5TH ANNUAL ASSOCIATION OF IGNITION
INTERLOCK PROGRAM ADMINISTRATORS
CONFERENCE:
INTERLOCKS AND DRUG-IMPAIRED DRIVERS
LT. MICHAEL EDGAR, LOUISIANA STATE DRE COORDINATOR
MARK STODOLA, NHTSA PROBATION FELLOW
AMERICAN PROBATION AND PAROLE ASSOCIATION
INTERLOCKS AND DRUG-IMPAIRED DRIVERS
A DRE PERSPECTIVE
WHAT IS A DRUG?
ANY SUBSTANCE THAT, WHEN TAKEN INTO THE HUMAN BODY, CAN IMPAIR THE ABILITY OF THE
PERSON TO OPERATE A VEHICLE SAFELY
A QUICK LOOK AT THE SEVEN DRUG CATEGORIES
• CNS DEPRESSANTS
• CNS STIMULANTS
• HALLUCINOGENS
• DISSOCIATIVE ANESTHETICS
• NARCOTIC ANALGESICS
• INHALANTS
• CANNABIS
DRUGS IN THE BODY
• HOMEOSTASIS
• NEUROTRANSMITTERS
HOMEOSTASIS
DYNAMIC BALANCE, OR STEADY STATE, INVOLVING LEVELS OF SALTS, WATER, SUGARS AND OTHER MATERIAL IN
THE BODY’S FLUIDS
HUMAN BODY IS EXPOSED TO A CONSTANTLY CHANGING EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
CHANGES ARE NEUTRALIZED BY THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT – THE BLOOD
OXYGEN, FOODS, WATER AND OTHER SUBSTANCES ARE CONSTANTLY LEAVING BODILY FLUIDS TO ENTER CELLS,
WHILE CARBON DIOXIDE AND OTHER WASTES ARE LEAVING THE CELLS TO ENTER THESE FLUIDS
YET, THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THESE FLUIDS REMAINS WITHIN VERY NARROW LIMITS
HOMEOSTASIS
“HOMEO” MEANS SIMILAR OR THE SAME ELEMENTS
“STASIS” MEANS BALANCE
THE RHYTHM OF THE HEART, BREATHING, CONSTANCY OF BODY TEMPERATURE, AND THE STEADY
LEVEL OF BLOOD PRESSURE UNDER SPECIFIC CIRCUMSTANCES OR CONDITIONS ARE ALL
MANIFESTATIONS OF HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS AT WORK WITHIN THE BODY
DRUGS INTERFERE WITH THE HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS AND PRODUCE SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS THAT CAN BE RECOGNIZED BY A TRAINED DRE
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
(“CHEMICAL MESSENGERS”)
ALTHOUGH THERE ARE MORE THAN 100 CHEMICALS IN THE BRAIN, ONLY ABOUT TWO DOZEN PROBABLY ARE
TRUE NEUROTRANSMITTERS
AMONG THE PRIMARY NEUROTRANSMITTERS THAT HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED ARE:
NOREPINEPHRINE (NORADRENALINE)
ACETYLCHOLINE
DOPAMINE
SEROTONIN
GAMMA AMINO BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)
HOW DRUGS WORK
BY ARTIFICIALLY CREATING NATURAL BODY REACTIONS GENERALLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE
WORK OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND HORMONES
THERAPEUTIC DOSES OF LEGITIMATE PRESCRIPTION AND OVER THE COUNTER DRUGS ARE
DESIGNED TO PRODUCE MILD AND CAREFULLY CONTROLLED SIMULATIONS OF THE NATURAL
ACTION OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND HORMONES
HOW DRUGS WORK
WHAT DRUG DO MANY PEOPLE TAKE TO OVERCOME ARTIFICIALLY THE DROWSINESS THEY FEEL
IN THE MORNING?
LARGE, ABUSIVE DOSES OF DRUGS MAY PRODUCE GREATLY EXAGGERATED SIMULATIONS OF
THE NATURAL ACTION OF HORMONES AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS, SOMETIMES WITH
DISASTROUS RESULTS
COCAINE (A SYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUG) MAY ARTIFICIALLY CREATE A MESSAGE COMMANDING
THE HEART TO BEAT SO RAPIDLY THAT CARDIAC ARREST RESULTS
HOW DRUGS WORK
IF A PERSON INGESTS A STIMULANT DRUG THAT MIMICS NEUROTRANSMITTERS ASSOCIATED WITH
THE SYMPATHETIC NERVES, THE BODY MAY REACT BY EXCRETING HORMONES THAT DEPRESS THE
BODILY FUNCTIONS THAT THE DRUG IS EXCITING
IF A PERSON INGESTED COCAINE, FOR EXAMPLE, THE COCAINE WOULD ARTIFICIALLY STIMULATE THE
BODY FUNCTIONS
THE BODY WOULD THEN PRODUCE HORMONES AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS TO SLOW DOWN THE
BODY FUNCTIONS TO TRY TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS
“DOWNSIDE EFFECT”
WHEN THE BODY REACTS TO THE PRESENCE OF A DRUG BY RELEASING HORMONES OR
NEUROTRANSMITTERS TO COUNTERACT THE EFFECTS OF THE DRUG CONSUMED
IT IS NOT UNCOMMON FOR A DRE TO ENCOUNTER SOMEONE ON THE “DOWNSIDE”
WITH COCAINE (A DRUG THAT IS METABOLIZED, OR QUICKLY BROKEN DOWN BY THE BODY) THE
USER MAY BE EXHIBITING DROWSINESS AND GENERAL DEPRESSION BY THE TIME THE DRE IS
CALLED TO THE SCENE
“NEGATIVE FEEDBACK”
WHEN THE BRAIN ACCOMMODATES THE ROUTINE PRESENCE OF A DRUG BY TURNING OFF THE SUPPLY OF NATURAL
CHEMICALS THAT CORRESPOND TO THE DRUG
BY TAKING THE DRUG, THE PERSON ARTIFICIALLY SIMULATES THE ACTION OF CERTAIN HORMONES AND/OR
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
IF THE PERSON CONTINUES TO TAKE THE DRUG, THE BODY MAY SIMPLY CEASE PRODUCING THE NATURAL CHEMICALS
THAT THE DRUG SIMULATES
IN EFFECT, THE BODY COMES TO RELY ON THE DRUG TO SUPPLY ITSELF WITH THOSE CHEMICALS
“NEGATIVE FEEDBACK”
WHEN PEOPLE REGULARLY USE HEROIN, COCAINE, OR MARIJUANA, THEIR BODIES MAY CEASE PRODUCING THE
NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND HORMONES KNOWN TO BE CRUCIAL FOR PROPER PAIN RELIEF, STRESS REDUCTION,
MENTAL STABILITY AND MOTIVATION
BECAUSE OF THIS NEGATIVE FEEDBACK, THE USER BECOMES DEPENDENT ON THE DRUG TO COPE WITH THE
STRESSES AND STRAINS OF DAILY LIFE.
ONE RESULT OF THIS MAY BE INCREASED TOLERANCE TO THE DRUG: SINCE THE BODY ISN’T PRODUCING ITS
OWN NATURAL CHEMICALS, IT CAN MORE EASILY STAND THE DRUG
TOLERANCE
MAY EXHIBIT RELATIVELY LITTLE EVIDENCE OF IMPAIRMENT ON THE PSYCHOPHYSICAL TESTS
EVEN TOLERANT DRUG USERS, WHEN IMPAIRED, USUALLY EXHIBIT CLINICAL EVIDENCE (I.E. VITAL
SIGNS, EYE SIGNS, ETC.)
ANOTHER RESULT MAY BE PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE, OR ADDICTION
TOLERANCE
PEOPLE TAKE DRUGS BECAUSE THEY LIKE THE FEELINGS THE DRUGS PRODUCE
THE ARTIFICIAL SIMULATION OF THE NATURAL ACTION OF HORMONES AND
NEUROTRANSMITTERS APPEARS TO PERMIT THE USER TO CREATE ANY FEELING OR MOOD HE OR
SHE DESIRES
AS TIME GOES ON, AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK DEVELOPS, THE USER FINDS THAT HE OR SHE CAN
ONLY ACHIEVE THOSE FEELINGS AND MOODS IF THE DRUG IS TAKEN
DRUG ADDICTION
DRUG ADDICTION IS A CHRONIC DISEASE
WHY SUPPORT BAIIDS FOR DUID?
• OFFENDERS FORCED TO UNDERGO TREATMENT (AT ANY LEVEL), HAVE A HIGH LEVEL OF RELAPSE.
• IF OFFENDERS KNOW THEY HAVE TO DRUG TEST (REGARDLESS OF FREQUENCY), THEY WILL FIND
SOMETHING TO REPLACE THE DRUGS TESTED.
• ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES ARE LEGALLY OBTAINED AND ARE ELIMINATED FROM THE HUMAN BODY
RELATIVELY QUICKLY!
• EXPERIENCE INTERVIEWING OVER 900 “CLIENTS” PRIOR TO AND DURING DRE EVALUATIONS
REVEALS A HIGH INCIDENCE OF ALCOHOL USE COMBINED WITH DRUGS OF CHOICE.
INTERLOCKS AND DRUG-IMPAIRED DRIVERS
A COMMUNITY SUPERVISION PERSPECTIVE
4,708,100 individuals under community supervision in 2014
15% of this probation population have been convicted of
DWIs
8% of the probation population have been
convicted of multiple DWIs
Approximately two thirds of individuals under community
supervision are drug or alcohol involved
THE THREE LEGGED STOOL
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF EFFECTIVE SUPERVISION
1. MONITOR SUPERVISEE BEHAVIOR AND COMPLIANCE
(TECHNOLOGY)
2. ENFORCE CONDITIONS OF SUPERVISION (COMMUNITY
SUPERVISION)
3. ASSIST SUPERVISEES TO CHANGE THEIR BEHAVIOR (TREATMENT)
Unique challenges
• Competing interests of Probation
• Finite resources of community
supervision- Who gets what?
• Limited resources of client
FINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS
• COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH OFFENSE
• COURT FINES
• PROBATION SERVICE FEES
• ATTORNEY FEES
• INCREASE IN INSURANCE RATES
• IGNITION INTERLOCK OR OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
• TREATMENT
• COURT PROGRAM COSTS
• TRANSPORTATION COSTS AFTER LICENSE SUSPENSION
• AVERAGE COSTS-$300-$500 A MONTH
DRUG-IMPAIRED DRIVERS:
THE CASE FOR INTERLOCK
• WASHINGTON STATE ROADSIDE SURVEY- 14.6%-21.4% OF DRIVERS POSITIVE FOR THC 1
• FATALITY ANALYSIS REPORTING SYSTEM (FARS) REPORTED THAT DRUGS WERE PRESENT IN 43% OF
THE FATALLY-INJURED DRIVERS WITH A KNOWN TEST RESULT, MORE FREQUENTLY THAN ALCOHOL
WAS PRESENT2
• IMPLICATIONS OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL USAGE
• ENHANCED SANCTIONS ARE APPROPRIATE FOR DRIVERS USING BOTH ALCOHOL AND DRUGS
BECAUSE OF THE GREATLY INCREASED CRASH RISK PRODUCED BY THEIR COMBINED EFFECTS
• DRUG OF CHOICE MAY CHANGE DEPENDING ON LEVEL OF SUPERVISION
1. MARIJUANA, OTHER DRUGS, AND ALCOHOL USE BY DRIVERS IN WASHINGTON STATE, DOT HS 812 299 PI
2. GHSA, DRUG IMPAIRED DRIVING, A GUIDE FOR THE STATES, P2
WHO IS MOST LIKELY TO REOFFEND?
26
MAJOR RISK AREAS OF DWI RECIDIVISM
1.
PRIOR INVOLVEMENT IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM SPECIFICALLY
RELATED TO IMPAIRED DRIVING
2.
PRIOR NON-DWI INVOLVEMENT IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM
3.
PRIOR INVOLVEMENT WITH ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS (AOD)
4.
MENTAL HEALTH AND MOOD ADJUSTMENT PROBLEMS
5.
RESISTANCE TO AND NON-COMPLIANCE WITH CURRENT AND
PAST INVOLVEMENT IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM
SUPERVISION THAT…
• PLACES FOCUS ON THE PERSON, NOT THE CHARGE
• ADDRESSES CRIMINOGENIC NEEDS
• THE BIG FOUR
• THE NEXT FOUR
THE BIG FOUR
Criminogenic Need
History of anti-social
behavior
Response
Build non-criminal alternative
behaviors to risky situations
Anti-social personality Build problem solving, self
management, anger
management, and coping skills
Anti-social cognition
Reduce anti-social cognition,
recognize risky thinking and
feelings, adopt an alternative
identity
Anti-social
companions
Reduce association with
criminals, enhance contact with
pro-social
Source: Ed Latessa, Ph.D.
THE NEXT FOUR
Criminogenic Need
Response
Family and/or marital
Reduce conflict, build positive
relationships and
communication, enhance
monitoring/supervision
Substance abuse
Reduce usage, reduce the
supports for abuse behavior,
enhance alternatives to abuse
School and/or work
Enhance performance rewards
and satisfaction
Leisure and/or recreation
Enhance involvement and
satisfaction in pro-social
activities
Source: Ed Latessa, Ph.D.
CONCLUSION:
CONSIDERATIONS FOR DETERMINING IID FOR DRUGIMPAIRED DRIVERS
• DO ASSESSMENTS/ARREST OR TREATMENT HISTORY INDICATE ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT?
• DOES TESTING INDICATE ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT?
• CAN IID’S BE USED AS A SANCTION FOR ALCOHOL USAGE?
• ARE WE MATCHING TECHNOLOGIES TO RISK AND BEHAVIORS OF CLIENT?
• DOES FUNDING SUPPORT THE USE OF INTERLOCK IN ADDITION TO OTHER INTERVENTIONS?
...
CONTACT INFORMATION
• MARK STODOLA
APPA
602.402.0523
[email protected]
• LT. MICHAEL EDGAR
• 337-802-4135
• [email protected]