PRE-AP CHEMISTRY
REFERENCE PACKET
Includes:
Equations & Constants
Periodic Table
Common Oxidation Numbers
Naming Flow Chart
Elements to Memorize
Polyatomic Ions to Memorize
Electronegativity Values
Solubility Rules
Graphing Guidelines
PRE-AP CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS AND CONSTANTS
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
E  h
OTHER FORMULAS
c  λν
Atomic Mass 
E
hc
λ
 fraction abundance mass of isotope 
isotopes
D
m
V


 accepted value  experiment al value 
% error  
(100)
accepted value


BEHAVIOR OF GASES
 experimenta l yield 
% yield  
(100)
 theoretica l yield 
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + …
PV = nRT
MM 
EQUILIBRIUM
DRT
P
n
m
MM
For reaction aA + bB ↔ cC + dD:
Keq 
P1 V1 P2 V2

n1 T1 n2 T2
C c D d
A  a B b
Rate = k[A]x[B]y
CONSTANTS AND CONVERSIONS
SOLUTIONS
Molarity (M) 
moles of solute (n)
liter of solution
Avogadro’s Number = 6.022 x 1023 particles per mole
h = Planck’s Constant = 6.63 x 10‒34 J·s
V1M1 = V2M2
c = Speed of Light = 3.0 x 108 m/s
Kw = [H+][OH–] = 1 x 10‒14 (at 25°C)
STP = 0 °C and 1 atm
pH = – log [H+]
0°C = 273 K
pOH = – log [OH–]
Volume of Ideal Gas at STP = 22.4 L/mol
[H+] = 10 – pH
1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr = 101.33 kPa = 14.7 psi
[OH–] = 10 – pOH
atm
Ltorr
LkPa
R  0.0821 Lmol
K or 62.4 molK or 8.314 molK
pH + pOH = 14
1 cm3 = 1 mL
THERMOCHEMISTRY
1 calorie (cal) = 4.184 joules (J)
q = mCΔT
(q = ΔH at constant pressure)
ΔH = moles x ΔHfus
ΔH = moles x ΔHvap
ΔHrxn  np ΔHf o (products ) nr ΔHf o (reactants)
1 dm3 = 1 L
1000 calories (cal) = 1 Calorie (Cal) = 1 kilocalorie (kcal)
Specific Heat of Water = 4.184 J/g°C
Period
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
(226)
(223)
88
87
Ra
137.33
132.91
Radium
Ba
Cs
Fr
56
55
Rf
104
178.49
Db
105
180.95
Tantalum
Ta
73
92.906
Niobium
Nb
41
50.942
Vanadium
V
23
(262)
232.04
(227)
Pa
Th
90
89
Thorium
91
140.12
138.91
Pr
Ac
Ru
44
55.845
Fe
26
Nd
60
(264)
Bohrium
Bh
107
186.21
Rhenium
Re
75
(98)
Pm
61
(269)
Hassium
Hs
108
190.23
Osmium
Os
76
101.07
231.04
Protactinium
140.91
238.03
U
92
144.24
(237)
Neptunium
Np
93
(145)
Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium
Ce
Cerium
La
Lanthanum
59
58
57
(266)
Seaborgium
Sg
106
183.84
W
74
95.94
(262)
Actinium
Tc
43
54.938
Mn
25
Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium
Mo
42
51.996
Cr
24
(261)
Law renciumRutherfordium Dubnium
Lr
103
174.97
Hf
Hafnium
Lu
72
91.224
Zirconium
Zr
40
47.867
Lutetium
71
88.906
87.62
85.468
Y
39
44.956
Ti
Titanium
Sc
22
Scandium
21
Yttrium
Francium
NAME
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS
###
SYMBOL
X
ATOMIC NUMBER
xxx
#
Ds
110
195.08
Pt
78
106.42
Palladium
Pd
46
58.693
Ni
28
Rg
111
196.97
Au
79
107.87
Ag
47
63.546
Cu
29
Cn
112
200.59
Hg
80
112.41
Cd
48
65.39
Zn
30
Uut
113
204.38
Thallium
Tl
81
114.82
Indium
In
49
69.723
Ga
31
26.982
Al
13
10.811
B
5
(244)
Plutonium
Pu
94
150.36
Samarium
Sm
62
(268)
(243)
Americium
Am
95
151.96
Europium
Eu
63
(281)
(247)
Curium
Cm
96
157.25
Gadolinium
Gd
64
(272)
(247)
Berkelium
Bk
97
158.93
Terbium
Tb
65
(285)
Es
99
164.93
Holmium
Ho
67
(289)
(251)
(252)
Californium Einsteinium
Cf
98
162.50
Dysprosium
Dy
66
(286)
Uup
115
208.98
Bi
83
121.76
Sb
51
74.922
As
33
30.974
P
15
14.007
N
7
Lv
116
(209)
Polonium
Po
84
127.60
Tellurium
Te
52
78.96
Se
34
32.065
S
16
15.999
O
8
118
(222)
Radon
Rn
86
131.29
Xe
54
83.80
Kr
36
39.948
Ar
18
20.180
Ne
10
4.0026
Uus Uuo
117
(210)
Astatine
At
85
126.90
I
53
79.904
Br
35
35.453
Cl
17
18.998
F
9
(257)
Fermium
Fm
100
167.26
Erbium
Er
68
(288)
(258)
Mendelevium
Md
101
168.93
Thulium
Tm
69
(293)
(259)
Nobelium
No
102
173.04
Ytterbium
Yb
70
(294)
(294)
Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununocitum
Fl
114
207.2
Pb
82
118.71
Sn
50
72.64
Germanium
Ge
32
28.086
Si
14
12.011
C
6
Group 13 (IIIA) Group 14 (IVA) Group 15 (VA) Group 16 (VIA) Group 17 (VIIA)
Meitnerium DarmstadtiumRoentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium
Mt
109
192.22
Iridium
Ir
77
102.91
Rhodium
Rh
45
58.933
Co
27
Group 3 (IIIB) Group 4 (IVB) Group 5 (VB) Group 6 (VIB) Group 7 (VIIB) Group 8 (VIIIB) Group 9 (VIIIB) Group 10 (VIIIB) Group 11 (IB) Group 12 (IIB)
Rubidium
Sr
20
19
Rb
24.305
22.990
38
Mg
Na
40.078
12
11
37
9.0122
6.941
39.098
Be
Li
Ca
4
K
Group 2 (IIA)
He
H
3
2
1
1.0079
Group 18 (VIIIA)
Group 1 (IA)
Periodic Table of the Elements
Period
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Sr
+2
87.62
56
Ba
+2
137.33
88
Ra
(226)
Rb
+1
85.468
55
Cs
+1
132.91
87
Fr
(223)
20
19
38
24.305
22.990
37
+2
+1
40.078
Mg
Na
39.098
12
11
+2
9.0122
6.941
Ca
+2
+1
+1
Be
Li
K
4
3
NAME
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS
SYMBOL
ATOMIC NUMBER
(262)
Lr
103
174.97
Lu
71
88.906
Y
39
44.956
Sc
21
(262)
58
Ce
140.12
90
Th
232.04
57
La
138.91
89
Ac
(227)
Db
105
180.95
Ta
73
92.906
Nb
41
50.942
V
23
(261)
Rf
104
178.49
Hf
72
91.224
Zr
40
47.867
Ti
22
231.04
Pa
91
140.91
Pr
59
(266)
Sg
106
183.84
W
74
95.94
Mo
42
51.996
+2, +3, +6
Cr
24
238.03
U
92
144.24
Nd
60
(264)
Bh
107
186.21
Re
75
(98)
Tc
43
54.938
+2, +5, +7
Mn
25
(237)
Np
93
(145)
Pm
61
(269)
Hs
108
190.23
Os
76
101.07
Ru
44
55.845
+2, +3
Fe
26
(244)
Pu
94
150.36
Sm
62
(268)
Mt
109
192.22
Ir
77
102.91
Rh
45
58.933
+2, +3
Co
27
(243)
Am
95
151.96
Eu
63
(281)
Ds
110
195.08
Pt
78
106.42
Pd
46
58.693
+2, +3
Ni
28
(247)
Cm
96
157.25
Gd
64
(272)
Rg
111
196.97
Au
79
107.87
+1
Ag
47
63.546
+1, +2
Cu
29
(247)
Bk
97
158.93
Tb
65
(285)
Cn
112
200.59
Hg
80
112.41
+2
Cd
48
65.39
+2
Zn
30
Group 3 (IIIB) Group 4 (IVB) Group 5 (VB) Group 6 (VIB) Group 7 (VIIB) Group 8 (VIIIB) Group 9 (VIIIB) Group 10 (VIIIB) Group 11 (IB) Group 12 (IIB)
###
xxx
X
#
(251)
Cf
98
162.50
Dy
66
(286)
Uut
113
204.38
Tl
81
114.82
+3
In
49
69.723
+3
Ga
31
26.982
+3
Al
13
10.811
B
5
(252)
Es
99
164.93
Ho
67
(289)
Fl
114
207.2
+2, +4
Pb
82
118.71
+2, +4
Sn
50
72.64
Ge
32
28.086
Si
14
12.011
‒4
C
6
(257)
Fm
100
167.26
Er
68
(288)
Uup
115
208.98
+3, +5
Bi
83
121.76
+3, +5
Sb
51
74.922
As
33
(258)
Md
101
168.93
Tm
69
(293)
Lv
116
(209)
Po
84
127.60
Te
52
118
(222)
0
Rn
86
(259)
No
102
173.04
Yb
70
(294)
(294)
Uus Uuo
117
(210)
At
85
131.29
0
126.90
Xe
I
54
83.80
0
Kr
36
39.948
0
Ar
18
20.180
0
Ne
10
‒1
53
79.904
‒1
78.96
Br
‒2
35
35.453
‒1
Cl
17
18.998
‒1
F
9
Se
34
32.065
‒2
30.974
S
‒3
16
15.999
‒2
O
8
P
15
14.007
‒3
N
7
0
4.0026
+1
Group 13 (IIIA) Group 14 (IVA) Group 15 (VA) Group 16 (VIA) Group 17 (VIIA)
He
H
Group 2 (IIA)
2
1
1.0079
Group 18 (VIIIA)
Group 1 (IA)
Common Oxidation Numbers of Elements in Ionic Compounds
Naming Flow Chart
NAMES/SYMBOLS OF ELEMENTS TO MEMORIZE!
NAME
aluminum
antimony
argon
arsenic
barium
beryllium
bismuth
boron
bromine
cadmium
calcium
carbon
cesium
chlorine
chromium
cobalt
SYMBOL
Al
Sb
Ar
As
Ba
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Ca
C
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
NAME
copper
fluorine
gallium
gold
helium
hydrogen
iodine
iron
krypton
lead
lithium
magnesium
manganese
mercury
neon
nickel
SYMBOL
Cu
F
Ga
Au
He
H
I
Fe
Kr
Pb
Li
Mg
Mn
Hg
Ne
Ni
NAME
nitrogen
oxygen
phosphorus
platinum
potassium
selenium
silicon
silver
sodium
strontium
sulfur
tin
tungsten
uranium
xenon
zinc
SYMBOL
N
O
P
Pt
K
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Sn
W
U
Xe
Zn
RULES: (1) 1st letter PRINTED uppercase, 2nd letter PRINTED lowercase (2) spelling counts! (3) NO cursive!
QUIZ ONE: 1st column
QUIZ TWO: 1st and 2nd column
QUIZ THREE: 1st, 2nd and 3rd column
Electronegativity Values
H
2.1
Li
1.0
Be
1.5
B
2.0
C
2.5
N
3.0
O
3.5
F
4.0
He
0
Ne
0
Na
0.9
Mg
1.2
Al
1.5
Si
1.8
P
2.1
S
2.5
Cl
3.0
Ar
0
K
0.8
Ca
1.0
Sc
1.3
Ti
1.5
V
1.6
Cr
1.6
Mn
1.5
Fe
1.8
Co
1.8
Ni
1.8
Cu
1.9
Zn
1.6
Ga
1.6
Ge
1.8
As
2.0
Se
2.4
Br
2.8
Kr
0
Rb
0.8
Sr
1.3
Y
1.2
Zr
1.4
Nb
1.6
Mo
1.8
Tc
1.9
Ru
2.2
Rh
2.2
Pd
2.2
Ag
1.9
Cd
1.7
In
1.7
Sn
1.8
Sb
1.9
Te
2.1
I
2.5
Xe
0
Cs
0.7
Fr
0.7
Ba
0.9
Ra
0.9
•La
1.1
§Ac
1.1
Hf
1.3
Ta
1.5
W
1.7
Re
1.9
Os
2.2
Ir
2.2
Pt
2.2
Au
2.4
Hg
1.9
Tl
1.8
Pb
1.8
Bi
1.9
Po
2.0
At
2.2
Rn
0
POLYATOMIC IONS TO MEMORIZE!
YOU MUST MEMORIZE NAME, FORMULA, AND CHARGE!
Polyatomic ions are groups of elements that, when bonded together, have a charge… meaning
electrons are either lost or gained. Polyatomic ions are very important in many of our units this
year! Therefore, it is very important that you learn them, and LEARN THEM WELL!!!
Per____ate
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
ClO4—1
perchlorate
BrO4—1
perbromate
IO4—1
periodate
_____ate
PO4—3
phosphate
SO4—2
sulfate
CO3—2
carbonate
NO3—1
nitrate
ClO3—1
chlorate
BrO3—1
bromate
IO3—1
iodate
per___ate: has one more oxygen than “ATE”
___ate: most common form
___ite: one less oxygen than the “ate”
hypo__ite: two less oxygens than the “ate”
___ide: no oxygens, not a polyatomic
____ite
PO3—3
phosphite
SO3—2
sulfite
hypo____ite
xxx
xxx
NO2—1
nitrite
ClO2—1
chlorite
BrO2—1
bromite
IO2—1
iodite
xxx
SO2—2
hyposulfite
xxx
ClO—1
hypochlorite
BrO—1
hypobromite
IO—1
hypoiodite
For help with memorizing the
“ATE” polyatomic ions, watch:
http://youtu.be/-iP2ifS4IUI
OTHERS:
NH4+1
MnO4—1
C2H3O2—1
HCO3—1
CrO4—2
Cr2O7—2
OH—1
CN—1
(note positive charge)
permanganate
acetate
hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)
chromate
dichromate
hydroxide
cyanide
ammonium
NOTE: The charge can be shown either before or after the number… both are correct. Also, if a
charge is either +1 or –1, you may show just the sign (+ or –). The 1 is not required to be shown.
Solubility of Common Ionic Compounds in Water
SOLUBLE COMPOUNDS (aq)
EXCEPTIONS (s)
All Group 1 salts
None
All ammonium (NH4+1) salts
None
−1
−1
−1
−1
All NO3 , ClO3 , ClO4 , and C2H3O2 salts
None
−1
−1
−1
+1
+2
All Cl , Br , I salts
Ag , Hg2 (mercury (I)), Pb+2
All F−1 salts
Mg+2 Ca+2, Sr+2, Ba+2, Pb+2
All salts of SO4−2
Ca+2, Sr+2, Ba+2, Pb+2, Ag+1, Hg2+2
INSOLUBLE COMPOUNDS (s)
All salts of OH−1
All other monatomic and polyatomic anions
EXCEPTIONS (aq)
Group I, NH4+1, Ba+2, Sr+2, Ca+2
Group I and NH4+1
Graphing Guidelines – Sketched Graph vs. Constructed Graph
SKETCHED GRAPH
Make graph using a PENCIL
Include a title for the graph that includes a description
of the purpose of the graph/experiment
Use as much of given space as possible for your single
quadrant
X axis = independent variable
Y axis = dependent variable
X & Y axis drawn free-handed as straight as possible
X & Y axis labeled, including units
No scale needed on X & Y axis
No individual points plotted
Draw a general line or curve to represent the trend of
the data
Relationship between Volume and Temperature
using Charles’ Law
CONSTRUCTED GRAPH
Make graph using a PENCIL on a sheet of GRAPH PAPER
Include a title for the graph that includes a description of the purpose of the
graph/experiment
Use as much of the graph paper as possible (at least ¾ of the space) for your
single quadrant
X axis = independent variable
Y axis = dependent variable
X & Y axis drawn using a RULER
X & Y axis labeled, including units
Show the scale with marked interval divisions along the X & Y axis, starting
at the origin (0,0) – do not break the axis with a “squiggle”
Plot each individual point - if plotting more than one set of data on the same
graph, use a different color or symbol to distinguish each set of data
Draw either a trend line (using a ruler) or trend curve that lies as close to the
data as possible – do not connect the dots
You may be asked to extrapolate a graph – this means that you will extend
your trend line (using a ruler) with a dashed line beyond your data points
until it crosses an axis
If a data point is notable – either because it’s important to the results, or it’s
extremely outside the general trend – be sure to notate it
Relationship between Volume and Temperature
using Charles’ Law