Experiences with a serious online game for exploring complex

Brigham Young University
BYU ScholarsArchive
International Congress on Environmental
Modelling and Software
7th International Congress on Environmental
Modelling and Software
Jun 17th, 10:40 AM - 12:00 PM
Experiences with a serious online game for
exploring complex relationships of sustainable land
management and human well-being: LandYOUs
Ralf Seppelt
UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Geoscience
Romina Martin
Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stockholm University
Alexander Finger
Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg
Christin Henzen
TU Dresden
Martin Linder
Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg
See next page for additional authors
Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/iemssconference
Part of the Civil Engineering Commons, Data Storage Systems Commons, Environmental
Engineering Commons, Hydraulic Engineering Commons, and the Other Civil and Environmental
Engineering Commons
Ralf Seppelt, Romina Martin, Alexander Finger, Christin Henzen, Martin Linder, Katrin Pietzsch, Andreas Werntze, Ute Zander, and
Jule Schulze, "Experiences with a serious online game for exploring complex relationships of sustainable land management and human
well-being: LandYOUs" ( June 17, 2014). International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software. Paper 24.
http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/iemssconference/2014/Stream-F/24
This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Civil and Environmental Engineering at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for
inclusion in International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more
information, please contact [email protected].
Presenter/Author Information
Ralf Seppelt, Romina Martin, Alexander Finger, Christin Henzen, Martin Linder, Katrin Pietzsch, Andreas
Werntze, Ute Zander, and Jule Schulze
This event is available at BYU ScholarsArchive: http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/iemssconference/2014/Stream-F/24
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