
fee as % of
Total Print
Spend
Discount/Site
as % of List
price/site
Titles from
Aggregator
#
Notes
Big Commercial Publishers
P-1 (Desciplene Specific)
P-1's Subsidiary
P-2
P-3
P-4: Model-1: Subscribed Titles
Model-2: All Titles
111
5
124
57
76
168
2,287
6,923
2,253
3,482
1,671
1,246
139%
84%
65%
55%
63%
104%
15
6
53
7,695
9,563
1,800
404%
214%
356%
96%
98%
98%
20 10 Closed
0
148 1-Yr Emb
0
20 1-Yr Emb
Small Commercial Publishers
P-5
P-6: Model-1: Subscribed Titles
Model-2: All Titles
0
9 1-Yr Emb
Professional Societies & Non-profit Publishers
P-7 (Univerity Press)
P8: Model-1: Subscribed Titles
Model-2: All Titles
P-9 (Non-Profit Orgn)
P-10 Professional Society
40
30
67
23
14
2,083
1,731
1,119
1,692
482
Aggregator
582
395
644%
82%
118%
326%
87%
95%???
80%
97%
79%
0
51 6 Months
Emb.
23 1-Yr Emb
10 Closed
Problem Areas
• Publishers’ Licensing Restrictions
– Embargo
– Media restrictions
– Contract cancellations
• Managing Librarian’s wish list
– At software level – Great!
– At content level, a mixed bag!!
• Publisher as competitive threat
E-Books VS E-Journals
• Content
• Usage Behavior
• Publisher concerns &
Restrictions
• Pricing Models
Aggregators are needed more
for the Books than for the Journals
Conclusion
• Library Consortia should take a
serious look at aggregation at
metadata and technology and level
• Aggregation model is well in tune
with library’s publisher-neutral
positioning.
• Aggregation is a mixed bag.
Challenge
Can Library Consortia evolve
itself as an aggregator?